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Whether an Alcohol Is Primary, Secondary or Tertiary

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Primære, sekundære og tertiære alkoholer
Forsøgspartner – Dario 3.f
Formål
At bestemme om en udleveret alkohol er primær, sekundær eller tertiær

Teori
Alkoholer defineres som en hydroxygruppe, der er bundet til et alifatisk carbonatom. Det betyder, at alkoholer har mange af de samme kemiske egenskaber. Der skelnes mellem primære, sekundære og tertiære alkoholer. En primær alkohol kendes ved, at det carbonatom som hydroxyruppen sidder på, er bundet til mindst 2 hydrogenatomer. De sekundære er bundet til 1, hvor de tertiære ikke er bundet til nogen.

Metode
Nogle alkoholer kan oxideres. Oxidationsprodukterne har noget lavere kogepunkter end alkoholerne, og de fordampede produkter kan opfanges i en dråbepipette til nærmere undersøgelse.
Oxidationen af alkoholer kan gennemføres med den violette permanganat, MnO4-, i sur opløsning. Redoxreaktion er her vist for oxidationen af en primær alkohol:
Reaktionen skal afstemmes, sur opløsning. Reaktionsprodukterne undersøges vha. af Tollens reagens samt en opløsning af 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin.

Apparatur

- Mikroskalareagensglas
- Reagensglasstativ
- Bunsenbrænder
- Trefod med net
- Bægerglas, 100 mL
- Dråbepipetter

Kemikalier

- 0.4 M KMnO4 (ca. mættet opløsning)
- 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin
- 0.1 M AgNO3-opløsning
- 2 M H2SO4
- 2 M NaOH
- 2 M NH3
- Diverse alkoholer
- (opløsning af NaHSO3 til rengøring efter oxidation)
- (2 M HNO3 til rengøring efter Tollens reagens)
- (acetone til rengøring efter hydrazinen

Fremgangsmåde

Når selve oxidationen udføres, skal de tre punkter a) til c) være ordnet, ellers når oxidationsprodukterne at forsvinde, hvis de dannes.
a) Vand fyldes i bægerglasset og sættes over ild indtil vandet næsten koger.
b) Der afmåles 5 dråber 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin-opløsning.
c) I et andet reagensglas er der afmålt 5 dråber 0.05 M AgNO3. Så tilsættes 1 dråber NaOH. Lige efter tilsættes 4 dråber 2 M NH3. Efter alt dette er tilsat omrystes forsigtigt ved at knipse på glasset. Der blev tilsat 11 dråber ammoniakvand ekstra for, at bundfaldet kunne opløses.
d) I et tredje reagensglas blev der afmålt 8 dråber 0.4 M KMnO4 og 5 dråber 2 M H2SO4. Så tilsattes 5 dråber alkohol, hvorefter blandingen omrystes.
e) Det tredje reagensglas opvarmes i vandbadet.
f) Når glassets indhold er varmt, suges gasserne ud af reagensglasset med en ren dråbepipette. Denne gas pustes ned til glasset med 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin-opløsningen, Så noterede vi, at der blev dannet gult bundfald.
g) Mere gas fra 3. reagensglas udsuges og pustes ned i glasset med Tollens reagens. Ingen reaktion forekom efter opvarmning og omrystning.
h) Resultaterne fra de 2 forsøg blev sammenfattet, og vi havde derfor fået en sekundær alkohol.

Rengøring af glasudstyr
Reagensglasset med Tollens reagens tømmes i vasken efterfulgt af grundig skylning med vand. Dette er meget vigtigt, da der kan dannes det eksplosive sølvazid, Ag3N, hvis det får lov at stå. Hvis der dannes sølvbelægningen i glasset fjernes dette ved tilsætning af nogle dråber 2M HNO3 efterfulgt af opvarmning på et vandbad.

Reagensglasset med oxidationsblandingen tømmes i dunken med uorganisk affald. Derefter skylles den grundigt efter med vand og brug af en flaskerenser. Brune belægninger i glasset fjernes ved at tilsætte et par dråber NaHSO3-opløsning og evt. 1 dråbe 2M H2SO4.

Glassene med 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazinen tømmes i dunken til organisk affald. Glasset skylles derefter med et par dråber acetone.

Efterbehandling
1) Da vi kun har eksperimenteret med en alkohol, G, er et skema unødvendigt. Vi har fået en sekundær alkohol, da den reagerede første men ikke anden gang. Vi har fået oplyst, at væsken var butan-2-ol, hvilket også er en sekundær alkohol, så det stemmer overens.

2) Angiv alkoholernes strukturformler
CH3CHOHCH2CH3 – butan-2-ol

3) Beskriv grundigt, hvordan man på grundlag af de udførte forsøg kan finde ud af, om de undersøgte alkoholer er primære, sekundære eller tertiære. Pas på, at i tydeligt skelner mellem alkohol og reaktionsprodukt. Forklar iagttagelserne under forsøget.
Det udførte forsøg har 3 forskellige reaktionsmuligheder:
Hvis det er en tertiær alkohol vil denne ikke reagere med 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin, da den ikke har nogle hydrogenatomer at afgive. Den vil heller ikke reagere med Tollens reagens.
Er det en sekundær alkohol vil det efter reaktionen reaktionen med permanganat være blevet til en keton. Denne kan reagere med 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin men ikke med Tollens reagens, da den ikke har flere hydrogenatomer at afgive.
Til sidst kan det være en primær alkohol. Ved denne mulighed vil den reaktionsproduktet reagere begge gange, da den først bliver omdannet til en aldehyd, og så i Tollens reagens reagerer videre til en carboxylsyre.

4) Ved forsøget skifter i bekendtskab med 2 mulige redoxreaktioner for oxidation af en alkohol og 2 forskellige påvisningsreaktioner. Angiv et eksempel på et afstemt reaktionsskema for hver af de fire reaktioner. -I VII I II
6H+ + 5R – CH2OH + 2MnO4- → 5R - CHO + 2Mn2+ + H2O
Der dannes i praksis også det brunsorte mangan(IV)oxid, MnO2 -I VII I IV
2H+ + 3R – CH2OH + 2MnO4- → 3R - CHO + 2MnO2 + H2O

Første påvisningsreaktion:

Tollens reagens er en blanding af sølvnitrat, natriumhydroxid og ammoniakvand. Dette resulterer i, at sølvet og oxygenen danner sølv(I)oxid, hvilket er det sorte bundfald. Ammoniakvand går ind og dækker for sølvet, så oxygenen ikke kan trænge igennem. Derved bliver det sorte bundfald opløst. Dette kaldes en kompleks ion, og den ser sådan ud:
2Ag+ + 2OH- → Ag2O + H2O
Sølven kaldes en kompleks ion, da den ikke er sat sammen med en negativ ion. Og dette er fordi ammoniakvandet blokerer blandingens oxygen.

5) Hvorfor er det vigtigt, at man ved oxidationen af alkoholen hurtigt fjerner oxidationsproduktet fra reaktionsblandingen?
Man fjerner oxidationsproduktet med det samme fra blandingen for at sørge for, at aldehyden ikke reagerer videre. Hvis dette sker, så vil aldehyden blive til en carboxylsyre, og denne vil ikke reagere med Tollens reagens ligesom den sekundære alkohol. Det betyder, at man ikke kan se forskel på en sekundær og primær alkohol, hvis ikke man skynder sig, at fjerne oxidationsproduktet fra reaktionsblandingen.

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