...impact of an environmental factor (External issue) on dividend policy of the firm (Internal issue). The environmental disaster was Hurricane Katrina which was caused the huge destruction across the south-eastern United States. Because of the storm, the stock market notably fell down. Since it is possible that the price of the shares once more increase even more than before in the near future, Ashley Swenson, chief financial officer (CFO) of Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation has the dilemma to buy back stock or to spend the money as dividend the shareholders. In fact, the question is: How can she forecast the fortune of the stock market? In the other word, what are the driving forces (as the external factors) which are affecting on internal factors such as dividend policy? 3.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ashley Swenson, chief financial officer (CFO) in mid-September 2005 needed to submit recommendation to Gainesboro’s board of directors regarding the company’s dividend policy. The Gainesboro’s stock also fallen 18%to $22.15 due to post impact of the Hurricane Katrina. Now, Ashley Swenson’s dividend decision problem was compounded by the dilemma of whether to use company funds to pay shareholder dividends or to buy back stock. 3.3. HISTORY OF THE COMPANY Gainesboro Corporation was a company who designed and manufactured a number of machinery parts, including metal presses, dies, and molds. The company was found in 1923 in Concord, New Hampshire, by two mechanical engineers...
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...Dividend Policy Authors Henri Servaes Professor of Finance London Business School The Theory and Practice of Corporate Dividend and Share Repurchase Policy Peter Tufano Sylvan C. Coleman Professor of Financial Management Harvard Business School Editors James Ballingall Capital Structure and Risk Management Advisory Deutsche Bank +44 20 7547 6738 james.ballingall@db.com Adrian Crockett Head of Capital Structure and Risk Management Advisory, Europe & Asia Deutsche Bank +44 20 7547 2779 adrian.crockett@db.com Roger Heine Global Head of Liability Strategies Group Deutsche Bank +1 212 250 7074 roger.heine@db.com The Theory and Practice of Corporate Dividend and Share Repurchase Policy February 2006 Executive Summary This paper discusses the theory and practice of corporate dividend and share repurchase policy drawing on the results of a recent survey. Theoretical Considerations The table below lists the factors that are important in the choice between dividends and repurchases as a payout mechanism Factor Taxes Conveying information Management bonding Shareholder rights Investor preferences Attracting monitors Managing EPS Changing capital structure Residual policy Dominating Payout Form Depends Depends on time horizon Dividends Depends on other factors Depends on preferences Depends on other factors Repurchases Depends on other factors Depends on other factors Survey Results Dividends continue to be the most important distribution mechanism. Of those...
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...6014 ------------------------------------------------- SEMESTER TWO ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Estalene Carrington: 20050270 ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 1 ------------------------------------------------- lECTURER – STACEY ESTWICK Due date – 27 February 2012 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Question 1 What is Linear’s current payout policy? Linear Technology went public in 1986 and is the seventh largest company by market capitalization under the SOX Act. It split its stock four times since its Initial Public Offering (IPO). Linear’s first dividend was declared on October 13th, 1992. Coghlan (Linear’s CFO) explained that the company had a positive cash flow since their IPO. He further posits that paying a dividend would signal to investors that buying shares in Linear was not as risky as buying shares in most other technology companies. Furthermore, offering a dividend would give Linear access to a new set of investors with varying...
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...Retained Earnings or Cash Dividends? From the firm’s perspective, net income can be retained and reinvested or else paid out as cash dividends. The opportunity cost of one alternative is the other alternative. We already saw this when covering the cost of capital. Remember the cost associated with retained earnings (internal equity)? It was the going rate of return on the firm’s stock, since that is what we expect that the stockholders could earn if they were paid cash dividends that they would reinvest. A firm that cannot earn the going rate of return on its investments should pay out its money so the investors can earn that rate of return elsewhere. Likewise, if the firm pays cash dividends it gives up any opportunities present with earnings retention. A company with great growth opportunities that are expected to earn more than the company’s cost of capital would be giving up stockholder wealth increases if it paid cash dividends. Dividend Policy Theory We start our coverage of dividend policy theory with three extreme positions, labeled "basic views." These serve as benchmarks for thinking about the importance of dividend policy. They are all based on assumptions that leave out important pieces to the dividend puzzle. So after we cover them, we will proceed by taking into account some other factors that will help to "improve our thinking." Three basic views The three basic (and rather extreme) views of dividend policy are: dividends are irrelevant, higher dividends...
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...“IMPACT OF DIVIDEND ON STOCK PRICES” ABSTRACT The project aims to establish the impact of dividend on market price of a share. This has been done for individual companies in Steel sector. After studying the basic concepts of dividends and dividend policy I am able to get a proper perspective of the requirements of the project and also gain a better understanding of the results obtained. I have looked to find the relation between pre dividend price change and the dividend using regression analysis. Similarly, I have analyzed the relation between the post dividend price change and the dividend. It is a matter of fact that dividends are declared by a company primarily to generate capital and also at certain times to maintain the market sentiment. It is in the best interests of the company to maximize the market value of its share and companies use dividend as a tool to maintain their corporate image. However, the degree of correlation between the dividend and the market price is low which implies that several other internal and external factors affect the market value of shares. To gain a holistic picture, I also did a comparative study of two peers in a sector (steel)to better understand how the specific requirements of each sector also impact the dividend policy of a company. The conclusions derived from the analysis performed further consolidated theoretical knowledge and deviations were better understood. SYNOPSIS “Impact of...
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...a rigorous program of Japanese-inspired quality control. Management succeeded in transforming FPL into a lean operational system resulting in a drop in scheduled downtime from 18% to 4%, while customer complaints also fell by 60%. By 1989, FPL was recognized as “one of the best-managed U.S. corporations.” Despite the progress in quality, FPL was still dealing with problems: Colonial Penn was losing money, there were safety concerns about a particular nuclear plant, and demand was growing faster than capacity. In 1989, James Broadhead succeeded Chairman Marshall McDonald. Broadhead placed an emphasis on commitment to quality and customer service, increasing focus on the utilities industry, expanding capacity, and improving cost positions. He took measures to scale back the intense quality controls while still working to preserve the high level of operational efficiency. Furthermore, Broadhead brought focus back to FPL’s core business – utilities, by selling off many of its non-utility businesses. FPL also budgeted $6.6 billion, spread over five years, for expansion. They funded the development through internal profits and by issuing $3.7 billion of long-term debt and $1.9 billion of common stock. The Electric...
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...Introduction/ An Overview | | 2.1 | Theoretical Framework of DRIP in Investors’ Point of View | | 2.2 | Theoretical Framework of DRIP in Investees’ Point of View | | 2.3 | Concluding Remarks | | | | | | Chapter 3 | | 3.0 | Introduction | | 3.1 | Data Description | | 3.2 | Theoretical Framework | | 3.3 | Empirical Model of the study | | 3.4 | Methods to be Used | | 3.5 | Concluding Remarks | | | | | | References | | | | | 1.0 Introduction: Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) is an equity investment option that allows shareholders’ dividends directly purchase shares of common stock of the paying corporation instead of receiving cash dividends without going via a stock broker. There are three different types of DRIP which are open-market DRIP, new-issue DRIP and combination of open-market and new-issue DRIPs. Open-market DRIP is where the firmuse reinvested dividends to buy its outstanding shares in the open market to satisfy the needs of participating shareholders. New-issue DRIP is where the firm raises capital by selling their authorized but unissued shares or treasury stock to participating shareholders. DRIP has been provided since 1940s for mutual fund and closed-end funds, but DRIP is initiated by non-investment companies through U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission regulation revision in 1968. Allegheny Power, the first utility company that started its DRIP to allow individual shareholders to increase their shareholdings without...
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...Share Repurchase: Is it good or bad? Financial Strategy (BMBA715.2) Date: 27th March 2013 Tutor: Mark Pilkington Author: Nandkumar Mahajan (136866461) Word Count: 3069 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Company capital structure & Shareholder value ...................................................................... 4 Why companies really repurchase shares? ................................................................................ 6 Is there any real value in share repurchase? ............................................................................. 7 Hewlett-‐Packard (HPQ) ................................................................................................................................ 7 Next Plc. (NXT) ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................
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...Open market repurchases and employee options Kathleen M. Kahle* Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA (Received 20 September 2000; accepted 6 June 2001) Abstract This paper examines how stock options affect the decision to repurchase shares. Firms announce repurchases when executives have large numbers of options outstanding and when employees have large numbers of options currently exercisable. Once the decision to repurchase is made, the amount repurchased is positively related to total options exercisable by all employees but independent of managerial options. These results are consistent with managers repurchasing both to maximize their own wealth and to fund employee stock option exercises. The market appears to recognize this motive, however, and reacts less positively to repurchases announced by firms with high levels of nonmanagerial options. JEL Classification:G30, G32 Key Words: share repurchase, executive stock options, employee stock options I thank Ken Lehn, Frederik Schlingemann, Kuldeep Shastri, René Stulz, Shawn Thomas, Cynthia von Skansen, Ralph Walkling, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and suggestions. Tomas Jandik and Gang Hu provided excellent research assistance. * Tel.: 412 648 1519, Fax: 412 648 1693 E-mail address: kkahle@katz.pitt.edu 0304-405X/00$-see front matter © 2002 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved 1. Introduction Early studies of open market stock repurchases document...
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...ESWEB BUSINESS & ECONOMICS MODULE FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Prepared by: Prof.Dr.Gazmend Luboteni UNIVERSITY OF PRISHTINA KOSOVO PRISHTINA, 2006 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT I. BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT A business is one or more individuals selling products or services for profit. Products such as athletic apparel (NIKE, Reebok, Converse), computers (Packard –Bell, Hewlett-Packard, Apple) and clothing (Levis, REI, GAP) are part of our lives. Services like information communication (America Online, CompuServe, and Microsoft), dining (McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s), and car rental (Hertz, Budget, Alamo) make our lives easier. A business can be as small as an in-home child care service or as massive as Wal-Mart. Nearly 1 million new businesses are started in the United States each year, no different than Job Direct in the opening article. Most of these are started by people who want freedom from ordinary jobs, a new challenge in life, or the advantage of extra money. Business Profit A common feature of all businesses is the desire for profit. Profit, also called net income or earnings, is the amount a business earns after subtracting all expenses related to its sales. Sales, also called revenues, are the amounts earned from selling products and services. Expenses are the...
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...ESPEL Pierre MATHIEU Jean-Charles PIQUEMAL Brice Investment analysis & Financing Decisions Intel Corporation, 1992 A. Guembel What factors in general do you think should determine a firm’s payout policy? Explain briefly for each factor how and why you think it should affect payout policy? - Payout Policy Net income has only two possible assignments: either reinvestment in the company in the form of cash flow or distribution to shareholders in the form of dividends or share repurchases. What are the factors that determine the dividend policy of a company? - Basic principle : self-financing. It is a financial principle that a company must ensure its development through self-financing , ie financing its projects by past performance in reserve . This position is in the interest of managers, creditors and indirectly to the shareholders. The self-financing must be translated for shareholders by increasing the value of their shares, and therefore by capital gains. However, capital gains are taxed less heavily than dividends in many tax systems, we will define the preferences of investors through the clientele effect. The danger of an excessive self-financing is to cut the relation with financial markets , thus reducing the mobility of capital and investment opportunities. The company creates an internal capital market so the rate of return may be lower and misallocated resources. - Modigliani-Miller’s theorem: Unlike the theory of " Bird in the hand...
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...POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN MANAGEMENT AY 2015-16 TERM: III TITLE OF THE COURSE: FINANCE II CREDITS: 4 Name of the Faculty Arnab Bhattacharya Gaurav Singh Chauhan Kousik Guhathakurta Radha M. Ladkani Faculty Block/ Room No. J BLOCK C-102 A-106 J BLOCK Email Telephone Number arnabb@iimidr.ac.in gauravs@iimidr.ac.in kousikg@iimidr.ac.in; radhal@iimidr.ac.in; 0731-2439589 0731-2439592 0731-2439518 0731-2439698 COURSE DESCRIPTION The second core course in Finance deals with the core corporate finance functions in an applied setting. The participants are exposed to real world corporate finance decisions to be taken up by managers for creating value. Such an exposure is accomplished through a mix of theory and practice. The pedagogy employed reflects a judicious mix of case discussions, lectures and problem solving approach. COURSE OBJECTIVES The objective is to familiarize participants with the three major decision areas of Corporate Finance, viz. the investments, financing and earnings distribution decisions. Subsequently the participants are to be offered an integrated view of the decision areas by discussing the issues in corporate valuations and risk management. The course aims at sharpening the financial decision making skills of the participants. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED MEASURES At the end of the course student is expected to accomplish the following learning outcomes. Alignment of Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)...
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...TUTORIAL 1 BUSINESS PLANNING & FINANCIAL PLANNING 1. Candidate should explain that a stockholder owns part of a company and is entitled to income in the form of dividends. Stockholders also elect directors who run the company. Stakeholders are groups of people who have an interest in how the firm is run. These include stockholders, employees, management, creditors and customers among others. Each group is interested in the firm’s operation and profitability for its own reasons. All stockholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are stockholders. 2. The two common sources of corporate financing are stocks (shares) and bonds. Shareholders are the owner of the firm in which they are entitled to dividend if firms generate profit. Bondholders are creditors to a firm. They receive fixed coupon payment (annually or semi-annually) until maturity of the bond plus principle at maturity. 3. Symmetric Information is a situation in which investors and managers have identical information about firms’ prospects. Asymmetric information is a situation in which managers have different (better) information about firms’ prospects than do investors. 4. The relationship between stockholders and the management is called the agency relationship. This occurs when the shareholders as principals hire their agents to act on their behalf. The possibility of conflicts of interest between them is termed as the agency problem. There are two types of agency costs, the direct costs originating from compensation...
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...Corporate Finance, 9/e Stephen A. Ross, Massachussetts Institute of Technology Randolph W. Westerfield, University of Southern California Jeffrey F. Jaffe, University of Pennsylvania ISBN: 0073382337 Copyright year: 2010 Table of Contents PART I: Overview 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance 1 1.1 | What Is Corporate Finance? | 1 | | The Balance Sheet Model of the Firm | 1 | | The Financial Manager | 3 | 1.2 | The Corporate Firm | 4 | | The Sole Proprietorship | 4 | | The Partnership | 4 | | The Corporation | 5 | | A Corporation by Another Name . . . | 7 | 1.3 | The Importance of Cash Flows | 7 | 1.4 | The Goal of Financial Management | 10 | | Possible Goals | 11 | | The Goal of Financial Management | 11 | | A More General Goal | 12 | 1.5 | The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation | 13 | | Agency Relationships | 13 | | Management Goals | 14 | | Do Managers Act in the Stockholders' Interests? | 14 | | Stakeholders | 15 | 1.6 | Regulation | 16 | | The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | 16 | | Sarbanes-Oxley | 17 | | Summary and Conclusions | 18 | | Concept Questions | 18 | | S&P Problems | 19 | 2 Financial Statements and Cash Flow 20 2.1 | The Balance Sheet | 20 | | Liquidity | 21 | | Debt versus Equity | 22 | | Value versus Cost | 22 | 2.2 | The Income Statement | 23 | | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | 24 | | Noncash Items | 25...
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...=> Dividend policy 2) The proportions of debt and issue of equity? => Debt policy. • Net stock issue is negative = Company repurchases more stocks than issues them. Reasons for internally generated funds: a) avoid cost of issuing securities b) investors don’t get the message from lower future profits and higher risk. Recent years firms have issued more debt than equity. Still, there are many ways to calculate the Debt ratio of company: 1) Debt / total assets = ( Short + long term debt ) / Total assets, or 2) Proportion of debt in long term financing) = Long term liabilities Long term liabilities + stockholders’ equity The Debt Ratios has risen since 1950 because of the book value of the corporate assets falls as behind the actual value of those assets. This is caused the inflation. And the new tools for risk management have also improved the Debt Ratios. 14.2 The maximum number of shares that can be issued, without a special permission from the stockholders, is known as the authorized share capital. Shares which are already issued and held by the investors are said to be issued and outstanding. Repurchased stocks are held in company’s treasury until they are resold or cancelled. Capital surplus...
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