...Edwin Hubble: The Discoverer of Galaxies Edwin Hubble was born on November 20, 1889 in Marshfield, Missouri and was the third of seven children. His father was John Powell Hubble and his mother was Virginia Lee James Hubble. As a child, he loved to observe nature and look through his grandfather’s telescope. His parents encouraged Edwin and his siblings to get a good education. Edwin’s father hoped that his son would become a lawyer. When Edwin was 12 years old, his family moved to Wheaton, Illinois where he started the eighth grade. He was always two years younger than his classmates all the way through high school. In high school, Hubble learned about the Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Scholarship is a scholarship that sends students to the famous university in Oxford, England for three years of the degree they choose. The students also receive $1,500 dollars with all expenses paid for including food and transportation. In order for the student’s to qualify for the scholarship they must first go to college, then apply and take a difficult exam. On the night of Hubble’s graduation, the superintendent awarded Hubble with a scholarship to the University of Chicago. This was the first step towards the Rhodes Scholarship. In college, Hubble took courses in both law and astronomy. He had teachers that won Nobel prizes, which contributed to his success of getting a Rhodes Scholarship. After Hubble finished college, he took the exam for the Rhodes Scholarship and got the best...
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...Fall 2014 Freshman English NCHU The Assignment List (1~8) 連結或音檔若有任何問題（如：音檔被移除、連不上）， 請即刻向老師或助教反映。 每次小考三篇選一 Assignment 1 1. “City Dwellers Try Raising Chickens” (3:13) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/city-dwellers-try-chicken-ownership/1934420.html 2. “Murals Add to Color of Los Angeles” (4:15) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/mural-art-los-angeles/1914553.html 3. “What Drives People to Try to Get into the Guinness Book?” (15:12) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/getting-into-the-guinness-book-of-world-records-121860804/116530.html Assignment 2 “China Looks to Open New Silk Roads” (4:39) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/china-silk-road/1954824.html “Soccer or Football, Is It the Same Game?” (6:38) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/soccer-cultures-planned-vs-spontaneous/1940801.html “Chocolate: The ‘Food of the Gods’” (14:59) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/the-history-of-chocolate-the-food-of-the-gods/1939717.html Assignment 3 “Europe and Indian Tango over Mango” (5:13) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/the-king-of-the-mango-eu-india/1926214.html “Cambodian Cultural Artifacts under Attack” (5: 25) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/article/1950030.html “In Praise of City Living” (15:11) http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/social-scientists-rethink-city-living-136206113/116605.html ...
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...Cosmology As we have learned, Edwin Hubble showed that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster away from the Milky Way it is moving. This gives the appearance that the Milky Way is at the center of the universe, and all galaxies are moving away from us, possibly due to some large explosion, The Big Bang. The Hubble's Law can be applied to any observer in any galaxy. No matter where you are, an expanding universe will give the same appearance. The expansion of the universe is not like the explosion of a bomb sending fragments in all directions. Space itself is expanding. We can detect photons that appear to have moved at different speeds through space. However, as the speed of light is constant, it is space that is moving relative to the photon. The galaxies are fixed relative to space, but space itself is moving. We have seen no 'edge' to the universe and there are an equal number of galaxies in every direction. Also, galaxies can move relative to space, but at times gravity can accelerate one galaxy toward another faster than space expands. When light waves travel through space, they are stretched by expansion and this increases the wave's wavelength, making it appear redder. Using the Hubble Law, we can estimate the age of the universe. At some point in the distant past, matter in the universe must have been densely packed. From this point, the universe would have expanded at some high speed to become today's universe. Assuming a constant expansion over time, we find...
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...the space shuttle Discovery carrying aboard it the Hubble Space Telescope. A lot of people think we launched Hubble into space to get it closer to the stars but the real reason is the Earth's atmosphere both distorts and blocks light coming in from space. In space, beyond the atmosphere, the stars don't twinkle, instead they shine firm. That allows for the sensational images we've become accustomed to seeing from Hubble. But that wasn't Hubble's only benefit, it was also one of NASA's great observatories. There are many of these observatories in space but most are outfitted to answer one or two specific questions. Hubble was designed to be as inclusive as possible, it was supposed to answer as many questions as you could ask. At least as far as its design allowed. And Hubble succeeded very well at that. The Hubble Deep Field, perhaps the most important image ever taken by Hubble, shows us galaxies stretched all the way across the universe, up to ten billion light years away. Light that has taken billions of years to reach us in our corner of the universe, so we see these galaxies not that as they are today but as they were when the light left them. And in the end, after zooming in as much as possible, we see nothing. We've reached the limit of Hubble's vision. To carry us farther, to step past Hubble, we need the James Webb Space Telescope. James E. Webb, the man whose name NASA chose to give to the successor of the Hubble Space Telescope was a government official who served...
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...tr “Beyond the Milky Way” “The History of the Hubble Telescope” By: Steven Radziul DeVry University Since the Age of Man and Woman, We have been staring up into the sky, wondering clearly what is out there. The stars and planets have always been our close neighbors, from navigation, to philosophy and even religion, the stars and planets have always been our friend. Man has stood to the highest peak staring out into the sky, wondering clearly to see what is out there. He has invented instruments for which to see further and further, wanting to learn about himself. Since the earliest days of Man, We have strived to see higher, to see more, to see deeper, and to finally see farther. The newest discoveries started with the time of Galileo, and the first “modern” telescopes, pointed up to the skies, just to see what is out there. Since then we have strived to improve our abilities to see way out there. The latest discoveries and breakthrough in discovery through the use of telescopes, is that of the space telescopes themselves. One of the famous space based telescopes, as well as one of the more famous projects put out by NASA, is that of the “Hubble Space Telescope”. Learning about the worlds around us, allows us to learn about our own “Man Kind”. We are “star stuff”, we are made of the stuff which stars are made from. From the gases, to the elements, what is out there, we can find here. As We explore the world around us, we begin to learn more about our own existence...
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...Applications, states, "This cluster is the most massive, the hottest, and gives off the most X-rays of any known cluster at this distance or beyond." Menanteau describes the characteristics of this enormous cluster unlike any seen before. El Gordo is located approximately 9.7 billion light years away from Earth and its mass is measured three billion times as much as our sun. A cluster unlike any previously discovered. The photo for April 22, 2014 of “El Gorgo Massive Galaxy Cluster” stuck out from other pictures taken on NASA’s Astronomy Picture of The Day. The appearance of this galaxy was especially fascinating. I was drawn by the image’s bright spots and blue and pink colors. The image is a combination of a visible light image by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002, an X-ray image from the Chandra Observatory of the hot gas in pink in 2014, and computer generated dark matter in blue through gravitational lens distortions. The bright spots in the image are galaxies within and beyond the cluster. Remains of radiation from the Big Bang along with electrons from hot gas in the galaxy cluster creates the warping seen from earth. Hubble's high resolution shows the distortion in space caused by gravity. This warps the background of galaxies in the image. The more mass in the cluster the larger the distortions. The long vertical galaxy in the image is far more distant and the light is being stretched as it travels towards us through gravitational lens caused by the massive cluster....
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...THOUGHT PAPER 2 THE HUBBLE The earth is given to us, to grow, to survive, to breathe and to live; it’s for our own advantage. But we often take this privilege for granted, probably because its given for free, we did not earn it or strive to deserve it. We value it less; however, one of the beauty that The Hubble showed, was that with trillion miles away, galaxies and stars, non-showed existence of life; it was only the Earth, our home that showed the wonderful blessing that God has given us. How can we then give back to the Earth? How can we balance the need of demand and supply? The Hubble documentary portrays the Earth is the only one who has life, it suggests that one must take care of our planet with the purpose of having a home for future generations to come. The Hubble is a space telescope that is located above the surface of the atmosphere specifically in the low earth orbit far above rain clouds and light pollution. Hubble has an unobstructed view of the universe; scientists have used The Hubble to observe the most distant stars and galaxies as well as planets in our solar system. Hubble takes extremely sharp pictures, the most detailed visible-light image ever made of the universe’s most distant objects. It is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital research tool and a benefit to public relations for astronomy. Hubble’s existence marks the most significant advance in astronomy since Galileo’s telescope. It was built by the United...
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...Writing a journal article review You may be asked to write a journal article review. Although this may be an unfamiliar exercise, it is not as complex a task as writing an essay requiring a lot of library research, and not the same as a review in The Canberra Times which is written for the general reader. Your journal article review is written for a reader (eg, your supervisor, lecturer or tutor) who is knowledgeable in the discipline and is interested not just in the coverage and content of the article being reviewed, but also in your critical assessment of the ideas and argument that are being presented by the author. Your review might therefore be guided by the following questions: Objectives | What does the article set out to do? | Theory | Is there an explicit theoretical framework? If not, are there important theoretical assumptions? | Concepts | What are the central concepts? Are they clearly defined? | Argument | What is the central argument? Are there specific hypotheses? | Method | What methods are employed to test these? | Evidence | Is evidence provided? How adequate is it? | Values | Are value positions clear or are they implicit? | Literature | How does the work fit into the wider literature? | Contribution | How well does the work advance our knowledge of the subject? | Style | How clear is the author's language/style/expression? | Conclusion | A brief overall assessment. | | | | | This image shows a close-up view of the next-generation...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy SCI/151 January 26, 2015 Telescopes in Astronomy Telescopes are one of man's greatest inventions. The instrument makes distant objects appear closer and they have taken us on a fantastic voyage of learning about and understanding our universe. This paper will focus on the importance of telescopes, major designs, strengths and weaknesses of telescope locations, and where the best place to build them is. In addition, frequencies of light and the role they play in telescopes are discussed. Prior to the telescope the universe was studied, but without the telescope many discoveries would not have been possible. Birth of the Telescope There is some debate as to who designed the first telescope, however the first person to apply for a telescope patent was Hans Lippershey in 1608 (Cox, 2013). In 1609 when Galileo heard of the telescope he decided to design his own and was the first person to point it up toward space (Cox, 2013). Up until this point it was thought that the universe was geocentric and that the Sun evolved around the Earth. The invention of the telescope helped prove the Copernican system in which all planets evolve around the Sun. This discovery significantly changed our view of the universe and our place in it. Telescope Designs Designs of telescopes range from reflecting, refracting, and catadioptric telescopes. These three types of telescopes...
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...What’s Way Out There? Big Idea: The Hubble Space Telescope image “Hubble Ultra Deep Field” shows a variety of objects in the very distant Universe that can be systematically and scientifically counted, organized, and classified. Computer Setup and/or Materials Needed: a) Access to the image at: http:// www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ That originated from http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0406.html b) Access to the SkyWalker website at: http://www.aip.de/groups/galaxies/sw/udf/swudfV1.0.html c) Note: There is no expectation that students have studied galaxies prior to completing this research project. Phase I: Exploration 1) Access the online Hubble Space Telescope Image at http:// www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ You might be able to make it larger and smaller by “left clicking” on the image with your mouse. Most of these objects are galaxies far, far from Earth. However, a few objects are nearby stars, as indicated by “four points” on the image, like shown at left. How many stars can you find? Seven 2) 2. Again, most of these objects are not individual stars, but actually distant galaxies—isolated collections of millions or billions of stars that look like a tiny dot or cloud. Determine how many galaxies are found in the image. One strategy to count the number of galaxies in the image is to just count the number of objects in ¼ of the image (the bottom left corner for example) and then multiply the...
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...The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990, and it still remains operational. It was launched by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), and ESA (European Space Agency). We chose this as a topic because of the amazing pictures it has captured and all of the galaxies, stars, and nebulas it has discovered. There are many things that go into operating the HST. To transmit the data to the Space Telescope Institute in Baltimore, Maryland it has to travel a long ways. After the telescope takes the picture, the data gets transmitted to the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Then the data travels down to the Ground Station in New Mexico. Then it goes across the U.S.A. to the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. Finally, it gets sent over to the Space Telescope Science Institute a few miles away. In the Space Telescope Science Institute they have a simulation of the telescope called the Vehicle Electrical System Test (VEST). They use the VEST to troubleshoot problems, verify updates to the software, and verify operations to the telescope....
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...Earth-bound vs Space-based Telescopes Why construct and operate telescopes in Earth orbit ? To address this question, contrast the advantages and disadvantages of telescopes on the ground and in space. Keep in mind that the Hubble Space Telescope is NOT the only space telescope. Advantages: • Orbiting telescopes are NOT affected by the image smearing caused by Earth’s atmospheric motions, hence they can produce much “sharper” images The Hubble Telescope records optical images with a resolution as sharp as 0.05 arc seconds. • Space-based telescopes can collect energy from the entire electromagnetic spectrum, not just the portion that passes through our atmosphere. New “windows” on the cosmos are open to our view. • Day and night are not the same in orbit as on the ground, permitting telescopes to observe for much longer times at some locations on the sky. Disadvantages: • Telescopes on the ground can be built with much larger mirrors. Compare the Keck telescope’s 10-meter mirror with Hubble’s 2.4 meter mirror. Placing massive objects in orbit remains an expensive proposition. The largest optical and radio telescopes are still Earth-bound. • Ground-based telescopes don’t move at 5 km/sec, don’t have to carry their own power source and communications gear, and don’t need to worry about orbiting debris crashing into them. These “features” drive up the cost of designing, launching and operating space-based telescopes. • Ground-based telescopes...
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...study one in X-rays is important because it reveals new information about the properties of an exoplanet." The team used Chandra to observe six transits and data from XMM Newton observations of one. The planet, known as HD 189733b, is a hot Jupiter, meaning it is similar in size to Jupiter in our solar system but in very close orbit around its star. HD 189733b is more than 30 times closer to its star than Earth is to the sun. It orbits the star once every 2.2 days. HD 189733b is the closest hot Jupiter to Earth, which makes it a prime target for astronomers who want to learn more about this type of exoplanet and the atmosphere around it. They have used NASA's Kepler space telescope to study it at optical wavelengths, and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to confirm it is blue in color as a result of the preferential scattering of blue light by silicate particles in its atmosphere. The study with Chandra and XMM Newton has revealed clues to the size of the planet's atmosphere. The spacecraft saw light decreasing during the...
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...Up until recently, it was believed that all of the hydrogen on Europa was locked up as solid ice under the moon’s surface. However, new images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope have raised many questions with astronomers. Ultraviolet images of Europa have led to the discovery of high levels of hydrogen and oxygen in two regions in Europa’s southern hemisphere. With computer modeling, researchers have suggested that Europa may be erupting with plumes of water more than 20 times the height of Mt. Everest. Artist concept of the Europa Jupiter System Mission Artist concept of the Europa Jupiter System Mission Although its distance prevents any life from developing on the surface, the American Geophysical Union states that many scientists feel that a deep ocean lies beneath the icy-miles thick shell that covers Europa. It’s hypothesized that the moon is heated from within from the friction that is caused by Jupiter’s gravitational pull on Europa’s core. As a result, there is a possibility that the water there may have the right chemistry to sustain some very basic aquatic life. The recently discovered water vapors make searching for life much easier because instead of having to land there with heavy borer rigs loaded onto a large, expensive spacecraft to collect a water sample, a probe can now just fly into the vapor, suck some of it in and analyze it. Honestly, I don’t feel like a mission to Europa is a great idea when we haven’t even made it to Mars yet. The mission is estimated...
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...Mini Conference due asap For this second mini-conference assignment, you should read the sample labs below. As in the first mini-conference, these were created by "imaginary" students for you to practice critiquing, and they have deliberate errors in them (therefore, you need to actively look for them, just as peer reviews in the real science world do). You will submit your critiques to me in the assignments area. After you've had the practice doing this and getting my feedback, for the third mini-conference, you and your classmates will be critiquing each others' Phase V lab work that you'll post in the forum. Then, for the final symposium poster project, you will also critique one another's work. Answer the following questions about the labs you read. Please keep your comments to constructive criticism (in other words, offer feedback, but be polite). For each question, answer "Yes," "No," or "Maybe," and provide detail. Detail doesn't just mean a full sentence like "Yes, enough evidence has been collected". Your answers must make it clear that you have read and thought about the reports. These answers do not need to be long, but remember that you're learning to provide feedback that will help your classmates to improve their work in future labs, so be as detailed as you can. Upload this assignment to the Assignments area of the classroom. 1) Is the step-by-step procedure sufficient to yield the necessary evidence needed to fully answer the listed research question? Think...
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