...4 – Group Presentation After-Tax Yield to Maturity (Yip S3) – Discussion Questions A. Define the after-tax yield to maturity of a bond The after-tax YTM is the annualised discount rate that equates the present value of all the after-tax cash flows of a bond, to its settlement price (on the assumption that the bond is held to maturity). The after-tax YTM allows the investor to compare the after-tax returns of different investments and compare the after-tax returns of bonds with different coupon rates B. An Investor whose marginal tax rate is 15% would like advice on the choice between a Low Coupon (LC) bond and a High Coupon (HC) bond with the following attributes ➢ LC: 2% Coupon, paid semi-annually, 10 years to maturity, 5% YTM ➢ HC: 15% Coupon, paid semi-annually, 10 years to maturity, 5% YTM i) Show how the After-Tax YTM is computed Low Coupon Bond [pic] High Coupon Bond [pic] ii) Which bond offers the higher after-tax yield? The Low Coupon Rate Bond offers the higher after-tax yield iii) Will investors always prefer low coupon bonds to high coupon bonds? Why? No – they may prefer to pay tax ‘as they go’, for several reasons: • A large taxable gain at maturity may push them into the next tax bracket • They anticipate their taxable income will be higher at maturity so would prefer to pay tax earlier and receive a capital loss at maturity (particularly for longer term bonds) iv) Complete the following table and...
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...Bond Valuation By Anuj Joshi Note 1 Bond Valuation Fixed income paying securities. 1. Theoretical price or value of bond depends upon. i. Coupon Payment : Fixed amount of interest to be received after prescribed frequency. ii. Maturity Value [Unless otherwise given is exam, we should take face value] iii. Discount Rate : It should always be market interest rate 2. What is market interest rate Market interest rate is derived from comparable listed bond. The comparison is based on risk and life of the bond. E.g. If we are valuing a bond which is unlisted and have 5 years of life, then we should look for a bond which is similar in risk profile (i.e. same credit rating)and having similar life. The YTM (Yield to Maturity) of listed bond is called market interest rate The YTM of a bond is nothing but IRR of the bond. 3. Value of a bond = PV of Coupon Amount + PV of Maturity Value [Remember CF and discount rate are before tax] Concept Point: i. Coupon rate is a historical rate and should never be used as a discount rate. In exam, if no other information is available, then only we should assume coupon rate of interest as market rate of interest. ii. Remember, Cost of Capital or Discount Rate is a future concept and it represents opportunity cost on the date of valuation. iii. YTM of a similar bond (i.e. current market interest rate) is the appropriate discount rate for bond valuation. How to value a bond which pays interest at a frequency lower than annually (e...
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...University New York NY 10012-1126 Working Draft: No Guarantees August 27, 1998 Home page: http: www.stern.nyu.edu ~dbackus Contents Preface 1 Debt Instruments 1.1 Overview : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1.2 The Instruments : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : v 1 1 2 I Instruments with Fixed Payments 2 Bond Arithmetic 2.1 Prices and Yields in the US Treasury Market : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.2 Replication and Arbitrage : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.3 Day Counts and Accrued Interest : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.4 Other Conventions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.5 Implementation Issues : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.6 Common Yield Fallacies : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.7 Forward Rates optional : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8 9 9 14 17 19 23 24 26 3 Macrofoundations of Interest Rates 39 CONTENTS i 4 Quantifying Interest Rate Risk 4.1 Price and Yield : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4.2 More on Duration : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4.3 Immunization : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4.4 Convexity optional : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4.5 Fixed Income Funds :...
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...Rates and Bond Valuation Bond Features Bond - evidence of debt issued by a corporation or a governmental body. A bond represents a loan made by investors to the issuer. In return for his/her money, the investor receives a legaI claim on future cash flows of the borrower. The issuer promises to: Make regular coupon payments every period until the bond matures, and Pay the face/par/maturity value of the bond when it matures. Default - since the above mentioned promises are contractual obligations, an issuer who fails to keep them is subject to legal action on behalf of the lenders (bondholders). Bond Value = Present Value of the Coupons + Present Value of the Face Value Bond Value = INT [1 – (1/(1 + rd)N)]/rd + M * 1/(1 + rd)N where: INT = the promised coupon payment M = the promised face value N = number of periods until the bond matures rd = the market’s required return, YTM If a bond has five years to maturity, an $80 annual coupon, and a $1000 face value, its cash flows would look like this: Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 Coupons $80 $80 $80 $80 $80 Face Value $ 1000 Market Price $____ How much is this bond worth? It depends on the level of current market interest rates. If the going rate on bonds like this one is 10%, then this bond is worth $924...
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...economic situation and its prediction for the future Macroeconomics 2 Take the art works of Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Tintoretto and Caravaggio, the operas of Verdi and Puccini, the cinema of Federico Fellini, add the architecture of Venice, Florence and Rome and you have just a fraction of Italy's treasures from over the centuries. While the country is renowned for these and other delights, it is also notorious for its precarious political life and has had several dozen governments since the end of World War II. In my report I would like to look at current situation of Italy, especially economy and some predicting for the future. Italy has a diversified industrial economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, welfare-dependent, agricultural south, with high unemployment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises. Italy is the fourth largest European economy and...
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...Homework Assignment – Week 2 Chapter 3 1. Write down the formula that is used to calculate the yield to maturity on a 20-year 10% coupon bond with $1,000 face value that sells for $2,000. Assume yearly coupons. $2000 $100/(1 i) $100/(1 i)2 $100/(1 i)20 $1000/(1 i)20 2. If there is a decline in interest rates, which would you rather be holding, long-term bonds or short-term bonds? Why? Which type of bond has the greater interest-rate risk? You would rather be holding long-term bonds because their price would increase more than the price of the short-term bonds, giving them a higher return. 3. A financial advisor has just given you the following advice: “Long-term bonds are a great investment because their interest rate is over 20%.” Is the financial advisor necessarily correct? No. If interest rates rise sharply in the future, long-term bonds may suffer such a sharp fall in price that their return might be quite low, possibly even negative. 4. If mortgage rates rise from 5% to 10%, but the expected rate of increase in housing prices rises from 2% to 9%, are people more or less likely to buy houses? People are more likely to buy houses because the real interest rate when purchasing a house has fallen from 3 percent (5 percent –2 percent) to 1 percent (10 percent 9 percent). The real cost of financing the house is thus lower, even though mortgage rates have risen. (If the tax deductibility of interest payments is allowed for, then...
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...Chapter 1 Why Study Financial Markets and Institutions? ( Multiple Choice Questions 1. Financial markets and institutions (a) involve the movement of huge quantities of money. (b) affect the profits of businesses. (c) affect the types of goods and services produced in an economy. (d) do all of the above. (e) do only (a) and (b) of the above. Answer: D 2. Financial market activities affect (a) personal wealth. (b) spending decisions by individuals and business firms. (c) the economy’s location in the business cycle. (d) all of the above. Answer: D 3. Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are called (a) commodity markets. (b) funds markets. (c) derivative exchange markets. (d) financial markets. Answer: D 4. The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as the (a) inflation rate. (b) exchange rate. (c) interest rate. (d) aggregate price level. Answer: C 5. The bond markets are important because (a) they are easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States. (b) they are the markets where interest rates are determined. (c) they are the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined. (d) all of the above. Answer: B 6. Interest rates are important to financial institutions...
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...Chapter 1 Why Study Financial Markets and Institutions? ( Multiple Choice Questions 1. Financial markets and institutions (a) involve the movement of huge quantities of money. (b) affect the profits of businesses. (c) affect the types of goods and services produced in an economy. (d) do all of the above. (e) do only (a) and (b) of the above. Answer: D 2. Financial market activities affect (a) personal wealth. (b) spending decisions by individuals and business firms. (c) the economy’s location in the business cycle. (d) all of the above. Answer: D 3. Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are called (a) commodity markets. (b) funds markets. (c) derivative exchange markets. (d) financial markets. Answer: D 4. The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as the (a) inflation rate. (b) exchange rate. (c) interest rate. (d) aggregate price level. Answer: C 5. The bond markets are important because (a) they are easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States. (b) they are the markets where interest rates are determined. (c) they are the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined. (d) all of the above. Answer: B 6. Interest...
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...Bond Prices, Default Probabilities and Risk Premiums1 John Hull, Mirela Predescu, and Alan White A feature of credit markets is the large difference between probabilities of default calculated from historical data and probabilities of default implied from bond prices (or from credit default swaps). Consider, for example, a seven-year A-rated bond. As we will see the average probability of default backed out from the bond’s price is almost ten times as great as that calculated from historical data. Why are the two estimates of the probability of default so different? The answer is that bond traders do not base their prices for bonds only on the actuarial probability of default. They build in an extra return to compensate for the risks they are bearing. The default probabilities calculated from historical data are referred to as real-world (or physical) default probabilities; those backed out from bond prices are known as risk-neutral default probabilities. Real-world default probabilities are usually less than risk-neutral default probabilities. This means that bond traders earn more than the risk-free rate on average from holding corporate bonds. Risk-neutral default probabilities are used when credit dependent instruments are valued. Real-world default probabilities are used in scenario analysis and in the calculation of bank capital under Basel II. Altman (1989) was one of the first researchers to comment on the discrepancy between bond prices and historical default data. He...
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...------------------------------------------------- What the hell is SLR? SLR Means Self Loading Rifle. The INSAS Rifle used by our Jawans, is one example of SLR. But for our purpose, SLR means- * Statutory Liquidity Ratio. * It is a tool used by RBI to control inflation and to boost growth. Anyways since last one year, RBI's primary aim is to control inflation. * If RBI sets SLR to 25%, that a Bank must keep 25% of its Total deposits, into non-cash forms prescribed by RBI: that is…. 1. In Gold 2. In Corporate Bonds / Shares approved by RBI 3. G-Sec (Government Securities/ Treasury Bonds) * But most bank prefer to put all the money in Government securities (G-Sec), because they're more safe and convinient than the other two. ------------------------------------------------- What happens if SLR is decreased? * Earlier SLR was 24%, but on last day of July, RBI changed it to 23%. * That means, if earlier SBI had total Rs.100 Deposited in all its 11,000+ branches, then SBI would have to park Rs.24 in G-sec but with new RBI rule, SBI will have to park only Rs.23. * Meaning SBI can take away Rs.1 from its G-sec investment and use it for giving as loan to regular customers. So, SBI will sell G-sec worth Rs.1 from its suitcase and use that 1 Rupee for lending as House, Car, Business loans to the customers. * SBI has one more rupee to lend to the customers, it'll reduce the interest rate (to seduce more customers). Thus Interest Rates go down...
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...CHAPTER 8 BOND MARKETS CHAPTER OVERVIEW AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES ( This is the second of six chapters related to the study of financial markets. They are: (1) Money Markets; (2) Bond Markets; (3) Mortgage Markets; (4) Equity Markets (5) Derivatives Markets; and (6) International Markets. ( In part four and five of this text we will study specific financial institutions and their involvement (investing and/or financing) in various markets. ( The bond capital market finances "real investment," including commercial and consumer real estate construction, business plant and equipment, Federal Government deficit spending, and bridges, turnpikes, etc. of state and local governments. ( Long-term securities are purchased by capital market investors who desire income over the long term – pension funds, mutual funds, life and casualty insurance companies, and individuals. READING THE WALL STREET JOURNAL The Credit Markets column, located in the Money & Investing section (C), provides a daily analysis of major happenings in the U.S. credit markets. Included are discussions about new bond issues, changing rates, issues facing bond investors, etc. Want to understand what drives funds into and out of bond markets? Read this column daily and learn! CAREER PLANNING NOTE: Bonds are investment banks’ savior during the times when stock markets do not do well. It’s not only companies that use bonds to raise money – governments and government institutions...
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...Corporate Bonds: Background Bonds may be registered (bondholder’s name is kept in a file) or held as bearer bonds (anyone possessing the bond may sell it or collect interest payments and face value). Each bond round of sales is called a “series.” So the company’s Series M bond issue might have occurred in 2003; and its Series N issue might have taken place in 2005. It might be that the total amount the company raised in its Series M equaled $600 million; and the amount raised (borrowed) in its Series N was $900 million. Each bond series has its own indenture (legal document stating the requirements, definitions and consequences of default). Moreover, all of the bonds issued from a series, say Series P, have bond certificates (like a stock certificate) which specifies the company (bond issuer) name, the bond face value (par value), the coupon rate (interest rate), the dates that interest will be paid, and the maturity date (when $1,000 is paid). Corporate Bonds: Interest Payments Corporate bonds might have a) fixed interest rate payments (“CoCo”, b) no interest rate payments (“NoNo”), or 3) floating-rate payments (“floaters”). The interest rate on a bond is stated as its “coupon rate.” If the company is issuing bonds that have a coupon rate of 6%; that means that the company is promising to make semiannual interest payments to the bondholder of $30 (every 6 months) until maturity—and they will pay the bondholder the face amount of $1,000 upon maturity. Most corporate...
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...Chapter 4 Answers to Concept Review Questions 1. Managers need to understand how bonds and stocks are priced because (1) firms regularly issue stocks and bonds to raise money for investment (2) understanding how securities are priced is helpful when conducting an acquisition or a divestiture, (3) the stock price is an objective signal of how managers are performing, and (4) finance theory teaches that the goal of the manager should be to maximize the firm’s stock price. 5. The coupon rate equals the annual coupon payment divided by par value. The coupon yield equals the annual coupon payment divided by the bond’s market price. 6. A bond sells at a discount when the bond’s coupon rate is lower than the market’s required rate of return on the bond. 11. An issuer benefits from an option to call a bond, because such an option allows the issuer to lock in a more favorable interest rate if rates should fall.. The option to convert bonds into common stock benefits bondholders. Once the stock price rises high enough, the value of the bonds starts to behave like the stock’s value—the prices start to rise. So convertible bonds offer investors some minimal level of return plus a lot of upside potential. 13. The price of a Treasury note quoted as 98:10 is 98 10/32 percent of par value or $983.125. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Q4-1. What is the relationship between the price of a financial asset and the return that investors require on that asset, holding...
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...Course Project – Part I AirJet Best Parts, Inc Student: Goldie Scarbrough Course: Finance Instructor: Professor Mike Woodard Date: 03/23/2013 Task 1: Assessing loan options for AirNet Best Parts, Inc The Company needs to finance $8,000,000 for a new factory in Mexico. The funds will be obtained through a commercial loan and by issuing corporate bonds. Here is some of the information regarding the APRs offered by two well-known commercial banks. Bank | APR | Number of Times Compounded | National First | Prime Rate + 6.75% | Semiannually | Regions Best | 13.17 | Monthly | 1. Assuming that AirJet Parts, Inc. is considering loans from National First and Regions Best, what are the EARs for these two banks? National First (Prime rate is 3.25%) +6.75% = 10% Semiannually EAR = (1+.10/2) ^2 – 1 which is 10.25 Regions Best Rate is 13.17% Monthly EAR = (1+.1317/12) ^12 – 1 which is 13.99% 2. Based on your calculations above: which of the two banks would you recommend and why? Explain your rationale. I think that between National First and Regions Best that National first offers the lower rate after computing the EAR. National first is also only compounded semiannually making it lower then Regions Best. The only thing I worry about it the prime rate changing because if it rises a lot then it could possibly become a higher interest rate them Regions best. At the time being if Air jets Best Inc. takes the National First option then that...
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...Unlevered beta BEP BVPS CAPEX CAPM CCC Basic earning power Book value per share Capital expenditures Capital Asset Pricing Model Cash conversion cycle CF Cash flow; CFt is the cash flow in Period t CR Conversion ratio CV Coefficient of variation Dp Dividend of preferred stock Dt Dividend in Period t DCF Discounted cash flow D/E Debt-to-equity ratio DEP Depreciation D1/P0 DPS DRIP Expected dividend yield Dividends per share Dividend reinvestment plan DRP Default risk premium DSO Days sales outstanding e Approximately equal to 2.7183 EAA Equivalent annual annuity EAR Effective annual rate, EFF% EBIT EBITDA EPS EVA F Earnings before interest and taxes; operating income Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization Earnings per share Economic value added (1) Fixed operating costs (2) Flotation cost FCF Free cash flow FVN Future value for Year N FVAN g GAAP HVN I IFRS IPER I/YR INT IP IPO IRR LIBOR ln(P/X) Future value of an annuity for N years Growth rate in earnings, dividends, and stock prices U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Standards Firm’s horizon value at t ¼ N Interest rate; also referred to as r International Financial Reporting Standards Periodic interest rate Interest rate key on some calculators Interest payment in dollars Inflation premium Initial public...
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