...INTRODUCTION a. Background information to introduce the issue Bertrand Russell was a revolutionary in the field of humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. Aside from that he was probably one of the most profound and sophisticated spokesman for atheism from the last century, His literary and communication skills are definitely almost unprecedented winning a nobel prize for Literature. His influence and iconicness that stood the test of time and his literary works that are still being talked about years after his death is a proof of his undying influence. Despite the fact that he was agnostic and an atheist, he felt that he was not up to the pedestal of being a Christian because he thought he couldn’t live up to the righteous maxims of Christianity, he found the religion too hypocritical and its norms too uptight and self-righteous for his own sake. It was his contention that religion and its maxim’s purpose was to limit knowledge, especially to children and prevents their ability to think clearly by trapping them with norms and inhibiting them from cooperating with others whose views are different from theirs. He also believes that religion flourishes fear and dependency. He also asserted that religion caused war, oppression and misery that is happening right now. Issues: According to Russell, The character of Christ isn’t as divine as God because of the flaws in his teachings and to his followers. Russell attacks Christ’s divinity and characteristics and followers in...
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...I knew he was a famous thinker even before looking at the list, I chose not use his articles. On the other hand, I was disappointed that there were no articles pertaining to President Barack Obama. Knowing that he won a Nobel Peace Prize just for his ideas alone, I thought that he would be among this list. The first article that caught my attention was, “Why I am Not a Christian”, by B. Russell. The next article I chose was, “Not a Minute to Hate”, by Cornell West. Bertrand Arthur William Russell was born in 1872. He was not brought up in the traditional education forum, instead, Bertrand Russell was taught by tutors and governesses. Being taught by tutors and governesses allowed him to gain knowledge of French and German, perfectly. Bertrand Russell was very well versed in politics and philosophy. He had a very outspoken set of morals and during the years, these morals landed him in prison as he gave lectures around the country. In 1927, Russell opened a school for children, as he continued to give lectures around the country. He had over 25 principal publications published beginning in 1896. Russell also received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950 for Literature. My next author is Cornel West, who was born in 1953. West also began his career as a thinker and a lecturer and is also known for his outspoken beliefs. It was not my intent to pick two of the most outspoken thinkers, but after reading about them, it does seem that I have. West has taught at Harvard...
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...This paper is going to be about the two philosophers Thomas Aquinas and Bertrand Russell. Each of them argues about the existence of God, and both have different opinions on it. Aquinas’ argument is about efficient causation, whereas Russell’s is the first-cause argument. I believe that Thomas Aquinas’s argument was validly challenged by by Bertrand Russell’s argument. I believe that Russell’s argument and Aquinas’ argument were both very well put together but I do believe that Russell’s argument is more valid than Aquinas’ because there is more hard evidence and facts that prove he is right, compared to Aquinas’ argument, which is more mind based and harder to grasp. There are less reasons proven to believe Aquinas’ argument over Russell’s argument. Aquinas’s argument is based on efficient causation. Efficient causation is easily understood by saying that for x to be the cause of y is for x to bring about y, or to explain y. Aquinas says that efficient cause comes in series, or causal chains. We basically cannot prove or see that something has its own efficient cause. If something happens, then something before it caused it to happen, and so on. Aquinas says “Therefore, if there were no first efficient cause, then there would be no last or intermediary efficient causes.” (Aquinas, 45). Aquinas argues that without this or any chain of events, then things would not happen. But he says that there has to be a first efficient cause. “We must therefore posit a first efficient cause...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...Requiring philosophy in the general education curriculum, whether it is in addition to or in place of another class, is worth it. Last semester when I was registering for classes I knew when I saw that I could take philosophy in place of another class that it would be worth it. And almost finishing this semester I know without a shadow of a doubt that it was. In fact, I would encourage other students to take a philosophy class. Studying philosophy allows for our God-given desire to grow and learn as a person to be fulfilled. Throughout this semester, I have learned more than I would have in any other class about the world that we live in through a philosophical view. Three of the many Philosophers that we studied included Bertrand Russell,...
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...Whether one believes in God or not, a person must have a reason for his or her belief. There must be a rationale, in some form, that supports the belief or thought process which the individual has. For example, philosopher John Searle does not believe in God, arguing there is not enough available evidence about how the world works to justify such a belief. He does not believe in the supernatural either, but holds that there is, among intellectuals of the world today who have become so secularized, a sense where the existence of God or the supernatural would not matter as much as it would have a century ago. He presents a logic as to why he does not Plato, on the other hand, presents his reasoning for believing in God and/or the supernatural through Socrates discussion with a religious fanatic shortly before his trial in the "Euthyphro." Euthyphro is a young, zealously pious man determined to bring a lawsuit against his own father over the death of one of their servants. When Socrates questions the propriety of proceeding against one's father, rebukes him, asserting that the only relevant question is whether the killer has acted justly. concedes that most people will regard prosecution of one's father on behalf of a hired hand as the height of impiety, but he insists that he understands the will of the gods more plainly and precisely than most. This is the presumption that Socrates questions in the dialogue, and defeats. That same presumption that one...
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...hell once there. Throughout life, we have heard plenty of talk about Heaven and Hell. Heaven was for the people that believe in doing well unto God as Christian and lived their lives accordingly to God's Commandments. . And Hell was always known as the place where the devil reside and the place that sinners and evil people that resisted God and refuse to accept God into their hearts and lived in sin, and last judgement is served. Heaven and Hell was spoken of in church, but most Pastor spoke on hell lesser than they did heaven. Sinclair Ferguson expresses how the doctrine of hell should influence one’s preaching. “He says preachers should stress God’s righteousness, the sinfulness of sin, and God’s justice in condemning sin. He adds that expositors should affirm that hell is real, that hell is vividly described in the New Testament, and that hell, though prepared for the devil and his angels, is shared by human beings” (Morgan and Peterson). Many Pastors thought it was easier to reach the people if they talk more on Heaven and God's blessing than Hell and the sin and evil of the devil. But the irony of it all was that God could control who went to heaven and who went to hell, but Satan could only control who went to hell. If God is the creation of all and everything He made was good and very good, why was hell even created? Why would a loving, compassionate, and peaceful God allow a place like this to exist? So the...
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...Leibniz, like many thinkers of his time, was a theist - in other words he believed in God. He thought that the universe was composed of substances, chosen and maintained by God. He declared in his Theodicy that God created the world to be the best of all possible worlds, since God, as a benevolent deity, would not have created anything different. This is a difficult assumption for the modern reader to digest, as we are surrounded by examples of evil every day in the news. Leibniz proves the existence of God by a priori and a posteriori arguments. Leibniz declares that there are two kinds of truth: truths of reason, and truths of fact. Truths of reason are a priori, while truths of fact are a posteriori. Truths of reason are necessary, permanent truths, and proceeding from a known or assumed cause to a necessarily related effect (deductive). Truths of fact are contingent, empirical truths relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts (inductive) (Davidson, 91). Both kinds of truth must have a sufficient reason. Truths of reason have their sufficient reason in being opposed to the contradictoriness and logical inconsistency of propositions which deny them (Davidson, 93). Truths of fact have their sufficient reason in being more perfect than propositions which deny them. The Priori on pre-established harmony in so far as such harmony demands an author, and this is God. The posteriori explains everything that exists must have sufficient reason for existing, and this reason...
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... The existence of God is subject to lively debate in philosophy,[1] the philosophy of religion, and popular culture. The Western tradition of the existence of God began with Plato and Aristotle, who made arguments for God's existence that would now be categorized as cosmological arguments. Later, Epicurus formulated the problem of evil: if God is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent, why does evil exist? The field of theodicy arose from attempts to answer this question. Other thoughts about the existence of God have been proposed by St. Anselm, who formulated the first ontological argument; Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Aquinas, who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument (thekalam argument and the first way), respectively; Descartes, who said that the existence of a benevolent God was logically necessary for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful; and Immanuel Kant, who argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of good. Thinkers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include David Hume, Kant, Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell. In modern culture, the question of God's existence has been discussed by philosophers and scientists such as Stephen Hawking, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett,...
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...Suffering in the Christian Experience Submitted to Dr. Andrea H. Adams in partial fulfillment of the requirement for completion of SEMI 500-B27 LUO Introduction to Seminary Studies by Tami Carroll February 22, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction 2 What Causes Humans to Suffer? 2 Pain is Inevitable 2 Humans Seek Personal Pleasure 3 Why Does God Allow Bad Things to Happen? 4 Free Will 4 God’s Authentic Love 5 The Purpose for Suffering 6 Draws Man to God 6 Repentance 7 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Pain and Suffering in the Christian Experience There are numerous schools of thought in regards to why humans suffer. Christians question why a loving God allows bad things happen to His people. They wonder how sufferings in the life of a Christian can possibly build faith. These ideas will be explored through the life and works of theologian and scholar, C. S. Lewis. Answers will be sought through the examination of Lewis’s personal experiences, his theological studies and his fictional writings. This paper will prove that human pain and suffering is essential in the Christian experience by examining the reasons human suffer, why God does not intervene to prevent suffering, and how pain and suffering might build faith and draw people closer to God. The reality that Christians, who devote their...
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...an Adventist. When I asked if he would like to become a Catholic instead, he immediately responded in the negative without assigning any serious doctrinal reasons. What was even more interesting was that he attended Catholic schools from the basic to the high school level. Next, to elicit his sociological reactions, I asked him to read a book by Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher. The book is titled WHY I AM NOT A CHRISTIAN. Without bothering to read even the first page of the book, he dismissively responded, “I don’t read such books; they are satanic.” I recognized immediately that he was in a state of dissonance, a state of conflict for he was sweating profusely in spite of the chilling temperature in my air-conditioned office: his psychological posture was that as an academic and a budding sociologist, he was supposed to read as widely as possible but reading books that would challenged the basis of his faith was asking for too much. So, the questions are: Why is religion such an emotive and volatile phenomenon? Why do people kill in the name of religion which often carries the message of peace, love and reconciliation? Why do people engage in apparently irrational behaviours in the name of religion? The answer is simple: religion is beyond logic and science; it is a matter for the heart and not for the head. In fact religion may be defined as a source of conflict in many places. Yes, to the extent that we all profess one religious faith or another and are prepared...
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...THE CATHEDRAL VIDYA SCHOOL LONAVALA TOPIC NUMBER: 4 To what extent do we need evidences to support our beliefs in different areas of knowledge? Candidate Name: Gandhi, shelly Candidate Session Number: 004669-015 Session: May 2011 Word count: 1548 Shelly Gandhi 2 "It is not what the man of science believes that distinguishes him, but how and why he believes it. His beliefs are tentative, not dogmatic; they are based on evidence, not on authority or intuition."1 As truly said by Bertrand Russell, it is considerable to call evidence as one of the basis for a belief. At first sight, evidence seems to be core of many beliefs as most of our practical life is based upon it. However, on a deeper look, the phrase “To what extent” suggests that there may be a limit to the dependence of beliefs on evidences. Indeed, there are several thought provoking questions to this statement- are beliefs always based on evidence? Is there something called perception, inner voice, gut feel or sixth sense (I will call this „intuition‟)? Nevertheless, the answers to these questions lie in nature of the subject and to explain the same, I first need to describe meaning of evidence and belief. In general, Evidence is defined as a piece of information that forms ground for any theory, belief or conclusion. On the other hand, beliefs are defined as certain set of values or perceptions of a person. By definition itself, it is clear that Evidence is also the base (ground) for belief but experience...
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... 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7. Discuss the concept that ethics cannot be based on religion. 8. Explain the use of ethical reasoning and how it can be used in your professional life. Introduction The major ethical principles accepted in the western world follow guidelines and rules that must be universally applied in all situations. These ethical principles are established primarily on the basis of teachings set forth by philosophers throughout the ages, starting with the great Greek thinkers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. As you might expect, there have been many alterations 修改 to these moral principles throughout the years. What was considered ethically correct by some was rejected by others and replaced with their own concept of what constituted moral or ethical behavior. A Comment about Philosophy: Philosophy, unlike science, addresses issues that cannot be solved. In fact, some philosophers state that if a problem can be solved, philosophers will not even address the issue, feeling that it should be considered by other disciplines. One of the most notable examples of philosophical inquiry is the commonly quoted question posed by Bertrand Russell: “If a tree falls in the forest and there is no one there to hear it, will it make a noise?” While...
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...Profession) First Semester Submitted by: Cristy O. Manatad BEED-IV Gen.Ed. Submitted to: Dr. Maria Dolores Banogon CHAPTER ONE: You, The Teacher, as a Person in Society Lesson 5 Teaching as Your Vocation, Mission and Profession “ One looks back with appreciation to the brilliant teachers, but with gratitude to those who touched our human feelings...” - Carl Jung Etymology of the word “vocation” Vocation comes from the Latin word “vocare” which means to call. Based on the etymology of the word, vocation therefore, means a call. If there is a call, there must be a caller and someone who is called. For Christians, the Caller is God Himself. For our brother and sister Muslims, Allah. In the New Testament, we know of Mary who was also called by God to become the mother of the Savior, Jesus Christ. Teaching as Your Vocation Perhaps you never dream to become a teacher! But here you are now preparing to become one! How did it happen? From the eyes of those who believe, it was God who called you here for you to teach, just as God called Abraham, Moses, and Mary, of the Bible. The fact that you are now in the College of Teacher Education signifies that you positively responded to the call to teach. Right? Etymology of the word “mission” Teaching is also a mission. The word mission comes from the Latin word “misio” which means to send...
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...The Abrogation of Organized Religion and the Push for Universal Scientific Literacy Since religion was humankind’s first attempt at trying to understand the chaotic world around them, it was therefore the worst attempt. The fact that organized religion still persists in the modern technologically advanced society is so preposterous that it’s almost beyond comprehension how it has managed to, not only survive, but thrive. Organized religion, in all of its various guises, is an antiquated device of manipulation and control; it’s the root cause of nearly all wars, poverty, bigotry, racism, terrorism, and human suffering. It is also the most fundamental hindrance of scientific progress that mankind faces and should therefore be methodically phased out and replaced by atheism, secular humanism, and most of all, an education focused primarily on scientific literacy. What is the Essence of Religion?: It was once an inconceivable act for a human being to question the existence of some sort of a creator god, or gods. People had all the evidence they needed right in front of them: they were conscious and alive, the world was beautiful, coincidences happened which seemed much like prayer being answered, and the earth was encased inside of a celestial sphere while the heavens appeared to revolve directly around the earth, making man the very center of this profound design; it was almost as if the world was created specifically for humans. Thus, organized...
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