...are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them” Generally Speaking, or in common terms, terrorism refer to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); and are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians. Till date , terrorism has hit almost all sectors of urbanized world catering to service to general public across all nations. Aviation is one such sector which has been worst hit by terrorism at different times and at different parts of the globe, in the name of various agendas. Terrorist attacks in flight and in land have now made it utmost important for establishment of comprehensive security measures to safeguard life, property and equipment in the field of aviation across geographical boundaries. 2. Major Terrorist attacks on Airports The major terrorist attacks where airports were targeted in the last 30-40 yrs. are given below. These attacks have been carried out by various terrorist...
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...their message to the public. While transportation keeps economic moving, nationally and globally, business relies on transport and transport systems at every level no matter transferring goods, transporting customers or staff commuting. From jet airliners to mass transit buses and rail terminals, vehicles and transport facilities are all-too familiar targets of terrorist attacks in all country and abroad. The impact of large-scale disruption of transport infrastructures can be critical for national and global business because transport systems have long been viewed as targets for terrorists groups worldwide. Also we will elaborate more on how terrorism can be spread or being use through the four methods of transportation like rail, road, aviation and maritime. For the incident strikes on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York on September 11, 2001, this has exposed critical security flaws within the United States transportation system which required urgent attention. The first attack on public transportation involving weapons of mass destruction occurred in 1995 when the Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas into the Tokyo subway system. Then we will explain about what are the factors and effect of terrorism behavior....
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...AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur...
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...air, reaching their destinations safely. Despite this fact, the aviation industry is faced with many security concerns. Since the infamous September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in the United States, there have been concerns that there are loopholes in aviation security. Terrorist activities target airports and civil aviation equipment due to their high values. For instance, in 1985, there was a massacre in Vienna and Rome that was carried out by terrorists in an airport. In addition, there have been reports of aircraft hijacking for a long time in history. These concerns have made the public to feel insecure in air travel. Currently, many countries are overhauling their security systems in airports, so as to counter any security threats. This is an important step towards ensuring that our airports remain secure and regain public trust (Blalock, Kadiyali, & Simon, 2007). Importance of Airport Security Over time, the number of passengers travelling by air has been on the increase. Most of the airports record thousands of passengers every single day. Similarly, there has been expansion of airports and the number of aircrafts, necessitated by the increase in the number of passengers. These passengers need to be safe from any terrorist attack or any hazard that may come up in the airport, such as fire break out. In addition, the airport’s assets need to be protected from possible threats. As noted earlier, aviation assets are of high value, therefore, the need to be secured. Airports...
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...3 COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES In chapte r 2, we described the growth of a new kind of terrorism, and a new terrorist organization—especially from 1988 to 1998, when Usama Bin Ladin declared war and organized the bombing of two U.S. embassies. In this chapter, we trace the parallel evolution of government efforts to counter terrorism by Islamic extremists against the United States. We mention many personalities in this report. As in any study of the U.S. government, some of the most important characters are institutions. We will introduce various agencies, and how they adapted to a new kind of terrorism. 3.1 FROM THE OLD TERRORISM TO THE NEW: THE FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING At 18 minutes after noon on February 26, 1993, a huge bomb went off beneath the two towers of the World Trade Center.This was not a suicide attack.The terrorists parked a truck bomb with a timing device on Level B-2 of the underground garage, then departed.The ensuing explosion opened a hole seven stories up. Six people died. More than a thousand were injured. An FBI agent at the scene described the relatively low number of fatalities as a miracle.1 President Bill Clinton ordered his National Security Council to coordinate the response. Government agencies swung into action to find the culprits.The Counterterrorist Center located at the CIA combed its files and queried sources around the world. The National Security Agency (NSA), the huge Defense Department signals collection agency, ramped up its communications...
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...Aviation and the Military | 30 November2011 | By: Michelle Hays | How the development of Aviation shaped our early twentieth Century Military | On 17 December 1903, just outside of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright made a major impact on history when they successfully launched the first motorized airplane; not only on our society as a whole but also the United States military and the way wars would be fought forever. Because of this one specific day in history the Wright brothers are accredited for the first of countless days in our history that we contribute what we know today as aviation. On that one day, the brothers sustained a total of four flights with only a small twelve horse power engine with the longest flight lasting a mere fifty-nine seconds at a distance of 852 feet. On the fourth flight of the day, Flyer 1 tumbled and crashed. Obviously not all was lost, history was made and inventions in the aviation industry began to grow. The historical first flight by Orville and Wilbert Wright did not make the front page news; it was very trivial headlines at the time. For instance, page ten of the Washington Times article dated 19 December 1903 in column four, High Gale No Bar to Flying Machine. The article described the flying machine and how the brothers got off the ground. The New York Tribune 19 December 1903 also had a small article but not until page five; Flying Machine Works Successful Trial by Ohio Men with Machine on Box Kite Plan...
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...directly caused the death of more than three thousand innocent civilians when two hijacked jetliners deliberately slammed against the twin towers that used to be a testament to the United States’ economic clout. On the same day, two other hijacked airliners were flown to other targets, one of which was the Pentagon, the seat of America’s military might, while the fourth aircraft crashed in a Pennsylvania field, believed to have been due to its passengers fighting back to regain control. While these incidents are certainly not the latest terrorist attacks against civil aviation, these attacks are significant in the sense that its aftermath truly changed the course of history of many nations and radically changed the lifestyles of many peoples. The earliest recorded terrorist act was on September 9, 1949, when a bomb was placed and exploded in a Quebec Airways flight in Canada. Since that first recorded aviation security breach, security experts had been trying to be one step ahead of the terror groups in hardening aircraft and airport targets against all forms of terrorist attacks. However, on July 22, 1968, three gunmen from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), hijacked a passenger airliner of the Israeli airline El Al, on a flight from Rome to Tel-Aviv, and demanded the release of their comrades-in-arms who were imprisoned in Israel. While this may not be the first case of civilian aircraft seizure during that year, this operation was qualitatively different...
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...Connor Cohn 3/4/11 Curry, period 4 Final Aircraft Carriers in WWII Many of World War II’s greatest battles were fought at sea, making naval technologies crucial to all sides. Many kinds of ships, such as battleships, submarines, and aircraft carriers, had been used in previous wars, but the global nature of World War II made naval battles especially important. These vessels ranged from heavily armed warships to numerous support craft such as fuel ships and troop landing boats. Of all the ships used in the war, aircraft carriers were the largest. Thus, how and why were aircraft carriers so effective in World War II, specifically how was it more effective than a battleship, and how did both Japan and the US utilize this revolution in technology? An aircraft carrier is a ship whose primary purpose is to bring airplanes closer to distant battle areas. Since most World War II aircraft had a range of just a few hundred miles, it was necessary to bring the aircraft to the battlefront, and using a ship to do so made a lot of sense in the Pacific, where much of the fighting took place on islands and along coastal areas. The first true aircraft carriers were built by the Japanese in the 1920’s. Japan remained an innovator in aircraft carrier design and construction during the years leading to World War II, operating nine aircraft carriers by 1941. Their largest carriers of the war were the Akagi and Kaga, each capable of launching over 90 aircraft (doc. Navy), only 25% of these...
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...When war broke out, there was no way the world could possibly know the levels of severity that the war would escalate also. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's involvement in World War 2 not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but had also came at the precise time and moment. Had the United States entered the war any later the consequences might have been worse. Over the years, it has been an often heated and debated issue on whether the United States could have entered the war sooner and thus saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people and at government's point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United States stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was directly threatened, they had no reason to be involved. Thus, the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936, the law was renewed, and in 1937, a comprehensive and permanent neutrality act was passed. The desire to avoid "foreign entanglements" of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in the European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often...
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...Reality”). This definition was placed in the Patriot Act what classifies domestic terrorism and how it is punished section 811 expands upon this by explaining “penalties for terrorist conspiracies” by listing various acts of terrorism, and how they will be punished. Arson, for example is listed and defined “by striking ‘, or attempts to set fire or to burn”; and by inserting ‘or attempts or conspires to do such an act,” before ‘shall be imprisoned (Section 802). (Insert citation) Section 805 – is “material support for terrorism.” Following the Oklahoma City bombing, congress passed the “Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty act of 1996 or AEDPA. The Patriot act reformed this law and added “…prohibition against giving "expert advice or assistance" (insert citation )to terrorists and increasing prison sentences for material support crimes from 10 to 15 years.” The USA Patriot Act is still active in the United States today, and it has led to the successful arrest of terrorists, and many court cases debating its constitutionality. Despite this, it promotes information sharing, detection, and the punishment of terrorism in the hopes that a day like September 11 would never occur...
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...The Impact of Security Permits on Aviation Security at Dubai International Airport Submitted To: Submitted By: Abstract The research paper evaluates the impact of security permits that are adopted by Civil Aviation Authority at Dubai International Airport to strengthen the security of the airport. It identifies the significance of security measures to be adopted at this airport to ensure the safety and security of local and foreign passengers who travel to and from the airport. Considering the requirements of the aviation security at Dubai airport, the responsible authorities should adopt latest technologies and best scanning system and training of security professionals to ensure the security of airport building, equipments and passengers is protected. The paper evaluates how safety and security regulations are adopted to ensure stringent security at the airport to overcome terrorist threats in this part of the Middle East. The paper also determines how effectively the Civil Aviation Authority has developed stringent measures in consultation and coordination with airport operators, security officials and airport staff members. The paper gives best suggestions to implement effective scanning system at the airport and to develop strong coordination world international airports to strengthen Dubai airport security. The paper illustrates how the confidence of passengers have been increased to ensure their life and belongings will be in complete protection due...
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...PEST Analysis: The Indian Airline Industry A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.S.T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firm's control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that "pest" is an appropriate term for these factors. Let us look at the PEST analysis of the Indian aviation sector: Political Factors In India, one can never over-look the political factors which influence each and every industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with respect to the airline industry: o The airline industry is very susceptible to changes in the political environment as it has a great bearing on the travel habits of its customers. An unstable political environment causes uncertainty in the minds of the air travellers, regarding travelling to a particular country. o Overall India’s recent political environment has been largely unstable due to international events & continued tension with Pakistan. o The recent Gujarat riots & the government’s inability to control the situation have also led to an increase in the instability of the political arena. o The most significant political event however has been September 11. The events occurring on September had special...
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...***AFF*** ***1AC*** Inherency – 1AC Contention one: Inherency The new FAA bill cut funding for the AIP, which will cripple our airport infrastructure – rapid investment is critical PRINCIPATO ‘12 - president, Airports Council International-North America; M.A. in International Relations from University of Chicago; International Trade and Transportation specialist, Hunton & Williams (Greg, “Why we should invest today in 'Airports Inc.'”. March. http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/labor/218525-faa-why-we-should-invest-today-in-airports-inc) With the latest Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecast predicting a doubling of passengers and cargo by 2030, the current funding system is not up to the job of ensuring airports will have the infrastructure they need to handle such dramatic increases in traffic. This will have far-reaching consequences. Commercial airports are powerful economic engines, generating 10.5 million jobs and $1.2 trillion for the U.S. economy, according to a new Airports Council International-North America study. Across the country, workers and businesses count on local airports to attract investment and move people and goods around the world. Since 2001, the total number of jobs associated with airports has increased by more than 50 percent. Despite unprecedented growth and clear evidence of the economic benefits of infrastructure investments, airports expect to have $80 billion in unmet needs through 2015 because of the flawed system...
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...of life within no time.It is ever evolving.Technology is a tool invented and sharpened by humans to make their life easier.Those who know the correct application of technology, be it any sphere of activity, have managed to make lives easier for themselves and to some extent also for others. I feel the best technological breakthrough was the invention of computers which basically led to further advancement in technology viz the creation of many softwares and hardware. Technology has gifted mankind with various boons but look closely and you will realise that technology have blessed mankind with two very important aspects – facility of communication and creation of time. Creation of phone, fax, paging services, mobile services, video conferencing etc are few of the facilities that the human mind has been able to conceive with the aid of technology.All have played a very important part in making the world a ‘Global Village’. Technology has ensured that one can easily communicate with anyone on land, in air(aeroplanes) or even when the person is under the calm waves of dark deep-sea (submarines). But the Time Creation aspect of technology has now posed a challenge and threat which very few had ever thought of. Computers – They have evolved rapidly at the rate of knots. A few decades ago, a single computer was so big that it required a big room to fit in and it used to be surrounded with many fans and other cooling equipments to keep the temperatures down at functional level.Now that...
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...everyone in Britain (rich or poor) from the ‘cradle to the grave’. Before 1945 there was help available for people, including those introduced by the pre-World War I Liberal governments. However many people were still very poor and needed more help. Others felt that after a war they should not continue to live in poverty. Indeed,British population knew some impacts that the War did on the economy and society. In fact,the government introduced central planning and the Ministries of Supply and Production organised the war industries. Coal mines and railways came under government direction. By 1945,83% of Britain's public expenditure was on military and defence requirements with the country also having to pay for war camage caused by aerial bombing and the loss of a signifificant part of the merchant naby. Britian had built up a 13£billion debt. World War II has also huge impacts on the society. There was the rationing,policies changes,Air Raid Precautions,a rose of the employment of the women... In 1942 a man called William Beveridge was asked by the wartime government to conduct a study into social problems in Britain at the time. The Beveridge Report (as it became known) was the basis for setting up the welfare state. The Beveridge Report identified five major problems in Britain. They became known as the ‘Five Giants’ and were: - Ignorance (lack of education);- Disease (poor health); - Squalor (poor housing); -Want (poverty) and - Idleness (unemployment) Even before Labour’s...
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