...In history there has been a multitude of leaders who obtain a helping, strong, and independent nation; there has also been leaders who do not fulfill the “perfect leader.” One man who has successfully governed England, to the fullest of his abilities goes down in history today, this man is, King Henry VIII. On June 28, 1491, Henry Tudor, King Henry VIII, was born in Greenwich Palace, in London, England. Henry was born to an affectionate family that delivered six other children, but only four children survived: Arthur, Margaret, Mary, and Henry. Henry VIII’s brother, Arthur, was the eldest of the Tudor family and Arthur’s father would bequeath his position and the royal title to Arthur. When Arthur reached the age of fifteen he passed away leaving the right to the throne to he younger brother, Henry VIII. King Henry VIII was only ten-years-old when he was appointed king of England. He eventually married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, who was once betrothed to Arthur, his oldest brother. Catherine, being the daughter of the Spanish king and queen, was a contributing factor as to why Henry agreed to join Catherine in matrimony, for Henry could remain in relations with Spain (Ford 18). Catherine and King Henry VIII gave birth to a daughter, Mary. This was unacceptable to King Henry because he anticipated continuing his family’s name on the throne for generations to come, he would need to conceive a son to take his spot as king once he was deceased. The Catholic Church doesn’t...
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...one person when talking about the great saints who made big differences in the history of the Church. There have been holy men and women in every part of Church history, and, aside from perhaps the Blessed Virgin Mary, who was free from all sin, it is impossible to say that one was greater than all the rest. Saint Thomas More, however. is a saint whom I find very inspiring, and certainly had a large impact on the history of Christianity. He had an excellent education and was a good husband and father. He was very rational and just, and G.K. Chesterton said that Thomas More "may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history." There are three main reasons why he was and continues to be of great importance to the Church: He fought strongly against the Protestant Reformation, he refused to recognize King Henry VIII’s first marriage as invalid, and he was...
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...A King that Wanted a Son, Challenged the System and Brought Down an Over-Powerful Religious Empire. According to doctrine, Jesus Christ founded the Catholic Church and Peter made it official in about 50-75 CE. The early church struggled for acceptance, wherein Christians were outcasts for the first couple hundred years of the Church’s existence. However, in the year 313, Emperor Constantine-I legalized Christianity and it eventually became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor. Even after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Catholic Church and the state remained closely linked. More specifically, the duties of every political authority and commoner including: kings, queens, princes, knights, serfs and soldiers were to the embrace the Catholic faith and to support, sustain and nurture the church. Kings believed that "God establishes kings as his ministers and reigns through them over the people.” For over a thousand years, the Catholic Church reinforced the political authority of the states and the states reinforced the authority of the church. However, in 1527 King Henry-VIII of England challenged the authority of the Church to exert its political and economic authority over sovereign lands. By establishing the Church of England, King Henry-VIII changed the way most European monarchs viewed the authority of the Pope. After complicated power struggle with the Catholic Church, involving political and theological issues, King Henry-VIII...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...Mocarski 2 Queen Elizabeth I A Queen With the Heart of a King One whom is to be considered, by many, as the greatest monarch in history would be Queen Elizabeth I. She is considered to be one of the important reigns in the world. Although she was a success, Elizabeth was not always viewed as a strong and capable woman. Many questioned if she would be able to overcome the problems that were essential in becoming the queen of England. Queen Elizabeth I is the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (his second wife). She was born at the Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. To King Henry VIII, Elizabeth was his second daughter. His first born daughter was Mary, she was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. King Henry VIII was not too thrilled...
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...Scott used history class for a variety of purposes. He completed homework for other classes. He worked on a new comic book hero he was developing. Mostly, however, he used this time to daydream about the future. He enjoyed imagining himself as a successful heart surgeon or as the celebrated president of a major corporation. In his mind, history had nothing to do with his future fortune, so why should he suffer through memorizing historical facts, figures, and countless textbooks? Not only were Scott's parents displeased with his history grades, they were clearly disappointed with his negative view on history. They made several attempts to remedy the problem. They took him to Civil War reenactments, complete with battles, cannons, and guns....
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...being read and translated in Western Europe. Some of these texts conflicted with the scholastic philosophy based on the limited ancient texts (mainly Aristotle) previously available. A particularly important one was the work of Sextus Empiricus, who was a skeptic. Another important text discovered at this time was On the Nature of Things by Lucretius which advocated a mechanistic universe. 3) the invention of printing led to the rapid dissemination of new ideas; 4) the discovery of the Americas led to the further discovery of information difficult to reconcile with Aristotle. Maps before Columbus look like this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium Twenty-five years after the map above was printed we see the Waldseemuller map: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1272921/Ten-greatest-maps-changed-world.html . A whole new continent is added! Worse, in 1572 a new star appeared in the sky. Tycho Brahe’s careful observations showed that it was beyond the moon (Gingerich). According to Medieval Aristotelianism the celestial regions (beyond the moon) were unchanging. 5) Guns! The Knights were not so important as fighters and this again tended to raise the value of the common person vs, the noble. In the Battle of Castillon artillery was important in the final French victory of the Hundred Years War. The New Learning and newly discovered texts. The new classical texts that were discovered led to the Renaissance (the rebirth of classical...
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...The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain The story of “The Prince and the Pauper” is a great American classic. The novel takes place in the city of London. While half of the story takes place in the grand palace, the other takes place in the “Offal Court” just off of Pudding Lane. Although published in 1881, the setting is that of 1547 England. This work of fiction details a “true story” that has been passed down through generations from fathers to sons. It tells of the historical events between King Henry VIII’s last days and the beginning of the rule of King Edward. There are only a few important characters throughout the course of the novel. None are more important than the ones for whom the novel is named! The crown prince as well as the only prince of England in this historical story is Prince Edward. He is the son of King Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. The pauper, Tom Canty, is the son of an abusive man who comes into play later on in the story. The story opens with the introduction of two boys, a prince and a pauper, who were born on the same day in the same city with the exception that one’s birth was celebrated throughout England while the other’s was cursed by his family. The book then fast-forwards fifteen years to detail the miserable life of Tom Canty. As poor as the poor come, Tom’s mannerisms, wish fullness to be royalty for a day, and unwillingness to beg or pickpocket as he is commanded to by his cruel father, leads people to call him “the little prince” of...
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...flaw. Their weakness thus becomes their down fall and is often the cause of their or others demise. It also included a serious theme, and in the end the death of someone important. Ex. Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth II. Comedy They contain satiric language, word plays, heavy puns, and metaphors, love or lust with obstacles that the lovers must overcome throughout the play. Mistaken identities are often used in both intentional and unintentional ways for comic relief. Ex. The Merchant of Venice III. History The central theme is the gain and loss of power, and the theme of divine right. These plays also help to view the class system of the time period. Ex. King John IV. Romance They contain a redemptive plotline with a happy ending involving the re-uniting of separated family members and a mixture of civilized and pastoral scenes. Ex. The Winter’s Tale A TYPICAL ELIZABETHAN PLAYGOER: A. What time did the performance of plays begin at the Globe? The times of plays at the Globe Theatre generally started at 3:00 pm. B. What did the flying flag mean? Red, White or Black Flags flying form the flag mast at the top of the Globe Theatre indicated whether the play to be performed was a history, comedy or a tragedy. C. Why weather could affect the performance of a play? Weather could affect the performance of a play, it only have thatched roof and if there was a bad weather, it will spoil...
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...Elizabeth’s image Elizabeth very well knew how important a good image is. If we look throughout the history, we would see that she was one of very few monarchs who really paid further attention to their image than to look grand and noble on special occasions. However Elizabeth was unique even among those few. She took things to a whole new level; her image building was so professional and elaborated that it has not been emulated until late 20th century. Elizabeth set the frame of her image right after she had acceded to the throne and during her reign she chiselled it into a true gem. Her behaviour during public appearances, her speeches, her make-up, dresses; that all helped her to in her effort to create image of a good semi mystic queen. Shall it be understood why Elizabeth paid so much attention to her image and why she chosen such an extraordinary one, it much be first understood why she needed one. As a daughter of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth had to all her life face attacks concerning her legitimacy as well as her religion. She was constantly being treated by her cousin Mary Stuart, who claimed the English crown. Catholics naturally did not consider the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn valid; and after the death of Elizabeth’s half-sister Mary I (for them the only legitimate child of Henry VII) Mary Stuart was the hair apparent. Mary Stuart’s biggest supporter was Vatican; Henry did not get the obligatory papal agreement to divorce his first wife Catherine...
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...1. THE SIX AGES OF THE CHURCH 1. The First Age: The Beginnings of the Jesus Movement (30-325) 1. Growth: the first age is unique – created something absolutely new. The Apostolic Age is the initial phase with main figures Peter & Paul (Acts of the Apostles). They took the revolutionary step from Jewish to Gentile environment. They also created communities to incorporate the converts into a new religious family which gradually developed structures to the identity of real society. 2. Achievements: In the 2nd & 3rd cen, Christianity succeeded in penetrating the dominant Roman-Hellenistic culture. Although, the Church is subjected to persecutions, she nevertheless became the greatest creative force in the culture of the Roman world. Important figures & events: 1. The blood of the Martyrs – Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna & Justin Martyr. 2. The great teachers – Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Cyprian (research on this…) who defended the faith against heresies, e.g., Gnosticism. 3. Development of an alternative form of discipleship thru life of renunciation & contemplation (monks of the desert in Egypt). 4. Retreat: the phase of cultural retreat & disintegration hardly exists in the first age. However, Emperor Diocletian (d 305) started a general persecution but it ended up in the Church’s triumph. 1. The Second Age: The Christian Empire (325-640) 1. Growth: The “conversion” of Emperor Constantine (312) and the foundation of the new capital of the Christian...
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...learnt from the exercise. 2 Question 1 Historians inevitably encounter some issues when using historical evidence. From finding sources and discerning fact from fiction to interpreting sources and placing them in historical context, the historian’s search for adequate sources is often not a simple one and can be fraught with pitfalls and issues that the historian must overcome. The choice of topic is an immediate issue facing an historian. The possibilities are endless as any part of history is an option for research. Issues when choosing a topic a both professional and personal, will there be sufficient sources on the chosen topic and where can they be located? Is the topic relevant? The personal opinions of a historian come into play when choosing their topic, do they agree with what they will be researching? Do they like topic? Questions such as these must be asked by the historian before undertaking certain work. The opinion of the historian brings another important issue. A strong opinion can easily affect ones work. Leaving out or only including certain facts to push an opinion across is something that must be avoided. Objectivity is essential when researching...
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...Back in Tudor period, Wolsey had built a reputation and raised his skill into becoming an ‘Alter Rex’, alongside with Henry VIII on the throne. However, there was lots of argument and discussion towards Wolsey being an Alter Rex, as some people began disliking whilst others were more accepting to his authority. Sources 1 and 2 generally agree about Wolsey being disliked and disapproved by the public and by his King, all the same it was all due to his ‘ambitious’ personality, which led to his very self-obsessed and self-centred self that had made great frustration and annoyed others. On the other hand, mostly Source 3 and a bit of Source 2 disagrees with the view of Wolsey being disliked for his ‘Alter Rex’ actions, compared to his ambitious and ‘full of him’ act. The general disagreement reason is that Wolsey’s role for the King was of being an ‘Alter Rex’, meaning that it was his duty and job to act such matters. But also, without certain actions from his controlled power, there wouldn’t be a greater and more well-being for the English Empire (turning the Cathedral Church). Source 1 most strongly agrees on the idea that Wolsey took the Alter Rex act all to himself, pleasing himself with the power and purposes it has giving him. Although, the Source was written by ‘Polydore Virgil’, who is known for his ‘Anglica Historia’ book, he had a very strong judgment and criticism side to him. That being said, the ‘Anglica Historia’ was remembered for its combination of narrative critical...
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...Michelangelo’s sculpture of David has come to be one of the most renowned works of Renaissance sculpture, becoming a representation of both strength and youthful human beauty. The next item that I see is a large painting. Upon closer inspecting I see that it is The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt by Peter Paul Rubens. Rubens painted The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt in 1616. He was a true Baroque era artist. Rubens use of dramatics and visual diagonal to broaden the sense of immediacy and movement and redirected attention downward into the center of action truly represent the Baroque era style of art. As we search deeper into the chamber we continue to find more and more fascinating items from such a unique and interesting time in human history. In a dark corner of the chamber we have discovered a rare find, the manuscript of Missa de Beata Virgine by Josquin de Perez. Missa de Beata Virgine is a musical set of the “Ordinary of the Mass”. It is believed to have been composed around...
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