...LESSON 2 BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS LESSON 2 – BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS “License for Use” Information The following lessons and workbooks are open and publicly available under the following terms and conditions of ISECOM: All works in the Hacker Highschool project are provided for non-commercial use with elementary school students, junior high school students, and high school students whether in a public institution, private institution, or a part of home-schooling. These materials may not be reproduced for sale in any form. The provision of any class, course, training, or camp with these materials for which a fee is charged is expressly forbidden without a license including college classes, university classes, trade-school classes, summer or computer camps, and similar. To purchase a license, visit the LICENSE section of the Hacker Highschool web page at www.hackerhighschool.org/license. The HHS Project is a learning tool and as with any learning tool, the instruction is the influence of the instructor and not the tool. ISECOM cannot accept responsibility for how any information herein is applied or abused. The HHS Project is an open community effort and if you find value in this project, we do ask you support us through the purchase of a license, a donation, or sponsorship. All works copyright ISECOM, 2004. 2 LESSON 2 – BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX AND WINDOWS Table of Contents “License for Use” Information....................
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...| Linux and Windows Device Support | 6-3 Short Paper Submission | | By Lauren K Homa | 7/10/2013 | | It is true that the internet hosts an abundance of support websites, forums, links and other discussions regarding Linux and Windows device support. It would seem that this topic has been highly debated for some time as to whose support is best. In my own research, I have found that responses and web sources tend to be biased towards one OS or another based on personal experiences and preferences depending on the task that the system is being used for. I have found one non-subjective difference between Windows and Linux that could help get to the bottom of the discussion: When it comes to Windows, “Microsoft writes generic drivers to help ensure users can get up and running, then 3rd party supplied drivers can be installed to optimize performance. With Linux, drivers are all included with the Linux kernel, and devices are detected and the appropriate drivers are then activated on the fly. There are no 3rd parties to contact for drivers (unless a proprietary driver is needed, in which it has to be manually installed, similar to Windows.” (Clay, 2013) This offers some benefits and costs to each system. With Windows being more prevalent, it’s evident that Microsoft makes an effort to ensure that software is compatible and available with all their hardware drives and devices, and that resources can be readily available to customers if needed. With Microsoft...
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...Windows vs. Linux Enterprise Distribution Recommendation Introduction to UNIX Linux vs. Windows Enterprise Distribution Recommendation X Industries is a large sized business that is in the midst of a decision regarding wither or not to switch their existing Windows-based IT system over to a less proprietary product, Linux. This is no easy choice to make, considering X Industries is currently running 170+ Windows-based servers of various types. Their staff fulfills company operations on these servers with their 750+ array of desktop and laptop computers – all running Windows XP Professional. Linux may just be a little dog in the Microsoft park, but a company that makes the big switch can expect Linux to yield benefits in cost savings, increased security, and arguably better usability. However, each individual enterprise situation is always different, so a cookie cutter solution of which system to use will never suffice. Rather, the numbers through subjects of cost, market share, programming capabilities, software compatibility and availability, and the ever-important user interface will tell the best choice. Cost The only way to evaluate cost is to get down to the basics, and look at the statistics. The first topic of cost will center solely on the price for Windows operating system software, first for the network side, then the node side. Other topics will focus on the cost of the Ubuntu Linux distribution, which will run on the servers and desktops,...
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...Windows® vs. Linux It was inevitable that operating systems—and computer system in general—at least in the year 2012, are not anything like those envisioned by science fictionists, novelists, and screen writers of the early and mid 20th century. For the most part, they saw computers as a single entity one system controlling everything, like a giant brain reaching out and serving each end-user anonymously. And there were surely no “blue screens of death.” Computers today come in hundreds of flavors. Let’s say you want a tablet instead of a keyboard, no problem. Need to run a multi-million dollar company with an extensive database from home? No problem. Interfaces and operating systems and software applications and hardware upgrades and I/O devices provide each and every person on the planet a customized computer experience. We should thank capitalism for many of the technological advances that have come about over the past fifty years. After all, money has a tendency to flow to the products that make our lives the most enjoyable. Three of the most notable advances in computer history are servers (formerly known as mainframes), Microsoft Windows, and the Linux operating system. Each one in its own right could fill volumes. However, the objective of this paper is to simply highlight a few of the most prominent features each of these advances has to offer. We will start with the most notorious MS Windows®. Microsoft has been in the computer industry...
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...Between Linux & Windows Operating Systems Lecturer/ Hadeel Tariq Al-Rayes Abstract—Comparisons between the Microsoft Windows and Linux computer operating systems are a long-running discussion topic within the personal computer industry. Throughout the entire period of the Windows 9x systems through the introduction of Windows 7, Windows has retained an extremely large retail sales majority among operating systems for personal desktop use, while Linux has sustained its status as the most prominent Free Software and Open Source operating system. After their initial clash, both operating systems moved beyond the user base of the personal computer market and share a rivalry on a variety of other devices, with offerings for the server and embedded systems markets, and mobile internet access. Linux and Microsoft Windows differ in philosophy, cost, versatility and stability, with each seeking to improve in their perceived weaker areas. Comparisons of the two operating systems tend to reflect their origins, historic user bases and distribution models. Index Term— Kernel, Linux, Operating Systems, Windows II. THE ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LINUX & WINDOWS (BEGINNERS LEVEL) 1- Drives don’t have letters, they have mountpoints The first thing that usually trips up people who come from Windows to Linux is that filesystems aren’t assigned letters the way they are in Windows. Instead, there is a single root filesystem whose path is “/”. If you must use the Windows analogy...
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...Premise Linux was created as a variation of UNIX by Linux Torvalds in 1991. He created it as open source with a GNU (GPL) General Public License and a lot of coders began downloading the source code and creating their own programs with it. They created patches and fixes for bugs to improve the Linux OS use experience. Security Advantages and Disadvantages Linux and Windows Server share logical security mechanisms that work similar in principle. Both are advantages in their own right using different techniques to secure a network. The importance of network security and how users have access to a network can be maintained not only through best practices but, a strict policy as well. Linux and Windows Server use security mechanisms directly manipulated by the OS, called account privileges. The key advantage with this mechanism is how it assigns a user account privilege to folders and files within the operating system. Linux users are not assigned “root “privilege as default instead the user is assigned an account with low-level privilege. Setting read, write, and execute permissions for owner, group, and other users to give them access control to specific files and folders is usually controlled through the Command Line Interface (CLI) yet some distributions of Linux may also have a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows an administrator to change permissions. Windows Server is similar in the way is too assigns account privileges to users. The client/server architecture...
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...Comparison of the Security of Windows NT and UNIX† Hans Hedbom1,2, Stefan Lindskog1,2, Stefan Axelsson1 and Erland Jonsson1 1Dept of Computer Engineering 2Dept of Computer Science Chalmers University of Technology S-412 96 Göteborg, SWEDEN {sax, Erland.Jonsson}@ce.chalmers.se University of Karlstad S-651 88 Karlstad, SWEDEN {Hans.Hedbom, Stefan.Lindskog}@hks.se Abstract This paper presents a brief comparison of two operating systems, Windows NT and UNIX. The comparison covers two different aspects. First, we compare the main security features of the two operating systems and then we make a comparison of a selection of vulnerabilities most of which we know have been used for making real intrusions. We found that Windows NT has slightly more rigorous security features than “standard” UNIX but the two systems display similar vulnerabilities. The conclusion is that there are no significant differences in the “real” level of security between these systems. †Presented at the Third Nordic Workshop on Secure IT Systems, NORDSEC’ 5-6 November, 1998, Trondheim, Norway. 98, 1. Introduction It has been claimed that the security of Windows NT is far better than that of previous commercial operating systems. In order to verify (or refute) this statement we have made a brief comparison of the security of Windows NT to that of UNIX. UNIX was selected as a reference since it is well-known and widely spread. Thus, the target systems were (1) a networked Windows NT 4.0 and (2) UNIX with...
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...Linux Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating System (OS). What is it? Linux can be freely distributed, downloaded freely, distributed through magazines, Books etc. There are priced versions for Linux also, but they are normally cheaper than Everyone. From home users to developers and computer enthusiasts Linux kernel is developed by the community. Linus Torvalds oversees Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to Linux is developed by Open Source development i.e. through sharing and collaboration of code and features through forums etc and it is Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But there are millions of alternatives such as LXDE, Xfce, Unity, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS Windows Windows is the family of operating system (OS) from Microsoft, which is the most famous OS in the world. For desktop or home use, Windows can be expensive. A single copy can cost around $50 to $ 450 depending on the version of Windows. Cost User Manufacturer Everyone. From home users to developers and computer enthusiasts alike. Microsoft created the Windows operating system, but allows other computer manufactures to distribute their own computers with Windows preOn PC's desktops, laptops, servers and some phones. Usage Windows is developed and distributed by Microsoft. Development and Distribution ...
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...Riordan’s Windows Server and Linux Critique Learning Team A POS/420 Date: Instructor: Riordan’s Windows Server and Linux Critique At the request of Riordan Manufacturing, Inc., the project team conducted a thorough review to compare the advantages and disadvantages of Windows Server and Linux. The recommendation of an operating system will ensure Riordan’s business operations continue with compatibility between all locations with the highest level of security, administration, networking, performance, and programmabilityimplemented. Security Although there are proponents everywhere for each type of operating system available on the market today, the focus of this project team, at the request of Riordan management, is to compare the security advantages and disadvantages of Windows Server and Linux. Windows Server Advantages. Windows Server has improved over the years in providing basic security provisions for administrators. Access to any system is extremely important to security professionals, such as domain name system (DNS), active directory domain services (AD), and access to web servers using Internet Information Services (IIS). DNS security extensions (DNSSEC) provide added security when a consumer is gaining access to a company’s website as well as how the company interacts...
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...Linux Memory Management: Its similarities and difference with Windows’ Memory Management specifically in Page swapping algorithms Abstract Memory management in all the operating system is important because it is crucial for both programming and system administration. In order to make the system faster is that to use an algorithm that saves the time for managing processes and jobs. The article stated the brief discussion on how the Linux memory management works and thus it states that it works almost the same as what the Windows operating system with 32-bit and 64-bit is using. All i/o Linux goes through the page cache and area that caches to improve disk i/o performance same as with the one used in Windows’ cache and Virtual Memory. The paper discussed the difference and similarities of Windows’ memory management and Linux’s Memory Management. It concludes that Linux’s memory management is simpler and easier to maintain compared to Windows’ though, thus Window’s memory management favors the performance and Linux’s having its operating system open sourced, needs improvement through some researches and open sourced programmers. Keywords: Linux, Unix, Page Swapping, Windows, Memory, Virtual Memory, Paging, Placement Policy, Least Recently Used (LRU), Not Recently Used (NRU) Linux Memory Management: Its similarities and difference with Windows’ Memory Management specifically in Page swapping algorithms Operating systems is the heart of all computers may it be...
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...Linux versus Windows The purpose of this document is to explore the benefits or disadvantages of using UNIX® or Linux® versus Windows Server® for company business operations at Kudler Fine Foods. Background Three grocery stores in southern California comprise Kudler Fine Foods. Employing approximately 150 people, Kudler caters to people who enjoy gourmet-class foods, first-rate service, and a friendly atmosphere helps make a pleasant shopping experience. Current company information technology (IT) assets include local 10BaseT Ethernet networks at the three locations, Windows Server at the La Jolla headquarters, and 56kb modem links between the facilities enabling sharing of company information. At each store a point of service (POS) cash register application links the 20 total terminals to a proprietary purchasing application for inventory price lookup and monetary exchanges. The company also uses the Windows Server platform to run an e-commerce website for sales of select inventory over the Internet. Security The Kudler Fine Foods e-commerce stores security of the server is the number one priority of team B. Which server is the most secure, Linux or Windows? Many information technicians have their favorite but the bottom line is, which operating system has the target on their back as far a security breaches. According to Noyes (2010) there are five key factors that make Linux superior to Windows. • Privileges • Social Engineering • The Monoculture Effect •...
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...Business Proposal for Information Systems Your Name University of Phoenix BIS 220 – Introduction to Computer Applications and Systems February 1, 2011 Dr. Sal Yazbeck Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………… Pg. 3 Integrating Compatible Information Systems...…………………………………. Pg. 3 Drawbacks/Negative Aspects...………………………………………………….. Pg. 5 Recommendation………………………………………………………………….Pg. 5 References……...………………………………………………………………….Pg. 6 Introduction As partners establishing the framework that will define our business interest and investment, it is important to consider the technological requirements that will be needed to equip our operations for success. Currently in the market there are numerous types of Information Systems (IS) and automatic processes that can not only assist in our daily functions, but increase the overall success of the business for the short and long term. Through this proposal my intent is to outline the types of IS that would be pragmatic toward the type of business (Rex Records) we intend on creating, and to establish a framework of processes through weighing the pros and cons of each system that will allow us to make the best decision possible for this new venture. Integrating Compatible Information Systems Information Technology (IT) plays a crucial role in increasing daily productivity, with information systems creating the foundation for businesses across all industries. The types of IS are generally classified into five...
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... 4.1 Importance of the Written Business Security Policy 4.2 Considerations of Creating the Written Business Security Policy 5 Cross-Platform Security Configurations 6 Conclusion Table of Figures Figure 1: Windows to Linux Authentication List of Tables Table 1: Patch Management Applications Patch Management Patch Management Defined Over the years common security practices have evolved. With these practices the view on patch management has evolved as well. Just a few years ago the common mentality regarding patches was to install and forget. Many systems were deployed and left to their own, few were ever updated. With the rise of worms and malicious code such mentality is no longer accepted. With the new threat levels comes a new focus on patch management. In today’s network environment different methods of deploying and managing patches exist. Networks are unique, like fingerprints, most often no two are identical, and for this reason patch management has to be just as unique. Two of the most common methods of patch management are application based and script based. Patch Management Applications Table 1: Patch Management Applications Application Description Platform Windows Software Update Services WSUS allows administrators to manage and distribute updates on servers running...
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...Linux and Windows Server Critique Team C POS 420 June 25, 2012 Yevgeniy Tovshteyn Linux vs. Windows Both Linux and Windows are operating systems with advantages and differences in functionality and user friendliness. With networking becoming an important part of company operation in this day and age. Kudler will come to depend on networking for availability to the marketplace via the Internet, while requiring their internal systems for email, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone systems, and using business data. Linux and Windows are the only 2 operating systems that have grown to the top level in the field of networking. Learning Team C examines these types of strengths and weaknesses regarding security, administration, performance, and programming. Kudler Fine Foods Current Systems: 3 locations: La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas La Jolla Novell 4.11 Server for POS 4 POS Workstations with Pentium II, Windows 9X 1 Standalone UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 1 Server with Inventory Spreadsheet with Pentium II, 64mg Ram, Windows 9X, external CD burner and bubble jet printer. 1 Server with NT Server 1 56K modem Del Mar Novell 4.11 Server for POS 4 POS Workstations with Pentium II, Windows 9X 1 Standalone UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 1 Server with Inventory Spreadsheet with Pentium II, 64mg Ram, Windows 9X, external CD burner and bubble jet printer. 1 Server with NT Server 1 56K modem Encinitas Novell 4.11 Server for POS 4 POS...
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...computer system is invulnerable. It is a known fact that Windows can be very prone to virus infections, but since there are so little Mac viruses, people like to get it in their heads that it isn’t possible. Mac OS X is built on the UNIX kernel, one of the most secure operating systems. UNIX creates a file system in which the user isn’t the most powerful role on the computer and needs root permission to really make any major changes. It is technically more secure, but the only other real benefit is that Apple doesn’t populate a large percentage of the PC marketplace. Apple used to encourage this way of thinking, but after the Flashback virus (Perlroth, 2012), they decided it wasn’t a good idea to lie to their customers. Apple replaced their “Why you’ll love a Mac” website containing “It doesn’t get PC viruses” to “It’s built to be safe” (Mlot, 2012). Since malware really only exploits existing bugs or holes in an operating system, it is up to Apple to fix those holes, and they do a pretty good job of it. But in any case, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Some pretty good Mac antivirus include MacKeeper, Kaspersky, and Trend Micro (Sutherland, 2014). Preventative Maintenance With the threats to OS X made real, there are some simple tricks to keep a Mac up and running. The first of which is the ever-important data backup. Time Machine, is Apple’s all-in-one backup program similar to the Acronis True Image available on Windows. This lets you back up just your files, or even take...
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