...Question 1 (i): Using the data from the case (and any other source available), carry out for the European brewing industry a PESTEL analysis. What do you conclude? Beer has been a part of the social fabric of cultures around the world for thousands of years. Even today beer ranks as the third most popular beverage in the world next to water and tea. Considered one of the oldest drinks, the origin of beer dates back to 6000 B.C. With low-cost strategies and lack of marketing and product innovations all created a very stable situation guaranteeing high returns on investments for most breweries in Europe. However, this situation has been changing dramatically and the industry has witnessed different brewing styles over the last decade. The market entry of large multinational breweries resulted in shrinking demand due to changing consumer preferences, the emergence of more aggressive competitive strategies and rapid changes in important distribution channels have created growing competitive pressures for European breweries. An industry that was used to stability must now find its way in an increasingly turbulent market environment. First of all, I need to evaluate the macro environment of the industry. The most suitable tool to analyze the broad macro-environment is the PESTEL analysis. In the PESTEL analysis environmental influences are categorized into political, economical, social, technological, environmental/ecological and legal aspects. It helps to identify how future trends...
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...for iron ore. And the article also shows that an increase in the price of iron ore. Price increases leads to a decrease in quantity demanded of iron ore. And price goes up lead to a movement along the demand to the left. This also makes a decrease in demand for iron ore by Chinese. Therefore, demand for iron ore by Chinese makers decrease. . [pic] b) As the demand for iron ore by Chinese decrease, the demand curve shift to the left. The new equilibrium price lie on the demand curve D2(graph above) which is lower than original equilibrium price on demand curve D1. The decrease in demand will also cause a decrease in quantity demand traded from Q1 to Q2. The Baltic dry index is based on the equilibrium price. Therefore, the Baltic dry index will decrease. c) There are going doubts about what the Baltic Dry is actually signalling because the index change will caused by demand change or supply change or both of them change. For example, the index increase will be caused by the demand increase or the supply decrease or demand increase more obviously than supply decrease. Question 2 a) The information is not enough to determine the main reason of changing in price is the changing in demand. There are many reasons can change the price. A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right will changed the price....
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...The most concrete understanding of luxury given in the 19th century in Russia contains in the dictionary by V.I. Dahl. V.I. Dahl divides the concept of "luxury" on: belonging to life, the person; belonging to a subject; luxury in value of quality and property. Luxury - is such consumption which goes beyond necessary and has both quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Luxury goods in the Russian society at the beginning of the XX century can be devided into several groups. First of all was food. Not every type of food, but something special, not easy to get. The examples of luxurious food can be easily found in the books of those times. For example, V.A. Gilyarovsky mentions such exotic products and wines as the Rouen ducks, apples from France, red partridges from Switzerland, fish from the Mediterranean Sea, champagne Clicquot from...
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...O to Travel Denmark! “There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio Than are dreamt in your philosophy” - Hamlet, Prince of Denmark If you are a Shakespeare enthusiast and great lover of travel, Denmark is your destination! These famous words from Hamlet prove that there is an undiscovered country that everyone must travel in Northern Europe, not yet “dreamt in your philosophy”. You must travel to Denmark! If you’ve ever heard the Prince of Denmark say these famous words, you know it’s true. In the play, Denmark is a mysterious and lively country, wrapped in a cloak of shadows and adventure, and in real life you discover when you travel to the “Kingdom of Denmark” as it is called by its people, it is much more than that. It’s the hub of Northern European travel. Denmark is the smallest Scandinavian country, with a modest 4.5 million people, but it’s so packed with history and intrigue that I’m convinced that everyone must travel to Denmark once in their life to experience a locale of unparalleled richness, and all the things you would desire travel to take you between “Heaven and Earth”. The best way to travel to Denmark, the nation of Hans Christian Anderson, splendid modernist and gothic architecture and Scandinavian delights, is to fly straight to Copenhagen or Kobenhavn as it’s spelled in Denmark, and become immediately astounded! The warm, mild June air will dance across your face, and the sun will shine bright. It’s the largest and most cosmopolitan...
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...He lived and worked for the benefit of his nation and cared about it. This was evident in many of his acts. «Peter and his immediate succeeders were more concerned with reshaping the present and the future than with reflecting on the shape of the past.» - National identity in Russian culture; Simon Franklin and Emma Widdis, p. 16. During the reign of Peter The Great, In Moscow, there were opened eight pharmacies and closed «zeleynye» shops, which were selling herbs, from which people were dyeing a quick death, and prohibited the sale of wine in those pharmacies. Prohibited the carrying of knives, because during drunk fights people could cut each other, sometimes to death. For the request of the people, to fight with fires, yew roofs were changed to tile ones, and the houses started to be built of stone instead of wood, according to the European tradition. The architecture changed and the country flourished under the rule of Peter the Great. Peter did many reforms to improve the quality of life in his empire. For example he introduced the collegiate regional management for solving problems not only by governors but by two or three more people from the nobility, he created Senate, established schools, translated foreign books, and the translation was semantic, not literal. He introduced...
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...Alcohol regulations. Europe, USA, Russia Introduction. Within my work I am going to review part of the countries’ legislation related to the existing alcohol regulations and existing polices, conventions and its development plans. Analysis will be based on the samples of different countries: Russia, EU (different countries) and United States. There are different areas of the existing alcohol regulations: risky environments, tax and prices, market restrictions and marketing control. All of them are more or less affecting business activities in different aspects. Applicability of this report: There are a lot of different types of businesses strongly dependent on alcohol sales or alcohol production worldwide. Moreover there are a lot of international corporations which has core business linked to operations with alcohol. To be able to operate their business on the different markets they have to consider different alcohol regulation in different countries in their business models before making market enter decision and follow existing rules and respective policies updates in daily operations. The examples of this business could be: 1. Producers or importers of alcohol beverages or cosmetic. Examples of corporations - Heineken, Diageo. Strong dependency of core business on alcohol regulation 2. Distributors of alcohol beverages or cosmetic within the country. Strong dependency of core business on alcohol regulation 3. Café, bars and restaurants...
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...The least important factor for the destruction of the Roman Empire was ___. (a) the rise of self-sufficient manors. (c) the widespread use of slaves. (b) lack of orderly succession to the throne. (d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special...
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...History of Religion Thursday, December 18, 2014 Monasteries. Most of the major religions have them in one form or another, but two religions stand out in their wide-scale use above the rest. These two religions are Christianity and Buddhism. In an idyllic situation, there are definite similarities in the lives of the monks and nuns who dedicate themselves to the monasteries* of both religions. History shows us that the reality of what was practiced in the respective institutions of these two religions was often very different. There are, however, many differences in daily monastic life for Christians and Buddhists, but the greatest differences became manifest in what the ultimate goals of those monks and nuns who practiced monastic life in the name of Christianity and Buddhism. In both Christian and Buddhist tradition monastic life is defined as having a cloistered existence, forsaking normal life and taking religious vows. In both traditions, the vows that are taken are meant to be binding for life. In the case of some types of Buddhism most of these vows are to be kept even if one leaves monastic life, and in Christianity monastic vows are only a more specific reaffirmation of the vows taken by all Christians when they are baptized.[1] More specifically, Christians vow to reject Satan and to accept Christ, and monks do this for a second time when they receive the rite of tonsure, which is why this rite is often called the second baptism. The rite of tonsure...
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...Global forces and the European brewing industry Mike Blee This case is centred on the European brewing industry and examines how the increasingly competitive pressure of operating within global markets is causing consolidation through acquisitions, alliances and closures within the industry. This has resulted in the growth of the brewers’ reliance upon super brands. In the mid 2000s the major centre for production of beer in the world was Europe; its production was twice that of the USA, which in 2003 was the world’s largest beer-producing country. In the alcoholic drinks sector beer sales are dominant: total sales across the world accounted for 74 percent of all alcoholic purchases (Euromonitor 2002). Although the European market as a whole is mature, with beer sales showing slight falls in most markets, Datamonitor 2003 reported that the alcoholic beverage sector grew at an annual rate in value terms by 2.6 per cent year between 1997 and 2002. Table 1 European beer consumption by country and year (000 hectolitres ) |Country | |1980 |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 | | | | | | | | | | | |Austria | |7651 |9145 |8736 |8810 |8762 |8627 |8734 | |Beigium ...
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...1. The empires described in the quote above built their power most directly on (A) Mandate of Heaven (B) The Technology of gunpowder (C) Control of Silk Road (D) Parliamentary principles (E) The development of new breeds of horses and camels 2. The quote actually describes all of the following empires EXCEPT (A) Han China (B) Ottoman Empire (C) Safavid Empire (D) Mughal Empire (E) Russian Empire 3. Sikhism is accurately defined as a religion that (A) was native to Japan, but shared similar beliefs to Daoism (B) flourished primarily in Southeast Asia (C) originated in the Ottoman Empire as another major split in Islam (D) Originated in India, with blend of Muslim and Hindu beliefs (E) Developed in Central America s a protest to Spanish-imposed Christianity 4. Which of the following decisions by the Portuguese most directly affected the Arab African cities of the east coast of Africa? (A) to trade only from coastal centers (B) to monopolize the Indian Ocean trade (C) to set up an African trading network that included the interior trade routes of the Sahara (D) to allow Christian missionaries to evangelize in the cities of the east coast (E) to start navigators’ school in Portugal 5. All of the following are common problems that the Muslim Empires of 1450-1750 shared EXCEPT: (A) Sunni-controlled governments whose power was seriously challenged by a Shiʻa minority (B) Inadequate transportation and systems...
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...Wagonways and tramways Earliest traces The earliest evidence of a wagonway, a predecessor of the railway, found so far was the 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos wagonway, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece since around 600 BC.[1][2][3][4][5] Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves inlimestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD.[5] The first horse-drawn wagonways also appeared in ancient Greece, with others to be found on Malta and various parts of the Roman Empire, using cut-stone tracks. Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau dating from around 1350.[6] In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope, and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. The line still exists, albeit in updated form, and is probably the oldest railway still to operate.[7][8] Early wagonways Minecart shown in De Re Metallica (1556). The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks. Wagonways (or 'tramways') are thought to have developed in Germany in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and...
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...语法改错总结 基本方法 : 每题5个选项，相对正确，排除法，挑错 宏观策略 : 1. 每题的错误类型都在划线部分的前三和后三个单词，先读原文，竖着看选项前3跟后3个单词，找出选项差别，从选项差异看错误类型。一但发现选项错误，立即在其他选项找同样的错误。 1－228－9 The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. A. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but B. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also C. having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but D. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also E. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose...
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...NOTE #6: EUROPE (Patrick Ellwood, Fall, 2011) Page 1 NOTE #6 relates to Chapter 2 of the text. In Chapter 2 pay particular attention to the following pages: Map, p.44; Main Points, p.43; FIGURES 2.10 and 2.11, p.53; FIGURE 2.12, p.55; Wine, p.56 and 57; Europe’s Golden Triangle, p.62 and 63; The Southern Crescent, p.65; FIGURE 2.29, p.71; A “European” Identity?, p.72; FIGURE 2.34, p.75; FIGURE 2.35, p.76; FIGURE 2.36, p.77; Future Geographies, p.77; FIGURE 2.37, p.78; Main Points Revisited, p.78. Movie: "Blue Danube" 1. Physical Geography The boundaries of Europe have been determined more by politics and culture than any physical barriers like mountains and rivers. Today, the eastern boundary is the western frontier of Russia following the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. So countries like Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova are considered part of Europe. These countries had been forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but had previously been independent from Tsarist Russia since 1919. Moving westwards from Russia are some plainlands, but Europe mainly consists of a peninsula of Eurasia fragmented into smaller peninsulas (Scandinavian, Iberian, Balkan, and Italian) and large islands (Britain, Ireland, Sicily, Iceland and Sardinia). ( 1, pp.59-65 ) Europe has benefited from its location and major physical features. It has direct land and sea routes to Asia (through Southwest Asia, Middle East, and Africa (post 1488 around the...
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...Oasis of the Seas Highlights | | * Oasis of the Seas Photo Gallery * Oasis of the Seas Accommodations * Oasis of the Seas Deck Plans Launched in December 2009, Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest and most revolutionary ship introducing the cruise line's new neighborhood concept, which will provide vacationers with the opportunity to seek out relevant experiences in seven themed areas based on their personal styles, preferences or moods. Boardwalk will be a breathtaking space for families. Inspired by the nostalgic seaside piers of yesteryear, Boardwalk will dynamically engage the entire family in classic fun - whether young or just young at heart - with eateries, retail outlets, and carnival games. * Central Park - Central Park, a revolutionary design in which the center of the ship opens to the sky, features lush, tropical grounds spanning the length of a football field. With its serene pathways, seasonal flower gardens and canopy trees, Central Park will evolve from a tranquil and peaceful atmosphere during the day to a gathering space for alfresco dining and entertainment in the evening, where guests will enjoy concerts and street performances. * AquaTheater Pool - The largest and deepest freshwater pool at sea will be 21.9 feet (6.6 meters) by 51.6 feet wide (15.7 meters), with a depth of 17.9 feet (5.4 meters) Fitted with three stage machinery devices, the pool’s depth will rise or fall to meet the needs of each performance and for its various functions...
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..."Farewell to alms" Ch.1 Wednesday 25 March 2015 The Malthusian Trap Conditions of leaving in 1800 were even worse, under several aspect, than the one of an average person in 100,000 BC, or the hunt-gathers . And hunter-gatherer societies are egalitarian. Material consumption varies little across the members. In contrast, inequality was pervasive in the agrarian economies that dominated the world in 1800. The Industrial Revolution deeply changed this trend, Income per person began to undergo sustained growth in a favored group of countries. The richest modern economy are now ten to twenty times wealthier than the 1800 average. For Clarks the biggest beneficiary of this revolution has been the unskilled workers, the poorest. Just as the Industrial Revolution reduced in come inequalities within societies, it has increased them between societies, in a process recently labeled the Great Divergence.1 For example African countries, in certain case, would have been better never discover the industrial revolution, because they remained trap in the Malthusian Era creating an higher divergence between population, and driving down standards to subsistence. * Why did the Malthusian Trap persist for so long? * Why did the initial escape from that trap in the Industrial Revolution occur on one tiny island, England, in 1800? * Why was there the consequent Great Divergence? "Thus I make no apologies for focusing on income. Over the long run in come is more...
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