...that Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing as he did not go through with his word and did not have enough power to apply his authority over the nobles and other religious figures which were all below and also some above him. These people needed controlling. Source T agrees with the statement and says that, not only were his policies disappointing, but so was Wolsey himself. Source V has more of an negative view of Wolsey’s policies and they were disappointing but this was not Wolsey’s fault as his had a lot of work to do and Henry had no other trusted advisors. Source V says that ‘there is a danger of judging by anachronistic standards’ which means that whilst we may see that the policies were ineffective as we are used to having ‘changes and improvements’ made, during Wolsey’s time it was more about seeking ‘stability and security’. This shows that during his time in office these policies were effective and we in the modern society are judging him too harshly, he was able to seek out stability financially by introducing a very modern taxation system in that if you earn more you paid more in tax, which was another dislike of the nobles. Also his justice policies especially brought about a more stable justice system, not only for the rich but for the poor too. However Source T disproves this theory as this was written at the time and shows that the whole country hated his policies. Source V aims to present an even argument for and against Wolsey’s policies, whereas Source...
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...Do you agree with the view that in domestic policy, Wolsey was successful as the kings chief minister? Yes, in my opinion I believe that Wolsey was successful as the king’s chief minister. He did have his ups and downs for example promoting civil law over common law but then not actually making any long lasting changes to the judicial system. His new system the subsidy raised £325,000 from 1513-1529 compared to £90,000 raised from fifteenths and tenths which is definitely a success. However he was responsible for the amicable grant which caused rebellions in 1925. Source 9 agrees that Wolsey was a success whereas Source 7 completely disagrees and source 8 says that he had his up and downs but mostly suggests failure. Source 7 is an extract from Geoffrey Elton’s introduction to A.F. Pollards Wolsey, published in 1965. It suggests that actually Wolsey was not successful as the king’s chief minister. It tells us that Wolsey was ‘amateurish and uncreative’ in government and that even with the church he was only ‘moderately successful’. It suggest that Wolsey tried to do the impossible, he wanted to ‘rule as king when he was not king’ which again indicates that he was not successful as the kings chief minister as he was trying to take over the kings role. I agree to a certain extent because Wolsey was only trying to secure his own position rather than making any real reforms but I don’t believe that he was ‘amateurish and uncreative’ in government because if he was I don’t think that...
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...Do you agree with the view that in domestic policy, Wolsey was successful as the king’s chief minister? By looking at the sources the majority of the evidence points to Wolsey being unsuccessful as Henry’s chief minister, they do however point out some successes Wolsey had such as justice but it is clear that Wolsey was unsuccessful as the chief minister. Firstly, source 9 clearly supports the claim that Wolsey was a successful chief minister as it says “ I never saw this kingdom in better order… Wolsey’s authority and rule, nor justice better administered”. The source suggests that the kingdom was in such good shape because of Wolsey and that he was a very helpful man. This claim can be supported by source 8 as it also comments on Wolsey’s heavy presence within justice. Source 8 tells us about Wolseys time in Star Chamber, which was one of the royal courts to be used by the King’s subjects to get justice. During Wolsey’s time in Star Chamber the number of cases dealt with was over 120 each year compared with only 12 per year in Henry VII reign. This highlights Wolsey's success in getting justice for not just the rich and wealthy but ordinary people too. The Star Chamber dealt with problems such as enclosure where Wolsey launched a national inquiry and was able to make those who took land rebuild houses and return land to arable farmers. Also with source 9 being by Cavendish who had a personal connection with Wolsey it allows us to question as to whether it is reliable...
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...Wolsey’s domestic policies regarding the Church, Nobility, the Justice and finance system along with his enclosure policy have received much criticism throughout the tudor period. Source T states that Wolsey was an arrogant and hostile man who was disliked by all, regardless of class. This negative view is in stark contrast to Source U which portrays Wolsey in a very different light, describing him as “thoughtful and ...extremely just”. Source V gives a less clear picture. Although Dawson describes Wolsey’s domestic policies as disappointing, with the benefit of hindsight he is able to also evaluate the role of Henry VIII in there failure. When evaluating Wolsey’s policies you have to consider not only if they were disappointing but also why they would be considered failures - it may be down the policies unpopularity rather than there actual failure. Source T agrees with the statement that Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing. A contemporary source written by Polydore Vergil it states that Wolsey was “detested by everyone” due to his “hostility towards the nobility and the common people”. Wolsey would have been disliked by the nobility due to his policy on enclosure. In 1517 he launched a national enquiry into enclosed land for profitable sheep rearing which involved returning land, belonging to the nobility, to arable farming. The policy not only contributed to the nobilities dislike of Wolsey but rural poverty continued to increase so in more than one way, Wolsey’s...
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...source V that Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing? Thomas Wolsey was Henry VIII chief minister from his rise to power in 1514 after working himself up until his eventual fall from the king’s favour in 1529. During the time period where Wolsey contained his power he made many changes to England’s domestic policies. For this reason I do not accept the view of source V that Wolsey’s domestic policies were completely disappointing, this essay will show my debates as to why I believe that Wolsey’s domestic policies were not so unsatisfactory. Wolsey’s domestic policies were not all so disappointing especially when you associate them with the poor, this being because he created the Star Chamber. The Star Chamber emphasized his success of domestic policies due to the fact it gave him more popularity with the laity, the Star Chamber was a court that anyone could bring their case to, meaning the poor had the opportunity for justice, this is one reason why the policies were not disappointing. Another reason why this was a success was that Wolsey dealt with hundred and twenty cases each year which is ten times as much as Henry VII the year before. This is clearly a great success and definitely not a disappointment with the poor proportion of the county. Source U supports this point due to the fact it states ‘He favours the people exceedingly…. Hearing their cases and seeking to dispatch them instantly.’ This statement clearly shows the domestic policies were not a disappointment...
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...own knowledge. Do you accept the view in Source V that Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing? Thomas Wolsey was Henry VIII’s chief minister from 1514 when Henry VIII was making his rise into power up until 1529 when Wolsey had his fall from grace. Many people have argued that Wolsey made many radical changes to the country and how it was run. This essay will argue whether Wolsey’s domestic policies were disappointing or not. One of the main categorical policies that brought up a lot of criticism for Wolsey was the way that he dealt with finances, which ultimately brought a huge amount of disappointment to Wolsey’s reign. During his reign as Chancellor Wolsey failed to ensure that the revenue that was brought in was the same as what the King was spending which did damage the country’s finances. Wolsey also brought in many different taxation policies (which included the Amicable Grant) this sparked outrage within both the laity and the clergy, it also caused many riots in Suffolk. In Source T it says that he ‘aroused against himself the hatred of the whole country’ and this was being spoken about when it came to his arrogance. In contrary to this, it can be argued that Wolsey’s financial policies were not all a disappointment as it says in source U ‘He favours the people exceedingly, and especially the poor’ Wolsey started to levy taxes so people paid taxes in accordance to what they earned. This helped Wolsey financially with the people as he made taxes affordable to everyone...
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...ESSAY PLAN: WOLSEY’S DOMESTIC POLICY January 2004: How far do you agree that handling the royal finances was Wolsey’s most important success in domestic affairs from 1515-1529? If Wolsey’s most important success in domestic affairs was handling royal finances then his least impressive domain was in his administration of the church. The Tudor subsidy certainly ushered in a new phase and contribution to Tudor finance, compensating somewhat for the spent inheritance from Henry VII. However, impressive reforms are also seen within the law and social and economic reform. Wolsey’s most important success in domestic affairs may well have been his handling of the royal finances as Lotherington states “Wolsey’s main concern was always foreign policy”. Royal finances served this main concern and to some degree Wolsey’s political survival depended more fully upon it. Royal Finances: most impressive? (x2 paras?) Credited with the invention of the parliamentary subsidy. Some credit must go to John Hales, he drafted it and was thus rewarded with a position on the bench of the exchequer. 1513-1523. Gets loans of 1522 and subsidy in 1523, but leads to fiscalism and the Amicable Grant debacle of 1525. The subsidy was a success. Wolsey has the help of John Hales, who was judge in the Court of the Exchequer. The subsidy was levied x4 times in 1513-1515 and 1523. In total it brought in > of 300,000 pounds. Success of clerical taxation also. 240,000 pounds or so. Synods 1519, 1523. ...
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...Wolsey's domestic policies: WOLSEY AND LAW Positives Wolsey was Lord Chancellor, and often sat in the Star Chamber to ensure he was at the heart of all things legal (that wasn't his catchphrase though) In 1516 Wolsey put forward a plan to try and make the legal system cheaper and more efficient The Star Chamber took on many more cases. In Henry VII's reign it took on roughly 12 cases per year, but under Wolsey this reached an average of 120 cases a year. An example is the case of the Earl of Northumberland, who was sent to Fleet Prison in 1515 Wolsey also sat as a judge in the Court of Chancery Land enclosure was banned, making it fairer on ordinary people Negatives The huge number of cases the Star Chamber took on led to the system becoming overworked The popularity of the Star Chamber somewhat overshadowed Wolsey's work in the Court of Chancery Wolsey may have banned enclosure to spite nobles who hated him as opposed to banning it in the name of equality and fairness WOLSEY AND FINANCE Positives Wolsey invented the parliamentary subsidy, which was flexible and based on the taxpayer's wealth - this raised £300,000 for the crown There was a tax reform, which was overseen by John Hales Wolsey got a subsidy from the Southern Convocation Wolsey carried out a military survey called the General Prescription, which allowed for loans of £260,000 to be collected Negatives People didn't like the parliamentary subsidy, believe it or not... Despite the General...
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...Access the claim made by the Venetian ambassador in 1519 that Wolsey ruled both the king and the entire kingdom. When the Venetian ambassador wrote about Henry Vlll in 1519, he said that the young king was very fond of “hunting”, “tennis” and riding. His description of the king suggests that the king seems much to busy playing sport and having fun to rule over the country, so that job is left up the Wolsey, so he would have had the most power in the country, even more than the king. One of the ways Wolsey rose to power was through gaining the trust of the young inexperienced king. Because of this trust Wolsey knew that his position was secure as long as he continued to serve the king well, because the king needed his. Some historians even saw Wolsey as a Alter Rex or second king, this just shows how much power they believed Wolsey had over the king. From this you can infer that many thought that Wolsey had great power in the court, and even hold more power than the king himself. This can be visualised as Wolsey being the master and Henry puppet. This fits with view that the Venetian ambassador had. Although some historians are starting to question this view. These historians argue that the king and Wolsey just has a political partnership as king and Cardinal, and no more. The king gave Wolsey more power in the early years of this reign when it seems that he was more interested in hunting and sport that running a country, but the king just like today’s monarch had the...
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...HENRY VIII AND FOREIGN POLICY Introduction Henry VIII was an ambitious aggressive monarch. Unlike his father Henry VII, whose interests were mainly defensive, Henry VIII was an interventionist. He wanted to raise England’s profile in European power politics and was prepared to go to war to capture French territory. He saw himself as the equal of Francis I of France and Charles V of Germany and wanted to show off England's power by claiming that England held the balance of power between them. His chief minister, Wolsey, the humanist, wanted the glory of international diplomacy but wished to avoid the waste of war. His quest for peace, helped to dampen Henry’s martial ambitions. During Wolsey’s period of high office, England only went to war once – in 1523. Wolsey probably spent more time on foreign affairs than on domestic issues. Relations with France 1513 War with France: Why? Henry VIII wanted glory. He wished to renew the Hundred Years War with France. In 1422 Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France; by 1453 the English had been expelled from France, except for the port of Calais. Henry wished to reassert his claim to the throne of France. Within weeks of his accession, Henry married Catherine of Aragon in order to renew England’s alliance with Spain. Spain might be the ally England needed. What happened? Wolsey organized the expedition. Henry led 30,000 men and captured the towns of Therouanne and Tournai. The French...
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...How successful were Wolsey’s domestic policies? Law One area that Wolsey did try to reform was England’s legal system. England mainly used common law at that time however civil law was seen as more modern and was favored in southern Europe. Civil law was used in the King’s council when it acted as a court of law. As Lord Chancellor Wolsey had oversight over the legal system in England. The law awakened Wolsey’s intellectual interest. He was a judge in the Chancery Court and handled disputes over wills, contracts and property. He had successfully reformed the Star Chamber where he was determined to get rid of corruption. He made it much fairer, cheaper and more efficient and was not afraid to take on the powerful. He had the Earl of Northumberland jailed for contempt of court. Wolsey Had genuine concern and wanted to improve the administration. He knew that common law courts were controlled by money which made it impossible for the poor to use so they could not get any justice. There were many problems with Common law for example the decisions of courts could be corruptly influenced or ignored by the powerful, cases took too long to resolve causing them to be very expensive which most people could not afford. Wolsey’s solution to all these problems was to increase the role of the prerogative courts which developed from the king’s council. The system that these courts would use was called “equity” and it was based on common sense and what seemed fairer rather that the common law...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry VIII was an aggressive monarch. He wanted to raise England’s profile in Europe and was prepared to go to war to capture French territory. ▪ Wolsey, the humanist, wanted the glory of international diplomacy but wished to avoid the waste of war. His quest for peace, helped to dampen Henry’s martial ambitions...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...AS LEVEL Specification HISTORY A H105 For first assessment in 2016 ocr.org.uk/alevelhistorya We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specification will always be the one on our website (ocr.org.uk) and this may differ from printed versions. Copyright © 2014 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered company number 3484466. Registered office: Hills Road 1 Cambridge CB1 2EU. OCR is an exempt charity. Contents Introducing… AS Level History A (from September 2015) Teaching and learning resources iv Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 1 1a. Why choose an OCR qualification? 1 1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 2 1c. What are the key features of this specification? 3 1d. 2 iii Professional Development 1 ii How do I find out more information? 3 4 2a. Overview of AS Level in History A (H105) 4 2b. Content of AS Level in History A (H105) 5 2c. Content of unit group 1: British period study and enquiry (Units Y131 to Y143) 8 2c. ...
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