...Women and their forgotten role in Slavery Nigel Sadler Sands of Time Consultancy Often when the history of slavery is studied the argument is over whose history is being told. This debate rarely goes beyond whether it is the history as written by or about the white or black involvement. There is often an assumed male history. History books mainly reflect the involvement of men. The abolitionists (Clarkson and Wilberforce), the Slave traders (Canot) and the enslaved (Equaino). In portrayal of enslaved people, men appear more frequently. In the movie Amistad it is told from the point of view of Cinque; in the TV series Roots it follows Kunta Kinte. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge, belittles and devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. What about the female slave traders, slave owners, enslaved females, female rebels and abolitionists? Are they really invisible? Verene Shepherd, in Women in Caribbean History states that up until the 1970s Caribbean books neglected women because early historians looked at colonisation, government, religion, trade and war fare, activities men were more involved in. Also some historians felt that women’s issues did not merit inclusion and where women could have been included, such as slave uprisings, their contributions were ignored. Shepherd believes changes occurred with the influence of women’s groups who tried to correct the gender neutral or male biased history. There was also a shift into social history...
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...African American Women Under Slavery This paper discusses the experiences of African American Women under slavery during the Slave Trade, their exploitation, the secrecy, the variety of tasks and positions of slave women, slave and ex-slave narratives, and significant contributions to history. Also, this paper presents the hardships African American women faced and the challenges they overcame to become equal with men in today’s society. Slavery was a destructive experience for African Americans especially women. Black women suffered doubly during the slave era. Slave Trade For most women who endured it, the experience of the Slave Trade was one of being outnumbered by men. Roughly one African woman was carried across the Atlantic for every two men. The captains of slave ships were usually instructed to buy as high a proportion of men as they could, because men could be sold for more in the Americas. Women thus arrived in the American colonies as a minority. For some reason, women did not stay a minority. Slave records found that most plantations, even during the period of the slave trade, there were relatively equal numbers of men and women. Slaveholders showed little interest in women as mothers. Their willingness to pay more for men than women, despite the fact than children born to enslaved women would also be the slaveowners’ property and would thus increase their wealth. Women who did have children, therefore, always struggled with the impossible conflict...
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...would be surprised by our certainty, for they themselves were confused” confused about what they had started in the revolution. In the article merrell talks about how hard it was for john Adams and his friend, Jefferson, to make sense of their Revolution and that they “knew what generations since have largely forgotten” which is that the independence of America was unheard of and such a unbelievable event. Merrell suggest that we have to look past the American heroes to find the real reasoning behind it all. We can find the true impact of the revolution by looking deep into the social aspects in pre-Revolutionary and post revolution. With all the news about a rebellion against Great Britain more social groups started to come into play one of them being white women. In the 1700’s women were not considered a person but as a possession males had, but the boycotting of British goods gave women a bigger role. Merrell suggest that woman played a major role in the boycotting of British goods as they would “collect hundreds of signatures from mistresses of families pledging never to drink foreign tea” and that they would also refer to themselves as “daughters of liberty”. Women would also take to the streets and sew clothing for themselves and the American people so they would no longer need to look to Britain for clothing. The biggest change in the...
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...Getz, the author depicts the story of a runaway slave, Abina Mansah, prosecuting her former owner in Ghana during the 19th century. Although her story was silenced and forgotten for decades, Getz uses graphics, primary sources such as court transcriptions, and historical context to illuminate a figure who otherwise would have been overlooked in history. Unable to control her own life as a slave, Abina ran away and testified against Eddoo but lost the case. The jury acquitted Eddoo even though the British had abolished slavery. In Abina and the Important Men, Getz highlights Abina’s limited efficacy because of the complex nature of colonialism. Abina’s attempts to advocate for herself were...
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...major American movements, including civil rights, women’s rights, and the LGBTQ movement. For example, in 1876, members of the National Women’s Suffrage Association, including members Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, peacefully crashed a ceremony celebrating 100 years since the signing of the Declaration of Independence and protested by silently walking across the stage. Afterward, in a nearby public location, the Declaration of Rights of the Women was read to a large crowd. Learning about “forgotten voices” sparked dialogue. After doing inquiry and engaging in rich conversations, a few questions came up. For one, is there a hidden history of Independence Hall where the contributions of marginalized people are not recognized? For instance, did the labor of enslaved people help build Independence Hall? If so, is there a way to learn more about these individuals? Research sparked further discussion on different topics. I am curious as to how big of a role it plays in the public consciousness, as it has a fundamental role in shaping democracy. In addition, I am curious as to why the Hall is no longer used for political purposes and now serves more as a historic landmark. In addition, I am curious as to how different communities view this site. For example, I wonder if communities that come from a history of marginalization may not view this site as a symbol of liberty and democracy, in comparison to communities, which come from a history of privilege. In addition, I am...
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...Comparing Beloved and Night The two novels I am writing about are "Night" by Elie Wiesel and "Beloved," by Toni Morrison. Beloved tells about slavery and an ex-slave mother's struggle with a past which is projected as the haunting of her people. It tells the story of Sethe, a mother compelled to kill her child, rather than let the child live a life of slavery. Toni Morrison uses ghosts and the supernatural to create an enhanced acceptance of the human condition and the struggled survival of the Black American. The novel is set in Ohio in the 1880's. The Civil War had been won, slavery had been abolished, however, the memories of slavery still remain. Although the story itself is fictional, the novel is based on real events. The events are based on the trial in Cincinnati of Margaret Garner, who with her husband, and seventeen other slaves (Kentuckian) crossed the Ohio where they supposedly found safe shelter. When it was discovered that they had been pursued and surrounded, and her husband overpowered, Margaret knew that any hope of freedom was in vain. She refused to see her children taken back into slavery. Without delay, Margaret quickly took hold of a butcher's knife which was laid on a table and cut the throat of her young daughter. She then attempted to kill her other children as well, then herself, but she was overpowered and held back before she could follow through. She was arrested and put on trial on the grounds that...
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...together. Mothers in particular were worried about giving their children the best opportunity to succeed in life. This was even more difficult because their life on the plantation was not always so pleasant. Nineteenth century African American families needed to be strong willed and motivated in order to survive. Without these attributes, the family would fall apart. In addition, these families were denied any personal liberties whether it was their education or entertainment. During slavery, the union of slaves through marriage was not accepted an accepted American law. Henry Banner, a slave from Russell County, Virginia, recalls, “If a woman didn’t breed well, she was put in a gang and sold. They married just like they do now but they didn’t have no license.” Any slave proprietor had the right to sell any member of the family (husband, wife, child). Banner also reveals about children were being sold even they were young, “I was sold the third year of the war for fifteen...
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...Frederick Douglass believed white America did not need to turn to reparations in order to fix the great sin of slavery, but rather give the black man suffrage and halt the creation of obstacles for the black man to rise up in society. For Frederick Douglass this was justice. He wrote, “The nearest approach to justice to the negro for the past is to do him justice in the present. Throw open to him the doors of the schools, the factories, the workshops, and of all mechanical industries. For his own welfare, give him a chance to do whatever he can do well. If he fails then, let him fail!” Douglass believed society needed to do the black man justice because it is right, not because they have previously been denied equality and citizenship through the institution of slavery. Equality is a much slower process, the longer the time, the more progress becomes a reality, whereas reparations aim at going back in order to repair the wrongs of the past, such as slavery, and is a menial task not solving anything that will endure. Nothing lasting will come from artificial forcing. The road to equality entails a change of mind and heart, which is not something that can happen based on a movement’s platform and...
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...Share-Croppers," and David Budbills’ "Old Man Pike." All three of these poems have a commonality. They describe the relationship between life's experience and the extreme toll that is taken by labor, age, gender, and even ethnicity. The Song of the Factory Worker Ruth Collins paints a picture of the role of women and the horrors they face working in a factory. She refers to a "Red brick building with man windows." These women have the feeling that they are being held captive and feel as though there is no escape for them, “Like a vampire" the building will never release them. This poem uses figurative language for the sounds of the factory, such as the "whir of the machinery" and the "click of the tacker." However, the images that seem to stand out the most are “the tired eyes” and most memorably, "the red-haired girl, when the sun sets her hair aflame." The girl seems to be in the prime of her life but is indifferent to life because she is trapped in this red brick building. She will continue her sewing until she becomes "one of the tired eyed ones." Share-Croppers Langston Hughes paints an ugly picture in his poem. Here "the herd of Negroes, Driven to the field" are seen as forgotten people. They are sent out to the cotton field every day, with no recognition of individual self worth or giving them any hope of a better future. He openly speaks that this abuse is due to the laborers' skin color. Hughes' poem is openly angry at the waste that marks...
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...This technique of incorporating American historical events into his poems would continue even until his last works, which became the patriotic classics we still read and quote today. Several great examples are “The Building of the Ship” (the poem does draw on Longfellow’s childhood enough for it to be mentioned above, however the symbolism is quite patriotic. The newly built ship is a symbol of the new nation, and a decade later, Abraham Lincoln himself would be deeply moved by this poem.), and one of his most famous works: “Paul Revere’s Ride”(1860). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, being the patriotic man he was, did very little to reject any ideas of the U.S. at that time. However, he did write two very inspiring and prominent works on slavery...
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...as Average Americans have a really big problem with racial profiling in the Criminal Justice system and is it a hindrance or help. A question that we must ask ourselves, should we allow racial profiling during investigations? Like many of you I would say absolutely not, however the thought of racial profiling has been around for centuries and can be traced back to slavery days. Racial profiling was established by stopping any black person and demanding for papers because they weren’t with their white owners. “The United States imprisons a higher percentage of its black population than the apartheid in South Africa”. [1]. The article with further reading goes to state that one point in the life of the Black male one-in-three will serve time in jail at some point in their lives and that between the Blacks and Latino population they have a much higher contact rate with the Criminal Justice system than the average White male. It seems to be that the reason why this is is because of lack of education, low income areas of living. However, we see that there are quite a few that have made it out of this traditional role. There are several famous people that have overcome the harshness of the stigmatize that we as Americans put on people. Pit Bull a.k.a. Armando Christian Pérez who is of Cuban decent and was raised in the slums of Cuba. He worked hard and went for his dream of becoming a famous rapper. There is also Tyler Perry who was raised by a single mom in poor neighborhood...
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...branch has primary roles that are put into play as its members make decisions for the country that influence the nation’s political fate, often times through court cases. The Clark v. Rameker (2014) case affected all of the financial advisors, not just those involved in the case (Feisee and Randall 57). Similar to this case, many court conclusions not only affect the people who are involved in the case, but they also affect other citizens and the nation’s political fate. One case that had an immense impact on the nation’s political fate was the Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) case. With a present day view regarding the topic of slavery, it is clear that America’s fate eventually included the full equality of all men, no matter the circumstances. So, the Supreme Court’s decision influenced this fate immensely. The decision aroused strong feeling of both opinions of slavery, leading to the Civil War, and eventually leading to the freedom of rights for all people. Now, the once segregated country is being led by a man who is the same race as Dred Scott, President...
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...her. She didn’t go down without a fight. Tacitus writes her speech before the battle of Watling Street: “We British are used to women commanders in war; I am descended from mighty men! But I am not fighting for my kingdom and wealth now. I am fighting as an ordinary person for my lost freedom, my bruised body, and my outraged daughters... Consider how many of you are fighting — and why! Then you will win this battle, or perish. That is what I, a woman, plan to do! — let the men live in slavery if they will.” ("Boudica") She showed her troops that she was not afraid of battle. Her strategy was to let Rome think that a woman could not be brutal and inspiring at the same time. She greatly underestimated Rome, but Rome underestimated her too. The massacre at London is know as the most brutal massacre of this time period. Boudicca decided to attack London because it was everything that she hated. London profited from Rome’s control, and they enjoyed Roman culture. The city was as close as she could get to destroying Rome’s presence in Britain(Museum of London). A Roman commander had been to the city before she attacked, but he knew that he could not defend the city because it had no walls. He fled the city with as many as he could, but many women stayed behind. When Boudicca got there, she and her troops killed everyone in the city. The wealthy women who stayed were butchered. Their bodies were put on spears, and their breasts were cut off and sewn to their mouths. As if that...
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...entertainment industry and mainstream media. Mixed-race models, musicians, and actors of Asian and Caucasian descent are becoming well known in Asian pop-culture such as Maggie Q, Sirinya Winsiri, and Karen Mok. Although, in the past Eurasians born in East Asia were perceived as children of subjugated Asian women that were shamefully dominated by Western imperialists in history, they are now viewed as internationally ideal. To elucidate, foreign imperialism to East Asia has caused economic ties that have influenced Asian popular culture through mainstream media and entertainment that is based on Western culture and their standard of beauty, which is Caucasian. However, global businesses search for any kind of marketing that will entice their target audience, which is now the European-Asian spokespersons and entertainers that provide an opportunity to reach out to audiences that were once racially divided. Their international appeal by the media has created a beauty standard and has inspired Asians, mostly in East Asia to dye their hair, wear colored contacts, or surgically widen they eyes to resemble more European looking eyes. European and Asian mixes are becoming the role models for Asians in Asia, where multiracial people are hardly found, and therefore portrayed as a valuable rarity, redefining the Asian perspectives of what makes beautiful Asians. In conclusion, this new identity is used to represent Asia as they become more prevalent in the global market and advertise internationally...
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...Most Americans nowadays like to think that they have the American Revolution pretty well figured out. Conventional wisdom starts the saga in 1763 when Britain, saddled with debt at the close of the Seven Years' War, levied new taxes that prompted her American colonists to resist, and then to reject, imperial rule. Having declared independence and defeated the British, American patriots then drafted the constitution that remains the law of the land to this day. With George Washington's inauguration as president in 1789, the story has a happy ending and the curtain comes down. This time-honored script renders the road from colonies to nation clear, smooth, and straight, with familiar landmarks along the way, from Boston's Massacre and Tea Party through Lexington and Concord, then on to Bunker Hill and Yorktown before reaching its destination: Philadelphia in 1787, where the Founders invented a government worthy of America's greatness. Those Founders are equally familiar. Washington and Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison, Sam and John Adams, Patrick Henry and Alexander Hamilton: in the popular mind this band of worthies, more marble monuments than mere mortals, guides America towards its grand destiny with a sure and steady hand. "[F]or the vast majority of contemporary Americans," writes historian Joseph Ellis, the birth of this nation is shrouded by "a golden haze or halo."(1) So easy, so tame, so much "a land of foregone conclusions" does America's Revolution...
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