...OVERVIEW OF WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 2.1. Introduction The previous chapter (Chapter 1) gave the problem and background of this research. Chapter two will begin by reviewing available literature on studies done on the topic. This chapter will provide a substantially better insight into the dimensions and complexity of the problem and how others have contributed to the topic. A variety of sources will be used to review literature, including research reports, dissertations, government publications and theses; accessed through journals, textbooks and internet. The chapter will end by giving an overview of approaches that paves the way for a clearer understanding of the research problem and identifies the knowledge gap this study seeks to fill. Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD) approach will be discussed in relation to women access to land in Zimbabwe. 2.2. Customary law and land question For many people, customary law is the most important law in their lives, controlling areas of their lives like their marriages, their property, and their right to inherit. Due to customary law in Zimbabwe like in many other African countries with patriarchal systems, women can only access land through marriage or other male relatives. According to Ghosh (2010) customary law refers to African traditions which have become an intrinsic part of the accepted and expected conduct in Zimbabwean black communities. This law defines roles which women should...
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...ARE YOU AFRAID OF SNAKES? If so Please read the story below | "Venomous snakes were being ferried from Africa to Europe in a plane. Unfortunately the person who packed the snakes forgot to lock the box in which the snakes were put. Once the plane had taken off and responding to the movement of the plane, the snakes found their way out of the box.. Passengers in the plane could see various snakes on the isle. They screamed, some fainted and the brave ones sought refugee wherever they could within the plane." The air hostess ran to the pilot to inform him of this scaring incident. The pilot quickly informs the air controllers on the ground. "We are very very sorry, says his boss. We forgot to lock the box where we put the snakes. They are indeed some of the most poisonous snakes in the world". "So where can I land? Please advise me before passengers are bitten", asks the shaken pilot. "No do not land, stay there for a minute, let me think", advises the boss. Surely this sounds like stupid advice to the impatient pilot. But he has to follow the orders. A minute is too long for someone faced with such trouble he thinks. But he has to follow orders. After a minute, the boss contacts him. "At what altitude are you flying? He asks. "300", says the pilot. "Go higher", advises the boss. "But the snakes will...." Before he finishes his sentence the boss bellows "I said go higher!!". He complies. Now whats your altitude? Asks the boss 500.66 , answers the...
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...by: Shoaib Saiful women now play as important a role as any man in the development of any nation,more so the Bengali nation. We should rephrase and ask for names of sectors where women have not contributed. Even then one may not be able to name one because these days women have made their presence felt in every field.And they are second to none.When a lady has captured the presidency of Bangladesh.Even a super power nation like USA is likely to have a woman president next.Never ever underestimate or question women power. Women play a very important role not only in running the household but also the nation. They provide the anchorage and support that working men seek for their success. They are not only good home-makers but also the caretakers of the culture and tradition. History has shown several brave women who have laid down their lives for the nation and have been freedom fighters. Today there is not a single field where women do not play a role. Due to natural reasons they bear and rear children which is very vital and time consuming. This puts them at a slight disadvantage when it comes to paving a career for themselves vis-a-vis men. It is upto the men to understand and respect the role of a women inspite of several adversity and reciprocate them with the support they need. Great men are actually created by women who teach them moral values including equality and respect for one and all. First of all women r mother. It is the teaching of mother which makes his child...
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...\ FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES (THE CASE OF DESSIE TOWN) BY MULUGETA CHANE WUBE BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2010 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES (THE CASE OF DESSIE TOWN) A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Master of Arts in Technical and Vocational Education Management By Mulugeta Chane Wube BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT AUGUST 2010 BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPREISES IN DESSIE TOWN Approval of Board of Examiners ___________________________ _____________ ________________ Chair person, department Graduate committee Date Signature ___________________________ Advisor _____________ Date ________________ Signature ___________________________ Internal examiner _____________ Date ________________ Signature ___________________________ External examiner _____________ Date ________________ Signature ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work comes in to end not only by the effort of the researcher but also the support of many individuals and organizations. To begin with, I would like to thank Ato Adane Tesera, my advisor, for his constructive suggestions throughout my work. Had it been without his support, this...
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...THE ROLE OF WOMEN by: Saiful007 The role of women in development is vital. However, it has changed somewhat over the years:Women are farmers and food providers - In some parts of the world, 80% of basic food is produced by women. In doing this, women contribute to national agricultural output, general environmental maintenance and, most importantly, family food security. They achieve this despite the unequal access to land, machinery, fertilisers etc. It has been claimed that if men and women had equal access to these resources, there would be substantial gains in agricultural output for both men and women, their families and their communities (ifpri.org). Women are business people and traders - Up to 40% of the world's labour force are women and this does not include the informal work carried out by women. More often than not, workers in factories, in the home, on the land and in the market place are women. Despite this fact, the majority of these women remain dependent on men due to lack of access to necessary resources such as capital or credit, household resources and due also to patriarchal practices and traditions (link to definition in HIV and AIDS glossary) including those that relate to the economic position of women. Women are heads of households - In both developed and developing countries there has been an increase in female-headed households due to male migration, high death rates due to conflict or illness and abandonment or separation. Although female heads...
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...Assignment: Role of Women in Fostering Development Research topic: Role of women in fostering development Introduction Women play a central role in the moral, physical and emotional development of any institution or individual. They play a key role in the eradication of socio-economic challenges such as hunger and poverty that hinder development in the society. Their contribution towards issues that concerning the family and the community at large have positively influenced the growth of development in the society. Women in the rural areas, for example, perform tasks that are not economically active but have great significance to the household at large. They play an important role in the translation of the agricultural produce from the farms into food and nutritional security for their families and the society. The World Bank forum of 2008 researched and concluded that if a woman had a stable income, she would use it on food and nutritional requirement for her family (World Bank, 2008). Women face many challenges that hinder their efforts of becoming champions of development, For example, they lack access to decent work that could assist them in improving their socio-economic circumstances and welfare. Most women are self-employed which means that they earn low wages. The society, therefore, suffers huge economic and social costs due to the inefficiency of the women caused by lack of income that in turn causes slow rural development (Lois and Annette, 2005)...
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...An Essay on: Barrier for Women Development in Nepal Nepal's total population is 26,494,504. Out of this 51.5 percent is Women. In Nepal, like other developing countries, the state of women is not satisfactory. In Nepal, patriarchal society and system provide very little scope for the female to assert their identity. According to the census of 2011, 75.1% male are literate whereas only 57.4% female are literate. Female are marginalized from economic and social opportunities due to illiteracy, poverty and conservative social taboos. The present status of women is said to be strong than the past but it is only limited to raise voice about female’s issue and problem of practical life. The status of women is the same as it used to be in the past. Government of Nepal has provided 33% reservation facility and other many opportunities for the women development, but real backward women are not able to utilize that facilities. Traditional ethical code of the society expects women to remain restricted within four walls of home, which is still a common occurrence. In some of the countries of South Asia women are outlawed even to cast votes. In South Asian region, women are discriminated, because of son preference traditions of the society dominated by religious beliefs. Daughters are discriminated from birth to funeral ceremony. Women are also suffering from domestic violence, wrong tradition and cultural malpractices. Some awful examples of violence are: sex selective abortion, wife battering...
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...SameDayEssay.com ADHD Methodology 1 Methodology of Research, Data Collection and Analysis This part contains a discussion of the methodologies used to collect and analyse data for the study with the aim of determining whether mainstreaming and inclusion of children with ADHD is the best option or if alternative options are available for parents and schools that would allow special children to achieve their maximum potential. The objectives that would allow the aim of the research study to be achieved are the following: (1) To conduct semi-structured surveys involving the following target respondents: a. Special education teachers handling students with ADHD b. General education teachers in mainstreamed classes c. Parents of children with ADHD d. Parents of children without ADHD but whose children attend classes with children with ADHD e. Classmates of children with ADHD (2) To answer the following research questions to be adapted in the most appropriate manner according to the nature of the respondent (teacher, parent, or schoolmate): a. How effective is mainstreaming in dealing with ADHD students? b. How prepared are teachers in dealing with ADHD students? c. What other alternatives are they aware of or have been tried to deal with ADHD students? (3) To analyse and evaluate the data collected to find the answer(s) to the research aim as to whether mainstreaming is the best option, or if there are better alternatives, and the different conditions for the effectiveness of...
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...Women’s Role in Economic Development: Overcoming the Constraints BACKGROUND RESEARCH PAPER Sarah Bradshaw, Joshua Castellino and Bineta Diop Submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda This paper reflects the views of the author and does not represent the views of the Panel. It is provided as background research for the HLP Report, one of many inputs to the process. May 2013 Women’s role in economic development: Overcoming the constraints Background paper for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Prepared by Dr. Sarah Bradshaw, Principal Lecturer, Middlesex University with Dr. Joshua Castellino and Ms. Bineta Diop, Co-Chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on the “Challenges of Social Inclusion: Gender, Inequalities and Human Rights” 20 May 2013 1 1. Introduction This short paper aims to highlight the important role women have and can play in economic development. It addresses three questions: what is the evidence base to support investing in women? What are the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What are the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focussed on women and on economic development, rather than on the wider issue of gender and development. However, before looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it will provide a brief context...
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...Women in Development: A Threat to Liberation by: Paul Simmons -negative effects of development amongst women/ been ignored in development policies -‘feminization of poverty’ was a direct result of women’s inclusion in the development process -‘”’Development’ today implies a linear, evolutionary process – a single ‘progressive’ path along which countries are graded, according to per-capita income, gross domestic product or, more recently, literacy levels and child mortality rates” (244). -economist believed that women’s productivity was being ‘wasted’ because it mostly flowed through informal channels, unaccounted for and unexploited by the world market. -World Bank said that they raised demand for more female laborers yet didn’t take into consideration that they were actually displayed from their country’s discriminatory policies. -Women are in fact displaced from their own land by discriminatory land reform policies and the expansion of cash crops, and to work as laborers. -ignored in development projects for women: export-processing zones, sex tourism, agribusiness// sexual harassment and sexual exploitation are very common -women ignored with the amount of work, 2x more than men ex) household and family while working, ‘considered always more of housewives than workers’ ‘isolated from one another’ (247). -proposed to make women ‘visible’ workers a failed ‘remedy’ as a solution for the ‘side-effects’ cause by that very remedy -women just wanted...
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...REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BEIJING, CHINA 9 – 11 NOVEMBER 2011 BACKGROUND International Forum on Women and Sustainable Development was organized by the All China Women’s Federation in Beijing, China. The All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) was founded on April 3rd, 1949. It is a mass organization of Chinese women of all ethnic groups in all walks of life, striving for women’s advancement. Its mission is to represent and safeguard women’s rights and interests and to promote equality between women and men. ACWF is also a member of the National Working Committee on Women and Children under the State Council. It is in consultative status with the ECOSOC of the United Nations. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development, as a visionary development paradigm shift, represents a big step forward in the progress of human society. It demonstrates the resolve and efforts of people around the world to ensure sound development and the well-being of the current and future generations. Sustainable development can neither be achieved nor sustained without the participation of women who are an important driving force. The United Nations and member states have already initiated different kinds of activities to prepare for the Rio+20 Summit. Both sustainable development and empowerment of women are considered a priority of the United Nations in 2011. As such, it is of special significance to reflect women’s needs and concerns and heed women’s...
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...What is the role of women in fostering development? Discuss the influence of gender on household expenditure, human capital and policymaking. (word limit : 1500) Women paly an immense role in development, be it physical, moral or emotional development. Their role in eradicating hunger and poverty and development and current challenges is becoming very crucial (EGM, 2011) as is evident from the 56th session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) in 2012, who prioritized their theme on these key areas. They contribute in a multitude of ways to ensure their family and society is brought out of poverty. Many of the activities performed by the rural women are not identified as “economically active employment” in the national accounts but are important and essential for their households (FAO, 2011). They constitute a major share of labor on the family farms (UNIFEM, 2005). Prominent gender inequalities often keep then from enjoying their social and economic rights. Access to decent work, which they could use in turn to leverage upon to improve their socio-economic condition, is limited too for them (FAO/IFAD/ILO, 2010b). As a result of this a huge social and economic cost is imposed on the society and it also tends to impede the process of rural development with problems that include lags in agricultural produce (EGM, 2011). They play an important role in translating the agricultural produce into food and nutrition security and also for the well being of their families...
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...strengths and weaknesses of these 3 approaches to development: a) WID (Women In Development) b) WAD (Women and Development) c) GAD (Gender and Development) Objectives By the end of this presentation students should be able to: a. Define the 3 approaches WID, WAD, and GAD b. Understand the weakness and strengths of the approaches. c. Highlight one relevant approach to the Zimbabwean situation. Introduction There are three main approaches to the development of women namely WID, WAD and GAD. The struggle for women to get recognition in society was evident before the colonial era in Zimbabwe. After the attainment of Independence in 1980, the Zimbabwean Government made a commitment to redress the situation of women. This presentation will first present the definition of terms, details of the approaches to development of women. Thereafter, the discussion will go on to explore strengths and weaknesses of women in development. This presentation will conclude by highlighting the relevance of the GAD approach to the Zimbabwean situation. Definition of terms: Development – is a systematic use of scientific knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements (Business Dictionary.com). Gender – is a cultural definition of behaviour defined as appropriate to sexes in a given society at a given time (Moser: 1993). WID (Women in Development) is understood to mean the integration of women into global processes of economic, political and...
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...Women in Development (WID) Theoretical Approach The term “women and development” was originally coined by a Washington-based network of female development professionals in the early 1970s[3] who sought to put in question the trickle down theories of development by contesting that modernization had identical impact on men and women.[4] The Women in Development movement (WID) gained momentum in the 1970s, driven by the resurgence of women's movement in northern countries, whereby liberal feminists were striving for equal rights and labour opportunities in the United States.[5] Liberal feminism, postulating that women's disadvantages in society may be eliminated by breaking down stereotyped customary expectations of women by offering better education to women and introducing equal opportunity programmes,[6] had a notable influence on the formulation of the WID approaches, whereby little attention was given to men and to power relations between genders.[5] The translation of the 1970s feminist movements and their repeated calls for employment opportunities in the development agenda meant that particular attention was given to the productive labour of women, leaving aside reproductive concerns and social welfare.[5]Yet this focus was part of the approach pushed forward by advocates of the WID movement, reacting to the general policy environment maintained by early colonial authorities and post-war development authorities, wherein inadequate reference to the work undertook by women...
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...Theories of Development-Empowerment a)WID,b)WAD,c)GAD Ever since the formation of the United Nations Commission on the Status for Women in 1946, it had been proposing a U. N. Women’s Conference with little success. Gradually with pressure from the American Women‟s Movement, the U.N. General Assembly declared 1975 as the International Women’s Year and 1975-1985 as the International Decade for Women. This declaration led to a growing awareness of women‟s issues and an acceptance of their demands as legitimate issues for policy making, both at the national and international level. The major themes of the International Women’s Year and Conference were-- Equality, Development and Peace. Equality, however, had been a dominant issue for the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women and it came primarily from the feminist movement of the Western industrialized nations. Peace was increasingly considered to be a women issue by the countries of the Eastern block. Development, on the other hand, was a recent issue put forward mainly by the newly independent “Third World” nations as a key to improving women’s lives. During the Decade, the important but previously invisible role of women in the social and economic development of the poorer countries was highlighted. The declaration of the International Decade for Women (1975-85) signified the new visibility of Women in Development (WID) in international forums. During the past few years, the term "women in development" has become...
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