...Title IX approaches its 40th anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along....
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...History of Sports History of sports can be traced back to the ancient Greeks. During those days admiration for the healthy human body is shown in their sculpture and makes almost a religion of competitive athletics. It was their custom on solemn occasions, including even funerals, to engage in races. This passion leads to the world's first athletic fixture - the games at Olympia, established according to tradition in the year 776 BC and held every four years. At the beginning this was a one-day athletic meeting with a single competitive event. The entire day is taken up with heats for a running race - a sprint the length of the stadium, the equivalent of about 200 meters. In later years more events are added. In the sports history, the important events that are included in the Olympic Games are discus throw, javelin throw, long jump, boxing, wrestling, chariots, horse racing and a challenge to test all-round ability - the pentathlon. The pentathlon actually starts with contest in four criteria - running, jumping, throwing the discus and the javelin. The winners from these encounters have to meet in a fifth and exclusive contest, wrestling. However, the winner receives a simple token of their victory, a garland of fresh olive to wear on the head. This is essentially a religious festival, in honor of the greatest of the Greek gods, Zeus whose sanctuary is at Olympia. Looking back to the origin of sports during the Victorian period, sports developed in the context of industrial...
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...The Money or The Passion: Is Money in Professional Sport Ruining the Ethos of the Game? Ross Schreuder Supervisor: Mr. Werth English Teacher: Mrs. Schroeder Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. History and Evolution of Sport 3 3. What is the Ethos of Sport? 4 4. Positive and Negative Influences of Money in Sport and an Evaluation of their Impact on its Ethos 5 4.1 Doping: 5 4.2 Throwing Matches/ Match Fixing: 6 4.3 Other Factors Contributing to Unethical Behaviour in Sport 7 4.4 Sportsmanship vs. Gamesmanship 8 4.5 The Money in Barclays Premier League 9 4.5.1 Stadium naming rights 10 4.5.2 Transfers and Individual Sponsorships 10 4.6 Philanthropy 11 5. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 1. Introduction Money is, undoubtedly, evident in every aspect of professional sport. Player sponsorships and contracts, team ownership, stadia, media - its everywhere. If sport was not about the game, then arguably, sport would be about the money. Each and every week, transfers of players are made, ticket offices receive income, and money is handed from one profiteering person to the next. Where sport is widely thought to be about fair play, professional sport is, in fact, like war. There can only be one winner and what one team or individual gains, the other loses. Many sportsmen and women around the world are caught up with winning, not just because of the prowess of a title but, also because professionalism is now about money and...
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...Throughout history women in most societies were considered inferior to men. It was preferred that a woman remained in the home rearing children and managing the household. This was also true in the U.S. during the 1600-1700s. Women in the U.S. were not allowed to vote, own property or even own a business on her own. It was pretty much understood during the early develop of farms in the U.S. that women were physically incapable of doing manual labor like men. The natural result of biological differences between the sexes supported the point of view that believed women were unable to compete with men at jobs that required strength and intelligence. It was believed that women are naturally more emotional and therefore less decisive than men. Many believed that they were also less intelligent and with an inferior quality of creativity by nature. Many sociologists and anthropologists maintain that various cultures throughout the world teach girls to behave according to negative stereotypes of femininity, thus keeping alive the idea that women are naturally inferior. Overtime through war, a changing job market due to the introduction of new ways to produce, the decrease in manual labor jobs, divorce and the development of women’s groups, the U.S. was to notice the impact of women in their society and make changes to better accommodate her. There were toward the end of the 1700s women were becoming more vocal about equally between the sexes. An increased in literature written by women...
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...The History of Women in Sports Throughout history, women have fought for equality against men, significantly in the last century, as women have taken on greater, and more equal, roles in society. There have been several fronts on which women have fought for equality and one of those cases is in sports. Sports history is filled with men popularizing athletics such as baseball, basketball, boxing, football, track, and many other sports. It is quite surprising to many that women, as well as men, should take credit for their effort in athletic competition. Women have been known since the 19th century to take part in sporting events when, back then, they were supposed to be confined to more prim and proper activities. Historically, a woman’s duties were to take care of the family, do all the domestic work, and basically enslave themselves to their husbands. Because of this stereotype, it was highly frowned upon that women were taking on a masculine role by participating in the sporting world. Throughout the history of human existence, athletic competition has been regarded as an exclusively masculine affair. In ancient times, athletic competitions were held among warriors to prove their fighting prowess or otherwise demonstrate their virility. The exclusively male origins of competitive sport carried over into the Olympics, where women were not allowed even to watch competitions, much less compete. However, a separate women's athletic event, the Heraea...
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...understand women’s sports today, the relationship between sports the body and personal identity. There has been much attention given to the role of sports in the lives of men than to the importance of sports to women. The twentieth century saw a massive change in women’s involvement in sport and exercise. When women first began to take part in activities, they had nothing to wear. Clothing had been divided into menswear and womenswear. Men and women dressed appropriately for their sex. In ancient times and the late nineteenth and early twentieth century sport took place in the public sphere and in public women were expected to wear the fashion of the time. Women’s clothing for sport was by definition clothing for interaction with men....
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...English 190 7 March 2014 Playing with the Boys Sports have been a tremendous part of society all over the world for hundreds of years. From ancient competitions such as the first Olympic games in Greece, to modern exhibitions like the World Series or the Super Bowl, sports are a cherished and important tradition to many. Women were excluded from the first Olympic games in 776 B.C. They held their own games to honor the goddess, Hera, ruler of women and earth (History of Women). This is where separation and inequality first began for women in the competitive and discriminatory world of sports. In almost every modern sport, women are forced to play under different rules, lighter or smaller equipment, and receive less pay or less support for their hard work and dedication. Women have spent hundreds of years defending their rights, and they should not be taken away when it comes to the sports scene. Women deserve every ounce of respect as men in any and all categories, including athletics. There is no denying there are certain differences between a man and a woman's body. Generally speaking, men are taller, faster and have more upper body strength than women (Caitlin). But these differences in anatomy do not merit sports fans to ridicule or make a mockery of women's athletics. Women's sports have often been the butt of jokes and the object of derision, despite the fact that female athletes put every ounce of dedication into their sport as their male counterparts. They sweat, hurt,...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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... Detailed History of Netball The history of netball can be traced to the early development of basketball. When it was invented in 1891 by James Naismith. His game was first played in the campus gymnasium on a court roughly half the size of a regulated court today, between two teams of nine players. It was played with a soccer ball that was shot into closed-bottom peach baskets that were nailed to the gymnasium wall. In 1892 Senda Berenson, also a physical education instructor, adapted Naismith's game for her female students. The sport was modified for women to accommodate social conventions regarding their participation in sport, giving rise to women's basketball. Variations of women's basketball arose across the United States and in England. At a physical training college in England, the rules of women's basketball were modified over several years to form an entirely new sport namely netball. She divided the playing court into thirds, each containing three players per team that could not leave their assigned zone. Players could not hold the ball for more than three seconds, dribble it more than three times, or snatch the ball from another player. The first codified rules of netball were published at the start of the twentieth century, and from there, the new sport spread throughout the British Empire. By 1895, women's basketball had spread across the United States, with variations of the rules emerging in different areas. The published rules for women's basketball...
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...and I will illustrate the complexity of Women’s experience in Sports. In the female and male society, there are specific gender roles and stereotypes that have been established. The typical males are expected to be strong, athletic and independent whereas females are expected to be obedient, attractive nurtures and quiet. Our society demands order to the implemented gender. When these gender norms are violated, it’s common for labels to be given such as ‘’Are you sure that’s not a boy in the net’’, ‘’A girl playing football – what a butch’’ etc. Whilst the ‘’traditional’ gender stereotypes have stayed fairly consistent over the last few centuries, it has also been challenged and confronted by many women and feminists. The one area in which these stereotypes take place is Sports and Physical Activates. Comparing outdated female gender stereotypes with those are 21st century of women in sports, female athletes are establishing their selves in the sporting world. However in saying that it is true those traditional female stereotypes continue to prevail. History Women had limited opportunities to participate in sport or any physical activities until federal legislation came into action allowing women to participate and given equal rights the same as men. Prior to 1870 women engaged in only recreational activities, as they were non-competitive and no rules were required. In the 1900s women started to participate in competitive sports while attempting to limit their involvement...
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...University Foundation Year 29-01-14 “Males do more sport than females ” HYPOTHESIS Nowadays, many people play sports due to the amount of advantages it have. Since we are kids sport plays an important role in our life, maybe because of the relation constructed between the person and the sport, and also there is always the success and the competitiveness. For example the 5 year old girl who work hard for be a professional gymnast in the future or a boy who want to be a NBA star. Although sports are very common between the world population there is a noticeable difference between the number of males and females playing sports. It is known that even nowadays, males are more used to play sports than females. Due to the inequalities in the socialization process through parents, media and school kids choose a particular way of life based on sex and gender, in my investigation I will show how and why women do less sport than men nowadays. LITERATURE REVIEW Much evidence indicates that men experienced an evolutionary history of physical competition, both one-on-one and in coalitions. We thus hypothesized that, compared to girls and women, boys and men will possess a greater motivational predisposition to be interested in sports, especially team sports. According to most scholars, advocacy groups, and the United States courts, however, this hypothesis is challenged by modest sex differences in organized school sports participation in the contemporary U.S., where females comprise...
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...entertainment increased due to radio’s and movies. And media and popularity helped promote sports. These are only a couple of innovations that shaped America. Technology changed American life forever with the automobiles and airplanes. The automobiles allowed families to move further away from the cities, lowered unemployment rates, increased industries and mass production, and brought excitement and adventure to...
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...Action, Champs, and East Bay. Lady Footlocker was founded in 1982 in Joliet, Illinois. Lady Footlocker originates from the Woolworth family, as does Footlocker, and its other chain stores. Over the last quarter century, Lady Footlocker has risen to become the largest retailer of women’s athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories. Lady Footlocker has over 600 retail locations throughout the United States, Europe, and Canada. Most Lady Footlocker locations boast an average retail space of 2200 square feet. Lady Footlocker prided itself on providing the best in woman-to-woman service and product selection. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM Lady Footlocker is brand of Foot Locker, Inc. to meet women’s consumer’s needs in athletic footwear and apparel. Foot Locker, Inc. is an American sportswear and footwear retailer, with its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and operating in approximately 20 countries worldwide. Formerly known as Venator Group, Inc., it is the successor corporation to the F.W. Woolworth Company. Foot Locker, Inc. operates the eponymous “Foot Locker” chain of athletic footwear retail outlets (along with “Kids Foot Locker” and “Lady Foot Locker” stores), Champs Sports, Footaction USA, and Eastbay/Footlocker.com Eastbay/Footlocker.com own the rights to Final Score, ESPN Shop, AFL Store, and The United States Olympic Shop. The chain is known for its employees' uniforms, resembling those of referees. Now a days women are no longer different...
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...Synergies football masculin et féminin : vers un nouveau modèle stratégique pour les clubs professionnels européens ? Authors: Emmanuel Bayle, Emilie Jaccard et Philippe Vonnard. Institut des sciences du sport (ISSUL), Université de Lausanne, Suisse Abstract: Introduction: Le football féminin est en pleine expansion et reconnaissance. Il est perçu comme un lévier impoprtant pour les fédérations nationales et pour l’UEFA en terme de nouveaux publics, de marketing et de valeurs (synonyme d’un football plus « responsable »). Au sein des grands clubs européens se cotoient le plus souvent des équipes féminines et masculines, entraînant des synergies dans des domaines variés, que nous avons tenté de les analyser dans le cadre de cette recherche. Methods: Ces synergies au sein des clubs mixtes européens ont été analysées à partir d’un cadre d’analyse construit de manière ad hoc. Celui-ci s’appuie sur une approche par les stratégies d’acteurs en fonction du contexte national et local, ainsi que sur six domaines de focntionnement interne des deux sections. La collecte de données a été réalisée auprès de 14 grands clubs mixtes européens répartis dans 9 pays européens aux cultures très différentes (France : Olympique Lyonnais et Paris-St.-Germain FC ; Angleterre : Birmingham City LFC et Arsenal Ladies FC ; République Tchèque : SK Slavia Praha et AC Sparta Praha ; Allemagne : SC Freiburg et Vfl Wolfsburg ; Belgique : Standard Fémina de Liège ; Pays-Bas : Ado den Haag ; Danemark :...
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...How Sports Evolved Recreation Programming Professor Newton 05/10/2013 Whether you have engage in sports in your leisure time, watch as a spectator or played on a professional level sports are major source of entertainment in the world. The earliest historical account of sports date all the way backs to BC time. A sport is defined as an activity involving physical or mental exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another. The ten most popular sports in the world are Football/ Soccer, cricket, tennis, hockey, baseball, table tennis, volleyball, rugby, and golf. In the United States motor sports, pro- wrestling, and martial arts are also popular. Sports are usually governed by rules and regulations to ensure fair competition and ensure the adjudication of a winner though fairness was not always a common practice especially in the ancient world. The history of sport can teach us about the social changes with society. In ancient times it was not uncommon for humans to die during sport events. For at least seven hundred years entire villages participated in violent combat sports such as fencing and jousting. The Romans were especially known for this with the gladiatorial games and chariot racing. These types of sports would almost always leave an opponent seriously or fatally injured. In ancient Greece most sports took place during the funeral games during the Mycenaean period. Such games have been described in Greek mythology like the Iliad and Odyssey...
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