...Working With Financial Statements ACC 300 April 06, 2015 Working With Financial Statements Introduction – Revenue Recognition Principle - Explain revenue recognition principle Expense Recognition Principle - It is to be expected that in accounting there are principles to follow, just as they are in other various fields regarding finances. An example of this is banking where allocations and limitations are set. According to the principle of expense recognition revenue reflects in earning periods. Our expression as consumers is to enter into an agreement that has something to offer both parties. As the seller I am choosing the price, and the buyer agrees to listed price. The transaction has informed an agreement that is recognized through assurance. (Boundless Accounting) To recognize expenses, revenue is regarded and allies to the balance sheet. For example as the owner of a good I have fixed costs, and production cost that are in place whether I sell the goods or not. In lieu of the expenses recognition, we must meet the matching principle to move up own our balance sheet. An income statement shows these transactions due to the fact we are forced to record revenue and expenses, specifically those relating in cash. Costs are to broad to list all of them in an essay forum. However the two main categories are product costs and period costs. What are these? Period costs are things such as payroll, admin related expenses, and benefits solutions. In most cases...
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...FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Financial Statement Analysis The process of determining financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm by establishing strategic relationship between the items of the balance sheet, profit and loss account and other operative data. Financial Statement Analysis Metcalf and Titard:It is a process of evaluating the relationship between component parts of a financial statement to obtain a better under standing of a firm’s position and performance. Financial Statement Analysis Purpose:To diagnose the information contained in financial statements so as to judge the profitability and financial soundness of the firm. Types of Financial Analysis On the basis of: The materials used. The modus operandi of analysis – i.e., the method of operation followed in the analysis. Types of Financial Analysis On the basis of materials used: External analysis. Internal analysis. Types of Financial Analysis On the basis of materials used: External analysis. • This analysis is done by outsiders who do not have access to the detailed internal accounting records of the business firm. (Investors, creditors, government agencies, credit agencies and general public.) Types of Financial Analysis On the basis of materials used: Internal analysis. • This analysis is conducted by persons who have access to the internal accounting records of a business firm. (Executives and employees of the organization and government agencies which have statutory powers...
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...Lecture Handouts for Chapter 5 Chapter 5 is covered in lectures 31 and 32. Risk and Return The return from an investment is the change in market price, plus any cash payments received due to ownership, divided by the beginning price. The risk of a security can be viewed as the variability of returns from those that are expected. Measurement of Risk The expected return is simply a weighted average of the possible returns, with the weights being the probabilities of occurrence. The conventional measure of dispersion, or variability, around an expected value is the standard deviation σ. The square of the standard deviation σ2 is known as the variance (σ2). The standard deviation can sometimes be misleading in comparing the risk, or uncertainty, surrounding alternative investments if they differ in size. To adjust for the size, or scale, problem, the standard deviation can be divided by the expected return to compute the coefficient of variation (CV) – a measure of “risk per unit of expected return.” Investor’s Attitude towards Risk Investors have different attitudes while deciding between the risk and return in an investment. Investors are, by and large, risk averse. This implies that they demand a higher expected return, the higher the risk. The expected return from a portfolio The expected return from a portfolio (or group) of investments is simply a weighted average of the expected returns of the securities comprising that portfolio. The weights are equal to the proportion...
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...CHAPTER 21 1. Which of the following does not affect the form and content of working papers? a. Nature and complexity of the business b. Form of the auditor's report c. Specific audit methodology and technology used in the course of the audit. d. Estimated audit fee agreed upon between the client and the auditor. 2. Which of the following need not be documented in the working papers as required by PSA 230(Clarified)? a. Audit evidence obtained, the audit procedures applied and the testing performed have provided sufficient competent evidential matter to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion. b. The work has been adequately planned and supervised. c. A sufficient understanding of the internal control structure had been obtained to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing and extent of tests to be performed. d. Basis in choosing the members of the audit engagement team. 3. When planning an audit, which of the following is not a factor that affects auditors' decisions about the quantity, type, and content of audit working papers? a. The auditors' need to document compliance with financial reporting standards. b. The existence of new sales contracts important for the client's business. c. The auditors' judgment about their independence with regard to the client. d, The auditors' judgments about materiality. 4. An audit working paper that shows the detailed evidence and procedures regarding the balance in the accumulated depreciation...
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...Accounting and Finance for Managers LESSON 7 FUND FLOW STATEMENT ANALYSIS CONTENTS 7.0 7.1 Aims and Objectives Introduction Meaning & Objectives of Fund Flow Statement Analysis Methods of Preparing Fund Flow Statement 7.3.1 Schedule of Changes in Working Capital 7.3.2 Net Profit Method 7.3.3 Sales Method 7.3.4 First Method 7.3.5 Second Method 7.4 Advantages of Preparing Fund Flow Statement 7.4.1 Illustrative Statement of Financing 7.4.2 To fulfil the Primary Objective of the Financial Management 7.4.3 Facilitation through Financial Planning 7.4.4 Guide to Working Capital Management 7.4.5 Indicator of Yester Track Path of the Firm 7.5 Let us Sum up 7.6 Lesson-end Activity 7.7 Keywords 7.8 Questions for Discussion 7.9 Suggested Readings 7.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES In this lesson we shall discuss about fund flow statement analysis. After going through this lesson you will be able...
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...Project Report - Working Capital Management WORKING CAPITAL - Meaning of Working Capital Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via, 1) Fixed Capital 2) Working Capital Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as p&m, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day – to- day expenses etc. These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital. CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL There are two concepts of working capital: 1. Gross working capital 2. Net working capital The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the enterprises current assets...
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...Welcome to AIBF Financial Statement Analysis Training Asalamualikum! Khalid Zarif Current engagements Deputy Director & Academic Head of AIBF President of Afghanistan Association of Professional Accountants (AAPA) Bank Millie Afghan (BMA) Supervisory Board Member President of Afghan Social Researchers Association (ASRA) Work Experiences Business Unit Manger & adjunct Trainer, AUAF-PDI Technical Adviser, FinTRACA- Da Afghanistan Bank Custom Analyst- Ministry of Finance Official of Treasury Department- Ministry of Finance Education: Global MBA plus finalist of ACCA- Continuous BSc from Oxford Brookes University Certified Accounting Technician (CAT) 1. Purpose and format of the financial statements INTERPRETATI ON OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Users of the financial Statements 3. Profitability Ratios & Interpretation 4. Liquidity Ratios & Interpretation 5. Gearing Ratios & Interpretation 6. Limitations of ratio analysis Accounting: Definition Is the process of Recording Classifying Summarizing Interpreting in journal in ledger and in Financial Statements financial information in order to make decisions Financial Statements Financial Statements present information about The financial position of an entity Its financial performance during accounting period Its cash flow Financial statements are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Statement of Financial Position Statement of Comprehensive Income/income...
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...Project Report - Working Capital Management WORKING CAPITAL - Meaning of Working Capital [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via, 1) Fixed Capital 2) Working Capital Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as p&m, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day – to- day expenses etc. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital. CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL There are two concepts of working capital: 1. Gross working capital 2. Net working capital The gross working capital is...
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...audit Material misstatement: A misstatement in the financial statement can be considered material if knowledge of the misstatement would affect a decision of a reasonable user of the statement. Third party liability: A situation in which one party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a third party. Independence in fact: Independence in fact exists when the auditor is actually able to maintain an unbiased attitude throughout the audit. The auditor’s ability to take an unbiased viewpoint in the performance of professional services. Competence of evidence: The degree to which evidence can be considered believable or worthy of trust. Acceptable audit risk: It is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and unqualified option has been issued. Evidence: Evidence is any information used by the auditor to determine whether the information being audited is stated in accordance with established criteria. Compliance audits: It is a type of audit that determines whether the audited is following specific procedures, rules or regulations set by some higher authority. Audit manual: Resources or guidance used by auditor to conduct an audit. Teeming and lading: It is a type of fraud that involves the crediting of one account through the abstraction of money from another account. An attempt to hide missing funds by delaying the recording of cash receipts in a business's books...
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...Running Head: FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND STATEMENTS Importance of Financial Structure and Statements [Student Name] [Course Title] [Instructor] [Date] Importance of Financial Structure and Statements Introduction This essay discusses the role of financial structures on the profitability and stability of companies and the role of financial statements prepared using historical cost convention and accruals concept in the decision making process. Both aspects of companies discussed here are of much importance as they directly affect companies, their financial condition and the representation of facts to the relevant users. The financial structure of a company reflects various sources the company has used to finance its operations. The financial statements provide vital information to users such as shareholders, managers, banks, tax authorities and research analysts to make important decisions. Financial Structure The financial structure of a firm is the way the assets and operations are financed. A company employs various modes of financing to acquire assets and support its operations. The financial structure includes components such as short term liabilities, long term debt and shareholders’ equity. Financial structure is different from capital structure as the capital structure only includes long term debt and shareholders’ equity and ignores short term liabilities. More successful companies focus more on financial structure rather than capital structure...
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...This document provides financial analysis of Competition Bikes Inc. Horizontal Analysis: Horizontal analysis is a financial statement analysis technique that shows changes in the amounts of corresponding financial statement items over a period of time. It is a useful tool to evaluate the trend situations. (Financial Analysis of Financial Statements) The statements for two or more periods are used in horizontal analysis. The earliest period is usually used as the base period and the items on the statements for all later periods are compared with items on the statements of the base period. The changes are generally shown both in dollars and percentage. (Financial Analysis of Financial Statements) Let us analyze strengths and weaknesses of the Horizontal Analysis provided by Competition Bikes Inc. Let us consider Net Sales of Competition Bikes over the Year 6, 7 & 8. In the Year 6, Net Sales of Competition Bikes were $4,485,000 which increased in the subsequent Year 7 by $1,495,000 which is percentage increase of 33.3 as compared to 31.8% of increase in the cost of goods, resulting in 37.5% increase of Gross profit. This can be considered as a strength of the company . On the other side considering Year 8 against Year 6, Net sales are increased to $5,083,000 but they are lowered by $897,000 as compared to Year 7. Year 8 Net sales are behind 15% as compared to Year 7, resulting in $266,600 less Gross profits as compared to $1,638,000 profit of Year 7. Year 8 resulted in 16...
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...A REPORT OF PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS IN MANGALORE REFINARY AND PETROCHEMICALS LIMITED Under the guidance of Internal Guide Ms.Ramya.R Management and commerce department Amrita School of Arts and Sciences Mysore Extrnal Guide Alpana Dosaj Finance Department Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited Mangalore SUBMITTED TO MANAGEMENT AND COMMERCE DEPARTMENT AMRITA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MYSORE Submitted By: D Ravi Thirumaleshwara Sharma MY.BU.U3BBM09019 BBM 5TH SEM Amrita School of Arts and Sciences Mysore FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANLYSIS OF MRPL Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to M/S. ALPANA DOSAJ for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. My deepest thanks to Lecturer, M/S RAMYA. R the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. I express my thanks to the Principal M/S VIDYA PAI, AMRITA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, for extending his support. My deep sense of gratitude to Mr. RAMAN TRAINING CHIEF, Mr. JOSE DGM OF TRAINING DEPARTMENT OF MANGALORE REFINERY...
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...flow statement and funds flow statement. Also explain the difference between cash flow statement and funds flow statement. Ans.2. Fund flow statement is referred as sources and application of funds. It helps in showing detailed revenue received from sources and the amount of money used by the business for many purposes in that Financial Year. This statement provides addition information which is not generally covered in company's financial statement of accounts (profit and loss account and company's balance sheet). 1) Fund flow statement is the difference between the total value of Current Assets and Current Liabilities or Net Working Capital. Whereas the cash flow statement is a summary of or receipts or payment [cash] for the period which is in Income Statement. 2) In cash flow statement, there is no format or any statement is required to prepare it. While in fund flow statement, a statement of changes in current asset and current liabilities is required. 3) Fund flow statement is prepared on the basis of Fund or while cash flow statement is based on cash. 4) By preparing cash flow statement, it allows the bank or shareholders of the company about the company prospective and its business. Fund flow statement is prepared actions of the company.Fund flow statement is also referred to as working capital statement. Working capital is equal to current assets minus current liabilities. Difference between the final working capital and the initial working capital...
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...Financial Statements Paper Financial Statements Paper Financial statements are the formal recording of the financial activities of a business. Three of the major financial statements that are presented by all businesses are an income statement, a balance sheet, and a statement of cash flows. The income statement is a financial record of the business’s financial performance over a specified period of time. A balance sheet is a financial statement that summarizes a business’s assets and liabilities, as well as shareholder’s equity at a specific point in time. And the statement of cash flows is a financial statement that presents all information regarding the cash in-flows and out-flows of the business. All of these statements are important to creditors and investors for making financial decisions and future forecasts about the financial health of the business. The income statement is a financial statement that is used by accountants, business owners, creditors, and investors. The income statement tells the user how the company’s revenue is converted into net income by presenting the revenues that have been recognized for a certain period and then subtracting costs and expenses from that revenue (Accounting Coach, 2014). This tells the user of the financial statement whether the company was profitable or not and also includes information about gains and losses from primary and secondary activities. In other words, it states whether the company made or lost money during the reporting...
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...EXAMPLE 3.1 A COMPANY LTD. Statement of Financial Position December 31, Year 1 Assets € 300,000 Liabilities Shareholders’ equity Ordinary stock (5,000 shares) Retained earnings € 120,000 100,000 80,000 € 300,000 B CORPORATION Statement of Financial Position December 31, Year 1 Assets € 88,000 Liabilities Shareholders’ equity Ordinary stock Retained earnings € 30,000 25,000 33,000 € 88,000 The fair values of B Corporation’s identifiable assets and liabilities at December 31, Year 1, are as follows: Assets Liabilities Net assets € 109,000 29,000 € 80,000 Illustration 1 Illustration 1 is an example of the acquisition of an enterprise’s assets for cash. Assume that on January 1, Year 2, A Company pays €95,000 in cash to B Corporation for all of its net assets. The acquisition cost is allocated as follows: Purchase price Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired Goodwill € 95,000 80,000 € 15,000 A company’s statement of financial position after the business combination is not a consolidated statement of financial position and would be as shown below. A COMPANY LTD. Statement of Financial Position January 1, Year 2 Assets (300,000 + 109,000 – 95,000) Goodwill € 314,000 15,000 € 329,000 Liabilities (120,000 + 29,000) Shareholders’ equity Ordinary stock (5,000 shares) Retained earnings € 149,000 Financial Accounting: Consolidations & Advanced Issues 100,000 80,000 Lesson 3 11 € 329...
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