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World History

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Submitted By aidenmj
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Russia
Around 500 AD, the slavic people lived near the Ukraine. Then, they began to move east into modern day Russia and south towards the Byzantine Empire
Around 800 AD, the vikings began to attack (the slavs)
862 AD, the slavs asked a viking, Rurik ‘ the Rus’ to rule over them in Novgorod
Because of viking raids, Europe militarizes itself but they’re still not united

Russian Orthodox Christianity
863 AD, Cyrill and Methodius (brothers), were sent as missionaries by the Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire and they developed an alphabet based on the Greek, that was capable of representing Slavic sounds so they could translate the Bible (The Cyrillic Alphabet)
East of Rome hits its highest point under the Emperor Justinian (r. 527 - 565 AD)

Charlemagne's ‘Charles the Great’ Government
Charlemagne was crowned on December 25, 800 AD by Pope Leo III as the new King of Rome (Holy Roman Emperor)
His empire was divided into several hundred regions & each region was governed by a count
Each count was responsible to organize an army & make laws
Charlemagne would send out two-man-teams (Missi Dominici) to make sure counts weren’t plotting against him
There were no taxes and public money was made by harvests from the Emperor’s large estates
All peasants had to serve 3 months every year in the army
The nobility provided calvary
He started schools for the noble children and occasionally a bright, peasant child would be allowed to attend (Carolingian Renaissance)
Charlemagne tried to tie together Christianity, the legacy of Rome, and the Barbarian ancestry

Decline of Charlemagne’s Empire
Declined when Charlemagne’s son, Louis the Pious, took over (wasn’t really holy, Roman, or an empire after Charlemagne’s death in 814)
Louis became sole king of the Franks in 814 and then Emperor in 816 after the Pope’s coronation
Louis’s sons began fighting against him when he tried to give his 4th son a part of the kingdom
Louis was a very religious but ineffective ruler and he lost power to the counts
His empire was plagued by civil war, between him and his sons, through 840 AD
When Louis dies, his sons continued fighting for another 3 years but stop with the Treaty of Verdun (843 AD)
Charles the Bald in the west, Lothiar I in the middle, and Louis the German in the east
Charles and Louis have Lothiar murdered and split his territory in 870 AD
The Kingdom weakened as they continued to fight over boundaries, the counts no longer obeyed them, and they lost land to the Muslims, Slavs, and Magyars

Feudalism
A social, political, and economic society where there was constant fighting between the counts
After the vikings died down, Europe had no one to fight so they started fighting each other
98% of the population were peasants
Free peasants had talents
Serfs owed debt to the land
Manor consisted of a manor house & serfs would work the domain
Three sections
Those who work (peasants)
Education was rare & starvation was common
Those who fight (nobles)
When they weren’t fighting they were practicing
Chain mail protected you from indirect hits
Crossbows were outlawed in Christian-Christian warfare
Plate armor was heavy but protected you well
Those who pray (clergy)
Social, political, and economic functions
Medieval Church became like a government
Church’s biggest weapon was excommunication
Two types of clergy
Regular clergy (monks, lived in monasteries & nuns, lived in convents)
Secular clergy (priests, bishops, & cardinals)
Provided schools for the upper class children, hospitals, inns, & refuge in war times
Monks copied books & illuminated manuscripts

Alfred the Great
King of Wessex in 871 AD & he pushed the vikings out of England into the North where the Celts were
He united England for the first time & Christianity was firmly established

Edward the Confessor
In 1013, the Danes attacked again
4 Danes ruled between 1014-1042 AD
He drove them out again

In 1054 the Church breaks into east & West
Investiture Controversy (1070) Pope has political authority being challenged

Crusades
First crusade (1096-1099)
In 1095, the Muslims were threatening certain parts of the Byzantine Empire
Pope Urban II calls for a crusade at the Council of Clermont (18-28 Nov 1095) spiritual and political war against the Muslims
Jerusalem was captured
Crusaders get a bad reputation
Urban II died in 1099 before learning that the lands were back in Christian hands
Godfrey of Bouillon became king of Jerusalem after they won
University sprung around this time because of information being brought back from the crusades (sparked interest in math & science)
/ Creates a middle class / re emergence of cities
Peasant’s Crusade led by Peter the Hermit
Began to sack and pillage along the way & they weren’t allowed into Constantinople
Easily defeated by the Turks
Warrior Monks
Knights’ Templar, Knights’ Hospitaller, Teutonic Knights
Knights’ templar were the most famous because they protected the Christian pilgrims who came to Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1145-1148)
County of Edessa was taken by the Muslims on Dec 24, 1144
Called by Pope Eugine III
They could not take Damascus
Third Crusade (Kings’ Crusade) (1187-1192)
Saladin was a military leader of Islam who captured Jerusalem on Oct 2, 1187
Led by Conrad II (Holy Roman Emperor), Philip II “Augustus” of France, & Richard ‘ Lionhearted’ of England (son of Eleanor of Aquitaine)
Ended in a stalemate

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