Learning/Attainment 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 Summary of Content 2.1 2.2 AS Units A2 Units 6 6 7 3 Unit Content 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 AS Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups AS Unit F322: Chains, Energy and Resources AS Unit F323: Practical Skills in Chemistry 1 A2 Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis A2 Unit F325: Equilibria, Energetics and Elements A2 Unit F326: Practical Skills in Chemistry 2 8 8 20 38 40 51 62 4 Schemes of Assessment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 AS GCE Scheme of
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(with molecular masses 100,000) 5) Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of the term Addition polymerisation: a process in which many identical small molecules combine to form one large molecule, with no by-products. The small molecules are called monomers, while the large molecule is called a polymer. H C C H H H C H C H n H H n In addition polymerisation, no other products are formed. 6) Outline the
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How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. How is the scientific method used to solve problems? Scientific method used to solve problems by keen observations, rational analysis, and experimentation. Observation: Closely observe the physical world around you. Question: Recognize a question or a problem. Hypothesis:
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A caffeine molecule consists of 4 different elements. These are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. The molecular formula for caffeine is C8H10N4O2. A neutron is subatomic particle about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge. A proton is a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive charge equal to an electron, but with an opposite sign. An electron is a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity. One carbon atom contains 8
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Atom, Molecules and Elements Ions: an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge. Isotopes: an atom with different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. (These extra neutrons have NO EFFECT ON THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of the atoms but they do affect the weight of the atom.) Particle Location Weight Charge Proton Nucleus 1 amu Positive Neutron Nucleus 1 amu Neutral Electrons Electron Cloud 0 amu Negative Valence electrons: electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Atomic
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Water is a very small molecule consisting of the two most common reactive elements known (3), these are two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. However, shared electrons in water are not evenly shared. Oxygen attracts electrons much more strongly than hydrogen, this results in a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom. These charge difference lead to hydrogen bonding, this is where slightly negatively charge atom
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Although I took biology class back in high school, I never truly paid attention or really understood the material. Taking this course helped me learn more about the scientific method, atoms the chemical bonds, the importance of water, and the macromolecules. An observation is always the first step to the scientific method. Collecting data helps understand the full detail of the experiment. A hypothesis would then need to be formed. It’s the question to be studied through experiments. Experiments
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS I n this chapter we first briefly review the most important types of covalent bonds encountered in organic substances and the ways in which these bonds are represented in structural formulas. Next we consider the sizes and shapes of organic molecules and how structural formulas written in two dimensions can be translated into three-dimensional models that show the relative positions of the atoms in space. We also discuss models
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geological, and chemical processes. * There are a few types of atoms that can be a part of a plant one day, an animal the next day, and then travel downstream as a part of a river’s water the following day. These atoms can be a part of both living things like plants and animals, as well as non-living things like water, air, and even rocks. The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical
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also contains other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur. The foods you eat provide the organic compounds that your cells are made up of and that they use to function. Organic compounds give the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (“CHO”) that are needed to make biological macromolecules. Biological macromolecules, are large molecules (also known as polymers). A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Monomers are small molecules that may be joined together
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