Phytochemical screening of the leaves extract All the solvent extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening and the results are presented in Table 1. Qualitative analysis of the leaf extract of A. muricata showed the presence of various phytochemicals. Methanolic extract of Annona muricata leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, phenols, anthraquinones, steroids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides and oil in the leaf. Carbohydrates,
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viruses being live is that they lack most of the organelles necessary for biosythesis, thus reproduction. In order for a virus to reproduce it must find a suitable host. A virus is a bacteriophage, or intracellular parasite that multiplies inside a bacteria making use of the biosythetic organelles and structure that they lack. A virus expands through the mechanism of bacterial gene transfer.
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Clostridium Perfringens are not transferred between humans, there are transmission risks between humans and animals for types A & C. Due to the nature and existing C. Perfringens in the intestines, everyone is susceptible to food poisoning from these bacteria. While exact amounts which cause illness are not exact, it is stated that the ingestion of food containing 10^8 or more viable vegetative C. Perfringens are cause for food poisoning. (PHAoC, 2011) Young and elderly are most at risk for this illness
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important to minimise cross infection of Micro-organisms. Many micro-organisms are good for us and are essential for life, such as bacteria in the intestine which helps break down food waste matter. However, when a micro-organism is capable of doing harm it is said to be pathogenic. There are four main micro -organisms that cause disease, these include, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa. Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) can act as a barrier to protect you against infectious material. P.P
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1. Introduction: Enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages and confectioneries as well as in textile and leather processing, and wastewater treatment. The potential applications of amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases in biotechnology have already been reviewed. The majority of the enzymes used in the industry are of microbial origin because microbial enzymes are relatively more stable
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Fungi constitute a group of diverse eukaryotes which are only next to insects in terrestrial environments. About 1,28,432 species of fungi are known worldwide, while the existing global estimate of fungal species is 3 million, hence 95.72% remains yet to be described. Mushrooms are distinctive spore producing fruiting bodies which can be either epigenous or hypogenous and large enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked by hand. Mushrooms are variously called macrofungi, macromycetes,
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Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) Overview- Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis spores. Mild cases of this condition are not common and treatment is not generally necessary. However, this disease is often misdiagnosed, due to the fact that you experience only mild or moderate symptoms, and these symptoms often takes 20 years to present. The most severe cases of Coccidioidomycosis causing the infection to spread to other parts of the body through
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the root zone. The major process responsible for nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment in wetlands is nitrification, denitrification complex mediated by the microorganisms. Nitrification is the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. It is only operational under aerobic conditions; however, the environment in a wetland is not generally aerobic, except near the water surface and on submerged plant and root surfaces. 〖NH〗_4^++1.5O_2 →〖NO〗_2^- +H_2 O+2H^+ ------------Equation
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Polymers are additives used widely in pharmaceutical systems for numerous objectives, i.e. as suspending, emulsifying and flocculating agents, adhesives, and for packaging and coating materials. Polymers are made up of repeating monomer units with a high molecular weight. Their chemical reactivity depends on the chemistry of their monomer units, but their properties depend mainly on how the monomers are assembled together. Nearly all polymers exist with a range of molecular weight and for convenience
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G. ROOT BARRIER. This layer prevents plant roots from reaching and penetrating the waterproofing membrane or insulation if there are any. Plants with aggressive root barriers usually penetrate the membrane in search of moisture. H. PROTECTION BOARD. The protection board is used to prevent any damage to the membrane until all essential components are installed. According to Tolderlund (2010), membranes are usually made of durable materials that are water resistant and have a thickness of between 1/8
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