...present the evolution of the economic theory of privacy (Section 2), we examine current privacy-related trade-o s for data subjects and data holders (Section 3), and we highlight the current economic debate on privacy protection (Section 4). 1.1 The Boundaries of the Economics of Privacy Before commencing our analysis, we alert the reader of the boundaries inherent to an eco- nomic approach to the privacy debate. First of all, in the rest of the document our focus will be, primarily, on information privacy - that is, on the issues associated with the collection and usage of individuals' personal information (Westin, 1970). We take this approach be- cause, while privacy is a multi-faceted concept, most of the relevant contemporary economic research focuses on consumers' data . Our focus on informational privacy and consumer data, however, should not be construed as a denial of the existence of other dimensions to the pri- vacy debate, which may be more dicult to capture in economic terms (Solove (2006), for instance, distinguishes between privacy issues associated with the collection, processing, or dissemination of personal data, and privacy issues associated with personal invasions , such intrusion and decisional interference). Second, the existence of such trade-o s does not imply that the economic agents are always aware of them as they take decisions that will impact their privacy. Third, the analysis of trade-o s associated with...
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...The advances made in information technologies are causing an increasing number of ethical problems. The power used to processing computers doubles about every two years. Organizations are more dependent than ever before on their information systems. The Ethical problems arising from the appropriate use of customer information, personal privacy, and the protection of intellectual property have lead to increased laws to regulate the way data is collected. There are also privacy issues involved collecting, storing, and disseminating information about individuals. Privacy is the right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions. Information privacy is the right to determine when, and to what extent, information about yourself can be gathered and/or communicated to others. 1 Court decisions in many countries have followed two rules fairly closely: The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society. The public’s right to know supersedes the individual’s right of privacy. These two rules show why it is difficult in some cases to determine and enforce privacy regulations. National Do Not Call Registry The protection of privacy brought about the need for the National Do Not Call Registry. This registry is intended to give consumers an opportunity to limit the telemarketing calls they receive. The registry was set to begin in 2003, but a court challenge delayed its implementation until 2004. The law does provide exceptions...
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...Data Security and Privacy Act Data security & privacy has varies of roles and responsibilities to prevent financial crimes. Financial crimes can include telemarketing scams, investment or pension fraud, credit card fraud, and insurance fraud. However, it is the company decision on how much personal protection is needed to secure its customers financial investments. Moreover as who is suppose to make this decision for financial protection falls under corporate security. These decisions are very important because businesses, as well as individuals, can be victims of financial crimes and face serious financial loss. In this recent ongoing decade because of the fear of big government and the fear of privacy intrusions through the internet and internet commerce, across all enforcement agencies, data security and privacy are high priorities. The Obama Administration has made enforcement of data security and privacy a top priority. In this modern day age, updating the Healthcare Insurance portability & Accountability Act is recently now highly recommended. The healthcare industry is already familiar with data security and privacy restrictions. We the people in the United States of America is living in an information technology era, with increasing automation of electronic medical records, clinical systems, and medical imaging, as well as growing regulatory pressures, it is a challenge for healthcare providers to protect the privacy of patient data and secure their IT...
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...Data Classification and Privacy: A foundation for compliance Brian Markham, CISA University of Maryland at College Park Office of Information Technology Goals for today: Give you a solid understanding of both Data Classification and Data Privacy with respect to compliance; Link data classification and privacy to ongoing compliance issues; Discuss various best practices, methodologies, and approaches that you can take with you; Do my best to answer any questions you may have on audit related issues regarding these topics. So...who am I? IT Compliance Specialist @ the Office of Information Technology at UMCP Responsible for audit and compliance initiatives within OIT Formerly employed by KPMG LLP and Grant Thornton LLP as an IS Auditor Have worked with many federal, state, and local governments as well as public companies, hospitals, and not-for-profits. Why do we want to be in compliance? No one likes audit findings; Reduces organizational risk; Processes based on best practice and widely adopted standards are more effective than ad-hoc processes; Systems and data are more secure as a result of good internal control practices. What is Data Privacy? Data Privacy - the relationship between technology and the legal right to, or public expectation of privacy in the collection and sharing of data. The U.S. has trailed the E.U. and other countries in data privacy regulations and legislation; Passed Legislation: HIPAA, Gramm-Leach-Bliley, COPPA; Proposed Legislation: Data...
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...See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263893131 TruSMS: A trustworthy SMS spam control system based on trust management Article in Future Generation Computer Systems · July 2014 Impact Factor: 2.79 · DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2014.06.010 CITATIONS READS 4 2,022 4 authors, including: Zheng Yan Raimo Kantola Xidian University Aalto University 88 PUBLICATIONS 588 CITATIONS 91 PUBLICATIONS 298 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. SEE PROFILE Available from: Zheng Yan Retrieved on: 12 April 2016 This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights Author's personal copy ...
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...Trident University International Michael S. Hunter Module 1 Case Assignment ETH 301: Business Ethics Dr. Steven Gold and Dr. Joel Kostman August 8th, 2011 During the next few pages I will make an argument through utilitarian and deontological reasoning and explore the nature of privacy to answer the question; “Should Justin Ellsworth’s Parents have been given access to his email?” This is a very debatable question. It is my belief based upon my values and life experiences to take the position that his parents should not be given access to his e-mail. First, let us consider the utilitarian aspect of the question. Utilitarianism, as defined by the notes under the Module 1 home page, “the assessment of good versus bad consequences of an action and choosing the course of action that best serves the greatest good for the greatest number”. In the Ellsworth case there are many factors to consider. Positive factors include many interests by both parties. One example is the obligation for Yahoo as an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to honor their contractual agreement. Another positive factor for Justin’s parents is the ability to gain some additional insight into his personal life, something they may need for personal closure and the parental need to know more about their son’s life. A negative aspect of this case is the ultimate disclosure of communications that were private between Justin and another individual. If he meant for his parents to receive a copy...
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...Privacy, Exposure and Price Discrimination Luc Wathieu1 Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 (email) lwathieu@hbs.edu (Tel) 617-495-1016 Submitted for presentation at the first QME conference This paper explores the demand for privacy that arises from the loss of consumer surplus when firms gain the ability to treat different consumers differently. It is shown that firms in quest of a competitive advantage may have an incentive to acquire consumer information and use it to gain exclusive access to finer consumer segments, even when the costs of customized marketing are exceedingly high. When such is the case, the opportunity arises for an intermediary to coarsen market access in order to protect consumer surplus and to bar firms from exercising price discrimination. This intermediary could be a mass retailer, a mass media or a diverse community. Formally, the paper analyzes the situation of an intermediary who owns a finer market access system, i.e., the capability to separately access two types of consumers who previously remained undistinguishable. The system could be made available to one firm in exclusivity, or to several firms (two instances of “exposure”), or to no firm at all (“privacy”). The best-bidding agent (from among firms, marginal-type consumers, and mainstream-type consumers) is buying the right to command the equilibrium access allocation. The solution involves either privacy (commanded by mainstream consumers) or exclusive exposure (commanded...
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...Bessie Napper IT 547 OL Data Privacy Trends April 28, 2016 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is a reflection on Data Privacy Trends of 2015. This paper will summarize my opinion on the talk about what matters most in data privacy. It will show how the panel has laid out a compelling discussion about the issues facing data privacy. Churchill Data Privacy Trends 2015 presented on what matters most in data privacy. They talked about the ever-growing demand for big data. How increasingly effective “bad actors,” leading to the worst year on record for data breaches. That privacy practices was designed only to deal with compliance or breach response. The conflicting global privacy laws and a growing concern among consumers about whose doing what with their data. Businesses are very aware of how consumers are increasingly aware of the risks and options as their personal data has effectively become a form of currency. As an example, telemarketers are always selling your information to other telemarketers in ways of contacting you in order to get you to buy things from them. As we live and breathe privacy all day we want to feel safe that we are not being violated whenever we go online and open a web page or email attachment. So by choosing the encrypted form of email is one way they talked about helping with privacy issues. With privacy and security one of the things they talked about is understanding where the risks are and how you can alter your behavior. This to me would mean...
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...“If you want to keep a secret, you must also hide it from yourself.” -George Orwell. The renouncement of personal privacy displayed in George Orwell’s 1984 is exponentially exploited. No one is ever granted the simple right we ought to have, which is privacy. Telescreens and police patrol see all while going unnoticed. George Orwell’s assumption of the future was not far from expected or at least has yet to come. The similarities between 1984 and present day is a lack of privacy, abuse of technology and Newspeak. In George Orwell’s 1984, he talks a lot about privacy and how it is valued and perceived. Privacy is essentially a figment of one’s imagination or simply a reminisce of a memory from long ago when the world was right. “In the far...
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...George Orwell’s ideas about the advancement of technology and predictions cannot go unnoticed and under appreciated. His prediction of technology ruling a country’s behavior may be accurate in the near future because much of his technology closely resembles today’s technology. His illustration of the telescreen and microphones had kept Oceania on their heels. A telescreen is a device in which it is used by Oceania’s government (Big Brother) to provide propaganda and detecting conspiracy. This perceiving instrument has long affected the behavior of Oceania’s citizens.“The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so long as he remained...
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...Technology through the eyes of George Orwell Summary of the story The novel 1984 published in 1949 takes a look at society of future in 1984. This society called Oceania is a totalitarian one, where state controls everything including the people’s thought. The government, which runs Oceania is called INGSOC (English Socialism). The controllers are known as “The Party”, whose leader is Big Brother. Winston Smith, the central character, a 39-year old man lives in London. He secretly hates Big Brother. He decides to rebel by keeping a diary in which he reveals his rebellious thought. He knows the crime he is committing and also that one day the thought police would discover his crime and probably kill him. The lowest class in the social hierarchy of Oceania are “proles”, who are relatively free of police surveillance. He befriends Mr. Charrington, the prole owner of a junk shop, who shares similar interest in the past life before the rule of Big Brother. A dark haired girl, in another department slips a piece of paper in Winston’s hand. It says, “I love you.” Winston is surprised and disturbed as any sexual relation between Party members is strictly forbidden. Nevertheless, he falls in love and they meet secretly. A love affair begins and the girl finally introduces herself as Julia. They are careful enough to meet in places unlikely to be watched. Winston and Julia eventually hire a room above Mr. Charrington’s junk-shop as a place for the two of them to...
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...lasted up until 1991. The historic wars of these times influenced literature and the writers of the time, as they shaped their novels and books around these events. Writers such as George Orwell and Kurt Vonnegut created novels of dystopian societies to alert nations that communism was not as great as it sounded. British writer George Orwell wrote the novel 1984 published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. in 1949. 1984 is a political novel written with the purpose of warning readers in the West of the dangers of totalitarian government. In 1949, the Cold War had not yet escalated, and many Americans supported communism as possible political systems for the west. Therefore, Orwell wrote his novel in order to expose the cruelty and oppression of communist countries. In his dystopian nation, Orwell gave a sneak peak of what a country could become if the people gave all the power to the government. In 1984, Orwell portrays the perfect totalitarian society in which the government monitors and controls every aspect of human life to the extent that having a disloyal thought is against the law. They do so with the use of technology such as tele screens and microphones across the city which allowed the government to monitor all the citizens almost all of the times. In order to keep the citizens of London loyal and obedient to the government, they use psychological manipulation designed to overwhelm the minds capacity for independent thought. Every citizen has a giant tele screen which...
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...The advances in information technology resulted in new ethical issues that needed to addressed and necessitating the creation of The United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000 are to be addressed in this paper. The advancement in information technology such as the world wide web, search engines, YouTube, and virtual databases have made it easily accessible to obtain personal information, but also grant anyone access to age-inappropriate sites. The United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (referred to in this article as the "Act") was an amendment to the Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984 (the "1984 Act"). It was the first comprehensive legislation in the United States to identify and provide for the prosecution of crimes committed through and against computer systems (Zegarelli, 2002). The initial 1984 Act addressed crimes in a very limited circle involving the government computers, but also consumer credit and government data, but did not cover any areas outside the afore mentioned scopes. Technology advancements made it necessary to protect everyone’s privacy since it had become much easier to store and access an individual’s personal data within a corporation’s database. According to our text: “privacy is the right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions. Information privacy is the right to determine when, and to what extent, information about...
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...accurately details why Huxley’s prediction of the future is a much more plausible projection in relation to our modern day society in the United States. Orwell’s main character in 1984, Winston Smith, is living within a society reliant and controlled by a totalitarian government. This government controls the past, present, and the future of each and every citizen through the various...
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...“The purpose of a writer is to keep civilization from destroying itself,” (Albert Camus). As this quote clearly says, authors not only use their books as a way to entertain the reader but also as a way to prevent society from destroying itself. A way authors do this is by critiquing norms of society. For example, George Orwell uses his book 1984 to critique the normalities found in society. To be specific, Orwell uses the novel 1984 to critique the social, political, intellectual norms of today’s society which can be seen extensively throughout the book. To start, George Orwell uses 1984 to critique to social norms of today’s society. One way he does this is through the use of telescreens. Telescreens are a propaganda tool used by the Big...
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