...issues, theories, concepts, methodologies, etc., you have been taught within the module for which it is the final assessment. It is most important therefore – even as you begin and then progress through the module – that you are clear about the fundamental perspectives, values and assumptions underpinning the course’s main themes and topics as they are being presented to you in lectures and seminars. Remember no theory or perspective has the whole picture. All accounts of the world are partial and biased from a particular understanding of how we are human and what society is. Such-and-such a view is only the case under certain conditions. A prime purpose for an essay is to critique particular ideas, pointing out how explanation A might be more useful and valid than B in these circumstances. In the conclusion of your essay, on the other hand, you might want to point out that in other contexts (social, cultural, eras, etc.) there may be other factors that need to be considered. Do these limit or question the weight of claims you have made in the development of your current argument? Key questions before you embark on writing your essay • Have you identified clearly the key issue the essay question wants scrutinised? • Have you checked the command word in the question – e.g. explain means give details about why a certain perspective can be advocated; evaluate means make a critical appraisal of the worth and validity for a particular explanation of how the world seems to work. ...
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...to a particular form of medical treatment is administered. The information should include the risks and advantages of any medical treatment that concerns the patient. * Is an agreement by a client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after being provided complete information, including the benefits and risks of treatment, alternatives to the treatment and prognosis if not treated by a health care provider. Four Major Elements of Informed Consent 1. Competence. This refers to a patient’s capacity for decision-making. One is considered competent when (a) one has made a decision (b) one has the capacity to justify one’s choice – competence here requires some process of deliberation, justification, and an articulation of why one has made this particular choice; (c) one does not only justify one’s choice but does so in a reasonable manner. 2. Disclosure. This refers to the content of what a patient is told or informed about during the consent negotiation. Then patient must be informed and must understand the information concerning medical treatment to be undertaken, so that a moral decision can be made. The disclosure of the information must be conducted in such a way that the patient understands the whole process and is aware of the possible outcomes of his or her normal choice. Should there be a language barrier between the physician and the patient; an interpreter might be consulted to communicate the pertinent information. 3. Comprehension. This refers...
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...CHAPTER 2 ECONOMISTS’ VIEW OF BEHAVIOR CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter uses the cheating scandal at Merrill Lynch to illustrate how a manager’s view of behavior can affect decision making. It summarizes the economic view of behavior and contrasts it with other views. The chapter presents a graphical analysis of utility maximization and decision making under uncertainty. The concepts in this chapter are an important foundation for subsequent material in the book. CHAPTER OUTLINE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR: AN OVERVIEW Economic Choice Marginal Analysis Managerial Application: Marginal Analysis of Customer Profitability Opportunity Costs Managerial Application: Opportunity Costs and V-8 Creativity of Individuals Managerial Application: Creative Gaming of the System GRAPHIC TOOLS Individual Objectives Indifference Curves Constraints Individual Choice Changes in Choice MOTIVATING HONESTY AT MERRILL LYNCH MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Managerial Application: Medicare Creates Perverse Incentives for Doctors ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF BEHAVIOR Only-Money-Matters Model Happy-Is-Productive Model Managerial Application: Happy-Is-Productive versus Economic Explanations of the Hawthorne Experiments Good-Citizen Model Managerial Application: Culture and Behavior Product-of-the-Environment Model WHICH MODEL SHOULD MANAGERS USE? ...
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...women in Australia (7 marks) 2. Define the following terms: mortality, morbidity and life expectancy (3 marks) 3. How is epidemiology used to improve the health of Australians? Provide examples (6 marks) 4. Outline two indicators of morbidity. Include examples in your answer (3 marks) 5. Why is it important to prioritise particular health issues in Australia? Include examples in your answer (5 marks) 6. Discuss the limitations of using epidemiology to describe the current health status of a population (4 marks) 7. Compare the health status of Australian males to Australian females (4 marks) 8. Analyse the importance of social justice principles in selecting health priorities in Australia (6 marks) 9. Demonstrate how an illness or disease is selected as a National Priority area (5 marks) 10. What is the role of epidemiology? Explain how epidemiology can be used to determine the priority areas for Australia’s health (4 marks) 11. Explain the main measures of epidemiology. What information do they provide about the current health status of Australians (4 marks) 12. Is Australia a healthy nation compared with the rest of the world? Explain your answer. How can Australia’s health be improved? (5 marks) 13. Distinguish between the terms ‘prevalence’ and ‘incidence’ (2 marks) 14. Identify reasons for Australia’s declining infant mortality rate (3 marks) 15. Does epidemiological information measure everything about health status? Explain your answer (4 marks) 16. What...
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...P2: Explain the potential effects of five different life factors, on the development of an individual. These are the five life factors on the development of an individual Genetic Biological Environmental Socioeconomic Lifestyle 1: Genetic – Psoriasis. My mother inherited Psoriasis from her mother. What is Psoriasis? Psoriasis is a common skin problem affecting about 2% of the population. It occurs equally in men and women, at any age, and tends to come and go unpredictably. It is not infectious, and does not scar the skin. There is more likely to be a family history of psoriasis in people who get it when they are young than in those who develop it when they are old. A child with one parent with psoriasis has roughly a 1 in 4 chance of developing psoriasis too. If one of a pair of twins has psoriasis, the other twin has a 70% chance of having it too if the twins are identical, but only a 20% chance if the twins are not identical.ihiu8ggoyf Treatments fall into three categories: topical – creams and ointments that are applied to your skin phototherapy – your skin is exposed to certain types of ultraviolet light systemic – oral and injected medications that work throughout the entire body My mother finds it difficult to wear short sleeve tops as she doesn’t like the way that her skin appears. Its can also cause my mum some pain (burning sensations, itching and flakey skin). My mother has had this since she was a child and has been to see her GP who...
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...Chapter 2 Modeling Data in the Organization Chapter Overview The purpose of this chapter is to present a detailed description of the entity-relationship model and the use of this tool within the context of conceptual data modeling. This chapter presents the basic entity-relationship (or E-R) model, while advanced features are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter Objectives Specific student learning objectives are included in the beginning of the chapter. From an instructor’s point of view, the objectives of this chapter are to: 1. Emphasize the importance of understanding organizational data, and convince your students that unless they can represent data unambiguously in logical terms, they cannot implement a database that will effectively serve the needs of management. 2. Present the E-R model as a logical data model that can be used to capture the structure and much, although not all, of the semantics (or meaning) of data. 3. Apply E-R modeling concepts to several practical examples including the Pine Valley Furniture Company case. Key Terms |Associative entity |Entity-relationship diagram |Relationship instance | | |(E-R diagram) | | |Attribute | |Relationship type | |Binary...
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...Issue Overall picture of the symptoms and distressing experiences, highlight the triggers and feared consequence What: What is happening at the moment that concerns you? What issue would you like to work with? Where: Where is it likely to happen more/less? Is it worse in familiar/unfamiliar surroundings? With Whom: With whom is it better or worse? E.g.: family, friends, crowds, strangers? When: When is it likely to happen more/less? Does it get worse in the mornings/ evenings? Feared Consequence/Belief: What is the worse thing you fear would happen if you did/did not…? What is the worst thing for you about having this problem? Behaviours Identifying the coping mechanisms and safety behaviours Behavioural Excesses: What do you (do, think, say to yourself) to make you feel better? Are there things that other people do for you that make you feel better? Behavioural Deficits: What do you do less of to make you feel better? What have you stopped doing? Anything you do less of due to the issue? Details of Issue Frequency: (occurrence of issue) How often in a week/day/hour do you? Longest, shortest, typical, last? Intensity: 0-8 Scale, How far would you go before needing to use safety behaviour? Number: (occurrence of behaviour in relation to issue)...
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...Homeopathy: An alternative means of Treatment Nicoline Lami Edie Langston University Introduction Homeopathy is an alternative medicine developed more than 200 years ago in Germany at the end of the 18th century by Dr Samuel Hahneman. This natural healing system is based on the theory “of like cures like” wherein an actual substance that produces symptoms in a healthy person can stimulate self-healing of similar symptoms in a sick person. Plants, minerals and animals are compounded into different forms such as ointment gels, drops, creams and tablets. The word homeopathy comes from the Greek word; “homeos”, which means similar and “pathos”, meaning disease (Wyatt, Sikorskii & You, 2013, p. 34). Our rationale for choosing this topic is our desire to broaden our knowledge on the intricacies of homeopathy. It is a concept that eludes us as nursing students. As people who collectively have as final goal to provide health care to the population in general, it will be of interest to know what other forms of complementary medicines our clients are using. In addition, people who use homeopathic medicine do so while still actively seeking the services of medical practitioners or cannot afford conventional medicine or better still because it is a practice that has been handed to them from generation to generation. According to Zimmerman (2012), 30% of nurse-midwives in North Carolina recommended Statistical data suggest that homeopathy is a well-known...
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...opportunity cost, the more alternatives that we have given up in undertaking an action, the higher the opportunity cost.” Please comment on this statement and explain your answers using examples. Ans Opportunity cost of an action refers to the value of the best alternative that must be given up in order to undertake that action. That is, the highest-valued option forgone. The statement in the question is uncertain and is determined by situation, because the opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative forgone rather than the sum of all the alternatives forgone. There are two possibilities. Firstly, if the value of one added option is higher than that of original best alternative forgone, the opportunity cost increase. By contrast, if each of the added options’ values is no more than that of original best alternative forgone, the opportunity cost remains constant. Example for the situation that the value of one added option is higher than that of original best alternative forgone: Suppose that you have $5,000 dollars at hand and you are considering spending this money on (Listed in the priority of the action’s value for you) |Original buying list |Value |Added alternatives |value | |1. Buy a notebook |10 |1. Buy a mobile phone |9 | |2. Buy a professional camera |8 |2. Buy a video game console...
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...Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK 2) Expected monetary value (EMV) is the payoff you should expect to occur when you choose a particular alternative. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK 3) The decision maker can control states of nature. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: THE SIX STEPS IN DECISION MAKING 4) All decisions that result in a favorable outcome are considered to be good decisions. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: INTRODUCTION 5) The difference in decision making under risk and decision making under uncertainty is that under risk, we think we know the probabilities of the states of nature, while under uncertainty we do not know the probabilities of the states of nature. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: TYPES OF DECISION-MAKING ENVIRONMENTS 6) EVPI (expected value of perfect information) is a measure of the maximum EMV as a result of additional information. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK 7) When using the EOL as a decision criterion, the best decision is the alternative with the largest EOL value. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK 8) To determine the effect of input changes on decision results, we should perform a sensitivity analysis. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK 9) The maximax decision criterion is used by pessimistic decision makers and maximizes the maximum outcome for every alternative. Answer: FALSE Diff:...
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...smth terms (plural) in practical/political/economic terms, in terms of time/money/efforts Word Combinations to result from smth to result in smth apart from Expressions with “come” (p.7) Idiomatic expressions (p.8) Physical complains (p.18) Text How are your genes? (p. 19) span (n.), life span determine (v.), genetically/culturally/biologically determined, to determine + whether/why/who/what Text of the sample composition (p.30) benefit (v.), to benefit from, benefit (n.), to reap/receive benefit from, beneficial (adj.) test-tube (n.), test-tube baby controversy (n.), to create/cause/spark/stir controversy, controversial (adj.) affect (v.) hostility (n.), hostile (adj.) interfere (v.), interfere in/with abuse (v.), abuse (n.) ban (v.), ban (n.), ban on smth. One Man’s Meat is Another Man’s Poison Talking points A. How do you rate the following suggestions as ways of ensuring physical fitness? Rank them starting with those you consider to be most effective. Be prepared to justify your choice by explaining how the suggestions may or may not help you. * grow your own vegetables * avoid “junk” food * sell your TV * stop smoking * buy an exercise bike...
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...bother many" (Journal of Management Studies, vol. 30(6), 1993). Do you agree with these statements? If so, why, and what are the implications of your beliefs for research methods in strategic management and organization science? If not, why not, and what are the implications of your beliefs for research methods in those areas? Lay out the components of the Runkel and McGrath (1972) Research Cycle and the Martin (1982) Garbage Can Model of the research process. What are the aims of either approach? What assumptions does each approach make? What basic themes does each approach emphasize? What kinds of constraints on the process of doing research does each approach highlight? How are the two approaches alike and different in other ways? What are the likely pitfalls of viewing the research process from only one of these two viewpoints? Define (and discuss important features or issues concerning) the following constructs of Philosophy and Logic of Science. (Define any four terms). 1. Null hypothesis 3. Paradigm 4. Independent variable 5. Operational definition 6. Nomological network 8. The fallacy of affirming the consequent 9. Theory 2. Logical empiricism (positivism) 7. Modus tollens A4. Organizational Studies may be described as either a basic or an applied discipline. From your point of view, is Organizational Studies a basic discipline or an applied discipline, or both? What should it be? When answering this question, be sure to define distinctions between these two types...
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...Chapter 11: Testing a Claim Objectives: Students will: Explain the logic of significance testing. List and explain the differences between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. Discuss the meaning of statistical significance. Use the Inference Toolbox to conduct a large sample test for a population mean. Compare two-sided significance tests and confidence intervals when doing inference. Differentiate between statistical and practical “significance.” Explain, and distinguish between, two types of errors in hypothesis testing. Define and discuss the power of a test. AP Outline Fit: IV. Statistical Inference: Estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses (30%–40%) B. Tests of significance 1. Logic of significance testing, null and alternative hypotheses; P-values; one- and two-sided tests; concepts of Type I and Type II errors; concept of power 4. Test for a mean (large sample -- ( known) What you will learn: A. Significance Tests for µ (( known) 1. State the null and alternative hypotheses in a testing situation when the parameter in question is a population mean µ. 2. Explain in nontechnical language the meaning of the P-value when you are given the numerical value of P for a test. 3. Calculate the one-sample z-statistic and the P-value for both one-sided and two-sided tests about the mean µ of a Normal population. 4. Assess statistical significance at standard levels α by comparing...
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...ECONOMICS _____________________________________________________________________________________ WEEK 1: HOW ECONOMISTS THINK * What are preferences? Preferences refer to all of the objectives an individual wants to achieve that might motivate a choice among a set of alternatives. * What does it mean for an individual’s preferences to be rational? Please explain the concepts of costs and benefits and the reasoning process used by a rational individual. A rational individual will try to make the best possible use of his/her scarce resources, usually choosing an activity that has the highest utility. Rational preferences possess 2 properties, which are completeness and transitivity. Completeness means that choices can be ranked in an order of preference. For instance, an individual will have a preference when faced with two choices. Transitivity means actions can be compared with other actions. As an example, if action a is preferred to b, and action b is preferred to c, then a is preferred to c. A benefit is the maximum unit of currency amount you would be willing to pay to do x, while the cost is the value of all the resources you must give up in order to do x. The cost-benefit approach to decisions states that an individual should do an activity x if the benefit exceeds the cost. Relating to cost, in the process of coming up with a decision, a rational individual will take into account opportunity costs and ignore sunk costs. * New theories argue that...
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.../0025224509257 Copyright © Willis Yuko Oso, 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part or transmitted in any form or by any means (except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical review for educational purposes) without the express permission of the publisher in writing. Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Willis Yuko Oso Faculty of Education and School of Postgraduate Studies Amoud University Somaliland ISBN: 978-9966-793-32-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES vii SYMBOLS USED IN THE TEXT x PREFACE xi 1: EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH – CONCEPTUALIZATION 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Defining Educational Research 1 1.2 Characteristics of Educational Research 4 1.3 Purpose of Educational Research 5 1.4 Types of Research 9 1.4.1 Basic Research 9 1.4.2 Applied Research 10 1.4.3 Action Research 11 1.4.4 Research and Development (R&D) 15 1.4.5 Operations Research 15 2: THE RESEARCH PROCESS 18 2.0 Introduction 18 2.1 Research Topic 18 2.1.1 What is a Research Topic? 18 2.1.2 Elements of a Research Topic 19 2.1.3 Identifying a Research Topic 19 2.1.4 Sources of Research Topics 20 2.1.5 Selecting a Research Topic 21 2.1.6 Writing a Research Topic 22 2.1.7 Characteristics of a well-written Research Topic 25 2.2 Research Background 26 2.2.1 What is a Research Background? 26 2.2.2 Why write a Research Background? 26 2.2.3 Writing a Research Background 27 2.2.4 Characteristics...
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