...Using separate methods of designing and making activities in quantity-production of jewelleries as a case, this paper will show how Computer Aided Designs (CAD) can be applied for designing jewelleries with complex shapes. Using separate methods of designing and making activities in quantity-production of jewelleries as a case, this paper will show how Computer Aided Designs (CAD) can be applied for designing jewelleries with complex shapes. Ng Jian Long (U095062A) Ng Jian Long (U095062A) Term Paper Assignment (CAD) Application of CAD for designing parts with complex shapes Term Paper Assignment (CAD) Application of CAD for designing parts with complex shapes ME3261/ME3261E Term Paper Assignment (CAD) Requirements: * Covering page: Title, Name, and Student Card Number. * The write-up should start with an introduction and end with a conclusion. References used in the body of the write-up should also be listed. * Source of materials: The specific case study concerns a reported application, such as from a magazine, a journal or the web sites – it is not expected to be a case study done by you. * Length limit: No more than 8 pages in the main body of the report (from introduction to reference section). Additional materials, if any, can be put in the Appendix. * Font size limit: No less than 10. * Spacing limit: 1.5 spaces should be used. * Submission deadline: October 30, 2012. Please upload the .PDF or MS-Word file to the ME3261 IVLE...
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...: Expert Systems © John A. Bullinaria, 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is an Expert System? The Architecture of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representing the Knowledge The Inference Engine The Rete-Algorithm The User Interface What is an Expert System? Jackson (1999) provides us with the following definition: An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. They will generally build upon the ideas of knowledge representation, production rules, search, and so on, that we have already covered. Often we use an expert system shell which is an existing knowledge independent framework into which domain knowledge can be inserted to produce a working expert system. We can thus avoid having to program each new system from scratch. w9-2 Typical Tasks for Expert Systems There are no fundamental limits on what problem domains an expert system can be built to deal with. Some typical existing expert system tasks include: 1. The interpretation of data Such as sonar data or geophysical measurements 2. Diagnosis of malfunctions Such as equipment faults...
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...The Work of Representation Stuart Hall Summarize by Jesse Tseng 1 Representation, meaning and language At first we have to know that： Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does involve the use of language, of signs and images which stand for or represent things. And surly it is not a simple or straightforward process. How this article exploring the concept of representation connect meaning and language to culture？ We will be drawing a distinction between three different account or theories：the reflective, the intentional and the constructionist approaches to representation. Most of this text will be exploring the constructionist approach with two major variants or models of the constructionist approach, the semiotic approach- Ferdinand de Saussure and the discursive approach- Michel Foucault. But we have to answer the question first：what does the word representation really mean？ 1.1 Making meaning, Representing things Representation is the production of the meaning of the concepts in our minds through language. There are two processes, two systems of representation. First, there is the system by which all sort of objects, people and events are correlated with a set of concepts or mental representations which we carry around in our heads.（like chair, table） Second, Language is therefore the second system of representation. (When we say we...
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...1. Introduction This report describes the personal experience of drawing a front house view based on a house plan. It also compares the drawing and the original picture. After that, it discusses the importance for visual learning of the concept of pictorial genres, instructional pros and cons of using realism in visual representation, problems that specialised visual representations can pose for students, factors influencing the pathways that learners use to explore a complex picture and picture interpretation as a constructive, knowledge-driven process that is related to this drawing exercise. 2. Summary of the personal experience during the drawing activity When I first looked at the plan, the first thing that came to my mind was how I could draw the front house view with a plan. The reason is the plan is a flat 2D view from the top of the house rather than from the front of the house. It shows not all the illustrations are the same even they represent the same subject matter. Due to the level of viewing, I started to look at the plan from the left to the right which can be entirely different when someone else looked at the same plan. However, not all the parts of the plan caught the same amount of the attention. The reason is the exercise is to draw the front view of the house. As a result, I spent a lot more time on the rooms and areas in the front. In contrast, I spent very little time on those areas like kitchen, alfresco etc in the rear as I did not believe they...
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...REGULAR PAPER Enterprise knowledge management model: a knowledge tower Ercan Oztemel · Seher Arslankaya Received: 2 February 2009 / Accepted: 7 May 2011 / Published online: 22 May 2011 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Abstract One of the most important aspects of knowledge management (KM) is to create a system that is capable of providing mechanisms and methodologies allowing the right knowledge to be at the right place and at the right person as well as at the right time within an enterprise. There have been several models developed for this purpose. The main objectives of these models are to organize the knowledge activities to increase competitive advantage and turn the market share into a continuous and permanent superiority through utilizing the intellectual capital of the enterprise for better products and services. When existing models are carefully analyzed, it can be clearly seen that every model addresses different aspects of KM. While some of these models have been intensifying on the use of technology and production of knowledge, the others rather focus on the utilization of knowledge itself. Although these models point out the importance of managerial participation, they are mainly designed to be facilitated at operational levels. It is now obviously seen that there is a need for a new model that will deal with KM at strategic, tactic, and operational levels in an integrated manner. In this study, an enterprise knowledge management model (EKMM) is developed...
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...Management Representations 1941 AU Section 333 Management Representations (Supersedes SAS No. 19.) Source: SAS No. 85; SAS No. 89; SAS No. 99; SAS No. 113. See section 9333 for interpretations of this section. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after June 30, 1998, unless otherwise indicated. Introduction .01 This section establishes a requirement that the independent auditor obtain written representations from management as a part of an audit of financial statements performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and provides guidance concerning the representations to be obtained. Reliance on Management Representations .02 During an audit, management makes many representations to the auditor, both oral and written, in response to specific inquiries or through the financial statements. Such representations from management are part of the audit evidence the independent auditor obtains, but they are not a substitute for the application of those auditing procedures necessary to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. Written representations from management ordinarily confirm representations explicitly or implicitly given to the auditor, indicate and document the continuing appropriateness of such representations, and reduce the possibility of misunderstanding concerning the matters that are the subject of the representations. [Revised, March 2006, to reflect conforming...
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...Rule-based Expert Systems Artificial Intelligence Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Cheng Shiu University Outline * Problem solving * Knowledge based problem solving * Expert Systems * Expert System Development team * Structures of Rule-based ES * Reasoning * Examples of Rule-based ES * Advantages/Disadvantages of Rule-based ES Problem Solving Procedures * Defining and Representing the Problem * Descriptions of Problem Solving * Selecting Some Suitable Solving Methods * Finding Several Possible Solutions * Choosing One Feasible Solution to Make a Decision Defining and Representing the Problem * State space: The combination of the initial state and the set of operators make up the state space of the problem. * Initiate state: The original state of the problem. * Operators: used to modify the current state, thereby creating a new state. * Path: The sequence of states produced by the valid application of operators from an old state to a new state is called the path. * Goal state: A state fit to the searching objective is called the goal state. Knowledge representation * Represent and manipulate the domain knowledge * Knowledge Definition * Knowledge Storing * Knowledge Representation Knowledge Definition * “The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.” (Webster’s Dictionary, 1988)(Knowing something via seeing...
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...Implementing knowledge bases 1. Concepts in Knowledge representation methods • Some of the techniques applied include o Relational Databases o Production Rules o Logic Representation o Frames o Case-bases • Graphic Representations include: o Semantic Networks o Decision Trees o 2. Production Rules Production Rules are program codes that follow the format IF…THEN…ELSE Eg IF international Conflict Begins AND it is in Middle East THEN oil price goes up. ✓ Symbolically: ✓ IF A AND B THEN C Example Consider the following information given by consumers surveying bureau of Kenya Let the rules and symbols be as follows: ✓ “if one leaves near Muthaiga road (A)and has a plump salary(B) then he is likely to join muthaiga golf club(C). ✓ One can say he leaves near Muthaiga road(A) if he leaves less than 15 kilometers off the road.(D) ✓ The survey also reveals that you have to have a plump income (B) and be a who-is-who in Nairobi(E) so that you can join an exclusive club(F). ✓ If you can join an exclusive club(F) then you are likely to meet politicians(G). ✓ One who meets politicians (G)is said to be well connected(H). ✓ If one can join exclusive (F) and is a who-is-who in Nairobi (E) then he is well connected.(H) ✓ If well connected then (H)one can join Muthaiga golf...
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...and the products of office work are the result of decentralized negotiations. Changing patterns of task organization and alliance inevitably give rise to inconsistent knowledge bases and procedures. This implies that there are no globally correct answers to problems addressed by OIL%. Rather, systems must deal with multiple competing, possibly irreconcilable, solutions. Articulating alternative solutions is the problem of due process. This problem and its consequences are illustrated by a case study of a rate-setting group in a large health insurance firm. There is no formal solution to the problem of due process. But it must be solved in practice if distributed intelligent 01% are to be developed. We propose an alternative approach based on the work of social scientists concerned with analyzing analogous problems in human organization. Solution of the due process problem hinges on developing local closures to the problem faced by an organization. This means analyzing (a) local, tacit knowledge and its transfer ability; (b) articulation work, that is, reconciling incommensurate assumptions and procedures. Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.l.l [Models and Principles]: Systems and Information Theory; 1.2.0 [Artificial Intelligence]: General; 1.2.4 [Artificial Intelligence]: Knowledge Rep- resentation Formalisms and Methods; K.6.1 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: Project and People Management-systems analysis and design; systems deuelopment;...
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...parties. It must be stated at the outset that as matter of policy no liability would lie at the doorstep of the customer, C Retton, who provided a personal recommendation for the brochure. He cannot be said to hold a duty of care to other customers as regards what was only his general opinion to the service and even if he was held to have a duty of care he cannot be said to have been in breach of a duty of care as the acts of others would be treated as a novus actus interveniens. One cause of action outside contract is under the doctrine of negligent misstatement. Liability here depends on the following factors 1 (a) a duty of care based on a special relationship; (b) Defendant's representation must be untrue, inaccurate or misleading; (c) Defendant must have been negligent in making representation; (d) the Claimant must have relied on the misrepresentation; and (e) reliance must have been detrimental to the Claimant. Firstly what is the liability outside contract as regards to the brochure which showed an artists impression of the complex? The impression was far removed form the truth and showed the complex in a very different light form the building site that it in fact was. Does any liability lie with the hotel or the travel agent? Whilst it is not stated whether or not there were statements as regards the hotel made in this case,...
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...through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk January 2012 Publications Code US030541 All the material in this publication is copyright © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 No.1a How does a referendum differ from an election? Indicative content (The following does not exhaust relevant points or appropriate knowledge) Referendums and elections can be seen as different political mechanisms, below are some of these differences: • • • • • A referendums does not secure representation of officials whereas elections provide a mechanism to place...
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...the time. To make things worse they also receive better political representation when it comes to dealing with social issues. These political benefits are given because the wealthy contribute heavily to political campaigns. It is given that the wealthy are better informed about politics than the poor, which makes them politically active. The poor on the other...
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...second rubric will evaluate the author’s potential achievement of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: Exceptional Needs Specialists/Early Childhood Through Young Adult Standards (NBPTS:ENS/ECTYAS). Rubric 1 Evaluate Web Site | Poor 1 pts | Fair 2 pts | Good 3 pts | Content | Information garbled or does not match search topic. | Provides cursory information about the search topic. | Provides ample and in depth information about the search engine topic. | Quality of Information | More ads than information on site. | Site loads well and has some information that can be used. | Information is well researched, well presented, and well organized. | User Friendly | Links broken, pop-up ads everywhere, information not available or site down or not up and running yet. | Limited amount of actual information intermingled with link for ads or other search engines. | Site was well organized and easy to follow. Information was provided with limited or no ads. | Rubric 2 Evaluate NBPTS:ENS/ECTYAS Standard | Never or Unsatisfactory 1 pts | Minimum Requirements met or Rarely 2 pts | Proficient or Sometimes 3 pts | Excellent or Always 4 pts | Knowledge of Students | Does not understand students’ skills, interests, dreams, or personal history. Learning experience is not personal at all. | Has cursory understanding of...
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...processes of their mind. The need to study cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology assumes that behaviour is the result of information processing. By describing thinking as information processing, cognitive psychologists are making a comparison between minds and computers (i.e. they are adopting a computer metaphor for the mind). This is useful because minds and computers have some attractive similarities: both have inputs, outputs, memory stores and a limited capacity for how much information they can process at any one time. Just as a computer’s behaviour is determined by what information it is given and how it has been programmed, so a person’s behaviour is determined by (1) the information available in their environment; (2) the ways they have learned to manipulate (process) information; and (3) the capacities for information processing inherent in the types of brain people have. In short, it is important to study cognitive psychology to gain an understanding of people, especially their thought processes and behaviours so that one can make positive behavioural changes. When an individual understand their own cognitive processes, they can analyze their thoughts before taking action. Different areas of study in cognitive psychology: Modern cognitive psychology freely, draws theories and techniques from twelve principle areas of research...
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...tested and confirmed the hypothesis that priming a stereotype or trait leads to complex overt behavior in line with this activated stereotype or trait. Specifically, 4 experiments established that priming the stereotype of professors or the trait intelligent enhanced participants' performance on a scale measuring general knowledge. Also, priming the stereotype of soccer hooligans or the trait stupid reduced participants' performance on a general knowledge scale. Results of the experiments revealed (a) that prolonged priming leads to more pronounced behavioral effects and (b) that there is no sign of decay of the effects for at least 15 min. The authors explain their results by claiming that perception has a direct and pervasive impact on overt behavior (cf. J. A. Bargh, M. Chen, & L. Burrows, 1996). Implications for human social behavior are discussed. behavior in line with the activated constructs (see also Carver, Ganellen, Froming, & Chambers, 1983; Neuberg, 1988). For example, priming participants with the stereotype of the elderly made participants walk more slowly than participants who were not primed (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996, Experiment 2). In our view, the notion that behavior is under direct perceptual control is of central importance for the understanding of human behavior. After all, upon meeting someone, one usually makes several categorizations instantly. One infers personality traits from the behavior of others spontaneously (Winter & Uleman, ...
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