...This paper will now discuss the history that led up to the 2008-2009 credit crises. October 29th 1929 was the day the United States stock market crashed and became known as Black Tuesday. Stocks became popular during economic expansion. As up and coming businesses were growing they needed funds to assist with development and were a widely popular way for investors to gain wealth. But on October 29th that would all change when stocks plummeted, and when investors tried to sell the stock no one was buying. It was not only private citizens that realized their losses but the banks that had invested the savings of their customers in stocks and could not pay the customers back. After the Great Depression subsided the financial industry was tightly regulated. Of the new regulations put into place the most important were: banks are prohibited from gambling with customer’s savings and investment bankers need to be more risk averse. The effect of the new changes would result in economic growth for the next 40 years in the United States. In the 1980’s banks went public giving them huge amounts of stockholder money. They used it as a reason to get into risky investments and slowly started becoming more irresponsible with other people’s money. The deregulation of savings and loans in 1980 gave them many of the capabilities of banks, without the same regulations as banks. When the real estate market crashed savings and loans went with it. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis)...
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...Financial Crises: Theory and Evidence Franklin Allen University of Pennsylvania Ana Babus Cambridge University Elena Carletti European University Institute June 8, 2009 1. Introduction Financial crises have been pervasive phenomena throughout history. Bordo et al. (2001) find that their frequency in recent decades has been double that of the Bretton Woods Period (1945-1971) and the Gold Standard Era (1880-1993), comparable only to the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 came as a great surprise to most people. What initially was seen as difficulties in the US subprime mortgage market, rapidly escalated and spilled over to financial markets all over the world. The crisis has changed the financial landscape worldwide and its costs are yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to concisely survey the literature on financial crises. Despite its severity and its ample effects, the current crisis is similar to past crises in many dimensions. In a recent series of papers, Reinhart and Rogoff (2008a, 2008b, 2009) document the effects of banking crises using an extensive data set of high and middle-to-low income countries. They find that systemic banking crises are typically preceded by credit booms and asset price bubbles. This is consistent with Herring and Wachter (2003) who show that many financial crises are the result of bubbles in real estate markets. In addition, Reinhart and Rogoff find...
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...Impacts Of Credit Crunch On U.S........................................ 1.1 Impact on U.S Economy...................................................... 1.2 Impact on Interest Rates...................................................... 1.3 Impact on Banking Sector.................................................... 1.4 Impact on Mortgages and Credit Lending Agencies............ 1.5 Impact on GDP..................................................................... 1.6 Impact on Inflation................................................................ 1.7 Impact on Employment in U.S.............................................. 2.0 Implemented Strategies To Overcome The Impacts............ 2.1 Fiscal Policy............................................................................ 2.2 Seek Direct Foreign Investment............................................. 2.3 Establish Proper Monitoring System...................................... 2.4 Strengthening the Country’s Internal Infrastructure............... Conclusion...................................................................................... References...................................................................................... INTRODUCTION “An immediate or sharp condition of unavailability of liquid money from the banks and money lending agencies in an economy is known as credit crunch”. The 2007-2009 global financial crises are known as...
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...“How Mortgage Crises in United States has affected Turkish Real Estate Sector?” Muhammet Çağlar Kılınç Cansu Sugün The U.S Mortgage Crises was characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backed by said mortgages. This caused an economic recession and in 2008-2012 it is called Global Recession due to the negative effects in the global sense. There are number of factors that lie behind these crises in both housing and credit markets. These factors emerged over a number of years. Causes proposed include the inability of homeowners to make their mortgage payments, overbuilding during the boom period, risky mortgage products, increased power of mortgage originators, high levels of debts, bad monetary and housing policies, international trade imbalances, and inappropriate government regulations. In January 2011 The U.S Financial Crises Inquiry Commission reported its findings. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding...
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...George Marrero Poli Sci 101-51 April 6, 2015 During the later half of the 20th century U.S economy was the most powerful economy in the world, they set the rules for rest of the world. They established multinational corporations all over the world, which was indeed the heart of world economy. (Davis, 2009) When the U.S economy was rising, all the other countries’ economies were also growing, at the same time when their economy went down it affected almost all the other importing and exporting countries in the world because of the recent crises which was named as “GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS”. This was meant to be the biggest crises after “THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1930” (Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2009). The crises have already recorded loss of over $150 billion and large numbers of banking institutions have declared bankruptcy or being sold. (Kregel, 2008) One among the banks filed for bankruptcy was Lehman Brothers, which was Fourth largest investment bank in U.S. (BBC, 2009). Therefore it is important to identify causes of current financial crises and resolution measures. Secondly, UK government should take effective steps in order to reduce danger of further crises. (Turner, 2009) During the later part of the 20th century, that is 1973, Daniel bell published a book titled “THE COMING OF POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY”. The book was about forecasting to find the changes in economy and society in the United States. One of the most visible changes according to him was the work force shifting...
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...The importance of Integrated Marketing Communications during financial crises in the Republic of Macedonia Author: Ass. Prof. Ilijana Petrovska, Ph.D. University American College Skopje Address: Ul. 3 Makedonska Brigada bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Tel / fax: +389 2 2463156 Mobile +389 78 383 112 e-mail: petrovska@uacs.edu.mk Co-author: Prof. Nada Sekulovska, Ph.D. University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Fakulty of Economics, Skopje Address: Bul. Krste Misirkov b.b., 1000 Skopje, Macedonia tel. 00389 2 3286 849 e-mail: nadas@eccf.ukim.edu.mk The importance of Integrated Marketing Communications during financial crises in the Republic of Macedonia Abstract The purpose of this paper is to implement a research regarding the marketing communications of the financial institutions during the last financial crises in the Republic of Macedonia. The last world financial crises had a big negative impact on the world economy, especially in the financial industry. However, the Republic of Macedonia didn’t suffered big financial implications in the financial industry, mainly because the investments in this sector are still underdeveloped and also the current financial actors are not active in the world financial markets. However the financial institutions’ marketing communications is showing changes in the world and in Macedonia, too. With the monitoring of the world banks’ marketing communications, the main conclusion is the change in the communications...
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...the banking system vulnerable to crisis. There is no greater challenge in economics than to understand and prevent financial crises. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 provides the opportunity to reassess our understanding of crises. All financial crises are at root bank runs, because bank debt—of all forms—is vulnerable to sudden exit by bank debt holders. The current crisis raises issues for crisis theory. And, empirically, studying crises is challenging because of small samples and incomplete data. *Written as a contribution for Trade, Globalization and Development: Essays in Honor of Kalyan Sanyal, edited by Sugata Marjit and Rajat Acharya (Springer Verlag; forthcoming). Some of this essay draws from material in my book Misunderstanding Financial Crises (Oxford University Press; forthcoming November 2012). I worked at AIG Financial Products as a consultant from 1996-2008. I thank Doug Diamond, Bengt Holmström, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Guillermo Ordoňez for comments.1 1. Introduction Economic development does not result in the elimination of financial crises. The recent financial crisis of 2007-2009 in the United States and Europe shows that market economies, however much they grow and change, are still susceptible to collapse or near-collapse from financial crisis. This is a staggering thought. And it came as a surprise, as financial crises were thought to be things of the past for developed economies, now only occurring in emerging markets. The fact of the crisis...
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...Dr. D.R . Rajashekharaswamy and Rangaswamy A crisis so severe, the Indian financial system is affected. ABSTRACT The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns. Following a period of economic boom, a financial bubble—global in scope—has now burst. A collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage market and the reversal of the housing boom in other industrialized economies have had a ripple effect around the world. Furthermore, other weaknesses in the global financial system have surfaced. Some financial products and instruments have become so complex and twisted, that as things start to unravel, trust in the whole system started to fail. This study is focus on financial /economic crisis and its effect on the Indian economy and government...
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...economic. This condition becomes more harmful when the securitized debts default. This practice is strictly forbidden according to Islamic finance principles. It has inherent risk management tools to prevent the crisis. This paper attempts to examine the root of the financial crisis and find the solution from Islamic finance principles. Keywords: Financial crisis, Derivative, MBS, CDO, CDS, Islamic finance 1 Corresponding author can be contacted by email: miranti_k_dewi@yahoo.com. “The credit and capital markets have grown too rapidly, with too little transparency and accountability. Prepare for an explosion that will rock the western financial system to its foundations.” (Barberton and Lane (1999) INTRODUCTION As mentioned by Barberto and Lane (1999), the explosion just became a reality. Though the crises in the US and Europe were one of the crises series which regularly hit the world starting from the 20th century,...
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...2008-2009 Economic Crises Name: Institution: Introduction In economics, a recession refers to a business cycle reduction. It refers to a general retardation of economic activities (Simon, 2001). Macroeconomic pointers like gross domestic product (GDP), investment spending, employment, capacity utilization, household income, inflation and business profits fall. This happens while unemployment and bankruptcies rates go up (Andrews, 2009). Recessions crops up when there is a general drop in expenditure. It follows the rising of an economic bubble or an unpredictable supply shock. Governments respond to recessions through implementing expansionary macroeconomic strategies. They tend to raise the government’s expenditure, increase money supply and lessen the amount of tax paid by the citizens (Andrews, 2009). In 2007, a global financial predicament rapidly metamorphosed from the bursting of the property bubble in the United States to the most horrible recession ever witnessed on the planet. This paper will research on the causes of the 2008-2009 economic predicament and the policies executed by various key people liable for saving the U.S. economy. It will also explain the task, constitutional authority, and the policy view of some current holders of key positions that set policies for saving the U.S. economy. In 2007, a worldwide economic predicament spread its gloom on the financial outcomes of several nations (Simon, 2001). It ended with what was often termed as the worst...
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...Topic Financial crises of 2008 Presented to presented by Date Table of contents Introduction causes and factors US government actions to solve the crises Analysis and opinion regarding the likelihood of another financial crisis Introduction: The current financial crisis started in the US housing market in 2007. The crisis spread across the whole world and brutally hurt the economies of numerous countries, including the US, and reached a new level in September 2008 as a number of well-known US-based financial institutions, including AIG and Lehman Brothers, warped. It is considered by many economists to be the most terrible financial crisis since the immense Depression of the 1930s .Many causes have been anticipated, with varying weight assigned by experts. Both market based and regulatory solutions have been implemented or are under consideration, while significant risks remain for the world economy over the 2010–2011 periods. Causes and factors: A: The US housing market 1: creation of a housing bubble US house prices increase significantly from 1998 to 2005, more than doubling over this period and extreme faster than average wages. Further support for the existence of a bubble came from the ratio of house prices to renting costs which rocketed upwards around 1999. The rise in house prices reflected large increases in demand for...
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...programs in times of crisis. On the other hand, we provided a description of the IMF arrangements in EU countries in 2008-2013. We found that these programs differ in type, duration, amount and conditionality, but not significantly in their key objectives (achieving sustainable public finances and ensuring financial sector stability). Key words: IMF lending arrangements, EU countries, crisis 1. IMF – supported programs in times of crisis – a literature review Some authors examine the role of the IMF as crisis manager and crisis lender (Boughton, 2000; Chandavarkar, 2002), the role played by the IMF as a creditor and as a monitor of economic reforms (Marchesi and Sabani, 2007) or the efficacy of IMF's finance in preventing financial crises (Brandes and Schule, 2008). Many articles have been written on the role of the IMF in financing and designing economic reform programs for developing countries and in dealing with crisis periods, thus: - the IMF's role in dealing with the Asian crisis in Thailand, Indonesia and South Korea in 1997-1998 (Jonas, 1999; Ito, 2007); - the IMF-supported program in Indonesia during the crisis period (Boediono, 2002; Grenville, 2004); - the IMF's influence on economic policies in Russia in the 1990s (Jordan, 2001; Odling-Smee, 2006); - the IMF Intervention in Korea in 1997 (Crotty and Lee, 2009); - the IMF involvement in 13 low income countries between January 2007 and June 104 IMF financial arrangements...
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...throughout the advanced market economies such as the US and the UK. The Financial crisis of 2007 is notably different from other crises we faced, for instance Anthony Herbst and Joseph Wu (2009) argued that ‘the financial crisis of this first decade of the 3rd millennium has features that make it both severe and somewhat intractable’. The crisis is argued to be not exogenous to our capitalist economic system, since it is intimately connected to financial innovation and de-regulation in financial markets. Furthermore, as Herbst and Wu (2009) advocate, ‘the current pandemic’ should be discussed in the light of ‘the political wrapper surrounding many aspects of it, and the threads running through it’. The economic situation and financial behaviour are always affected by political realm, so it is also necessary to consider political factors in evaluation of the crisis. General causes of this crisis are still being debated in the academic literature, and this paper aims to provide a relatively comprehensive outlook on the most common and empirically successful accounts of factors that contributed to the crisis. This report is organised as follows: part 1 provides a brief introduction to the current financial crisis; part 2 briefly evaluates the possible causes; part 3 examines whether insufficient regulation was the primary reason to all other listed causes of the crises and thus can be regarded as the primary cause of the recent collapse; part 4 concludes. Even though lax regulation has contributed...
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...economic crisis, as well as the development of theories that give satisfactory answers about the causes and, especially, the solutions to the crisis. Using scientific observation and comparative case study as research methods, this paper aims to make a theoretical critical review of the theories regarding the causes of economic crisis over time and to identify and analyze some anti-crisis policies. Keywords: economic competitiveness. crisis; macroeconomic theories; anti-crisis policies; JEL Classification: E30, GOL REL Classification: 81, 8M. 24 Laura Mariana Cisma§, Ruxandra ioana Pitorac Introduction Theoretical controversy on crises has augmented over the last two decades with a special accent on system and stmcture crises, as well as on the crisis of intemational economic relations among unequally developed countries. Crises regularity, in Juglar's opinion, is due to evolution and development. Each cycle comprises a period of prosperity, a crisis movement and a liquidation time. "The three periods occur one after another, always in the same order, although they have...
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...crisis effect in Romania, emphasis the reaction of the banks in the economic crisis context and how their behavior changed and extends with measures undertaken for mitigating the effect of the crisis to enable a better understanding of the changes and trends of bank marketing strategies during crises. The purpose of the paper is to give suggestions on possible policy responses to the changing consumer buying behavior and to address the effects of the crisis on banking sector strategies. 1 Introduction The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a crisis as a major reduction in economic activity for several months, reflected in the decrease of GDP, decline of individual’s income, reduction of the level of employment, decline of industrial production and consumption. The majority of banking crises follow a common pattern of causes and consequences [Klomp, 2010]. Banking crises are initiated by deregulatory measures, which lead to overly rapid credit expansion, and increases of asset prices. At some point, the bubble burst, with a dramatic fall in prices, disruption of the asset markets, widespread bankruptcies, increase in non-performing loans, credit losses, and acute liquidity problems within the banking system. Finally, governments have to bail out the weak banking system...
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