... The aim of this essay is to examine the evolution of communication technology in China and evaluate its impact on individuals and society. Before 1990s, the main technology applied in communication was called 1G, or the first-generation of wireless telephone technology (Rathod 2012). It transferred only voice data without being encrypted. The sound quality and the speed of transfer were in poor conditions as well. However, over the last 20 years, the quality of communication in China has increased significantly with the development of 2G, 3G and 4G communication technologies. In 1990s, the 2G technology was introduced. This abbreviation refers to digital voice systems, i.e. systems that transmit information via voice signals, which replaced early analog phones. 2G may be considered a revolutionary technology as it not only improved communication, but also contributed positively to public health. In terms of communication, 2G devices secured privacy, which means the data will be encrypted before transferring. What is more, this digital technology allowed designing radio-free mobile devices which are less harmful for human health. However, the main advantage of this technology – the use of digital signals – is also its major limitation; in other words, if the digital signals is weak, it cannot reach a cell tower and, therefore, people who...
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...DEFINITION 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Fourth Generation Cellular Communication (4G) 4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Zero Generation Mobile Systems (0G) The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G). The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels. Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G First Generation Cellular Communication (1G) The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously. 1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued until replaced by 2G digital cell phones. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G Second Generation Cellular Communication (2G) 2G digital technologies...
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...Migration from 2G to 3G - Options: Evolution of Mobile Technologies: The Migration Path This is a brief overview of what has been already done and possible expected migration path of mobile operators. At the 2G phase, there were three major dominant systems in market: a) GSM operating in 900, 1800 and 1900MHz band, b) TDMA operating in 800MHz, 1900MHz and 850MHz (North America), and c) CDMA (IS-95) operating in 1900 and 800MHz band. 2G systems offered enhanced voice services and improved capacity to its customers. With the growing demand in mobile services and the need to connect corporate networks for data communications, an intermediate generation (2.5G) of technologies were developed: GPRS and EDGE (both in the GSM family), and cdma2000 1X-RTT. While migrating from 2G to 2.5G, operators made decisions based on their future planning and business interests targeting third generation (3G) networks. From 2G to 2.5G, GSM operators migrated to GPRS and EDGE systems with some of the TDMA operators also migrating to GSM/GPRS systems (see figure 1). Among them * Vodafone is the largest player with a global foot print in offering GSM/GPRS ser-vices. * Prominent TDMA operators in the United States include AT&T Wireless and Cingular Wireless. * Another major operator includes T-Mobile-USA, offering GSM/GPRS services. * In India, Bharti Cellular (AirTel), IDEA Cellular, Hutchison are some of the GPRS operators whose GPRS networks are in commercial...
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...communication have come a long way in the world of mobile devices. It starts as early as the 1980’s with the 1G, or first generation, that was a totally analog service (Brown, 2012). The nineties stepped up technology with the 2G, or second generation, network and this service was fully digital and the beginnings of wireless data being supported by mobile devices (Brown, 2012). The two most current used services are 3G (3rd generation) and 4G (4th generation). 3G was introduced in the 2000’s and offered faster service than the 2G did previously. It offers data throughput of up to 3.1 mbps, with a peak upload rate of 50 Mbit/s and a peak download rate of 100 Mbit/s (NA, 2012). It uses packet switching and a Wide Area cell Based network (NA, 2012). Although, truly, there is no clear definition of what data rate a user can expect with 3G service (Segan, 2012). There is, however an increased transmission rate with the 3G service of 2 Mbit/s for someone who is stationary and 384 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle (Goodman, 2005). Current services that can be offered on a 3G network are mobile TV, video conferencing, telemedicine, location based services and GPS. This was the first service that allowed for streaming of audio, video and video calling (NA, 2012). 3G is found with all of the major carriers for cell phones: Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, TMobile. 4G is the latest and greatest and was rolled out in the end of the 2000’s and is standardized on the LTE platform as...
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... |Secondary School | | | | |2001 |Asokenagar Banipith Girls Higher |W.B.S.E |GENERAL |66 % | | |Secondary School | | | | Summer Internship at ‘Max Bupa Health Insurance’ “Awareness of Health Insurance in Indian Economy ” – A comprehensive market survey of Insurance industry and creating awareness of health insurance. It also included selling Individual and Group health insurance policies. Projects done during PGPM ➢ MARKET RIVALRY: LUX Vs LIRIL ➢ MOTIVATION ➢ SUGGESTIVE MARKETING STRATEGIES OF 3G CONSUMPTION PATTERN ➢ CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF SHIRT Achievements Certificate in Computing 2008 from IGNOU Computer Proficiency - MS Windows 7, MS Office, MS Access, C Extracurricular Activities • Active participation in arranging college fest of JIS college of Engineering. • Participated in the various college fest singing...
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...Martin T. Ameling Teacher: Yonika Willis GE117 Composition 2 April 28 2011 Fast food portion size vs. nutrition Fast food portions have grown in size over the years. The smaller portions were not necessarily healthier for the consumer depending on the fast food consumed. As fast food portions have grown so have most American’s waistlines. In this age of bigger is better fast food portion sizes are not necessarily healthily portion sizes. Portion sizes, Nutrition Facts and Government Agencies & Surveys. Modern portion sizes are 3 to 16 time the recommended serving size, Fast food beverages range from 12oz to 64oz+ depending on the restaurant. “A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that Americans consume around 10 percent more calories than they did in the 1970s” According to Monte. “The NHLBI (National Heart, Lung and Blood institute) tells us that a serving of meat should be the size of a deck of cards while one pancake should be the size of a CD.” According to Monte. “While it is clear that the reasons for the epidemic are multifaceted, survey and economic data suggest that much of the rise in obesity can be attributed to an increase in caloric intake” According to Downs, Loewenstein & Wisdom. The average 12 ounce serving of mountain dew has 170 calories, 0 grams fat, and 46g Crabs and 0 grams protein. According to Monte, The usual suggested serving size is 8oz which translates to 110 Calories & 31g crabs....
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...The full form of 3G is Third Generation, 3G stands for the third generation network that is presently the most advanced interface available in the field of communication and network. BSNL being a govt. owned company, was the first to introduce this technology in India. 3G provides a great platform that is studded with highly advanced features like : * Better sound quality in calls * High speed data transfer over the internet * High end connectivity * Direct video streaming facility from the internet * Feature of video calling to any 3G enabled mobile phones containing a camera for video calling and many more such features are there. All this is easily available at quite affordable prices. Now that the private companies have also come up with the launch of 3G networks, the charges of this advanced service are been hoped to get down soon. 3G is the next generation feature that provides new aspects to the use of networks for Internet as well as calling purposes. The introductory part of subject under investigation contains the following: * Objectives of the Study * Significance of the Study * Sources of the study * Reason of choosing customer satisfaction of GP * Methodology of the study * Limitations of the Study Objectives of the study: This Program was designed to accomplish some objectives. The objectives were identified through a closer interaction and exchange of views with the users of 3G. The objectives are: * Application of 3G * Find out...
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...Broadband India Latest on Indian Internet, Mobile, Telecom, Startups and Web 2.0 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Internet Mobile Telecom Startups Web 2.0 / Software Forum Search this Site ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Recent Entries * Current State of 3G – Roadmap + Factors Influencing the Choice of 3G in India * How Indians Choose Mobile Operator / Handset – An Insight * Tariff Hike – Focus on Revenue – What is the Strategy ? * Samsung Galaxy S2 vs HTC Sensation * Tariffs Set to Rise + Retailer Commission Falls * Large Appetite for Entertainment + Measured Advertising * Wireless Revenue Market Share – Airtel Lost 1% * Top News + Travel + Sports Sites * Facts about Indian Internet – Beginning of Revolution ? * 3G Data Vs EVDO Based Services [Photon, Reliance NetConnect, etc] Last 2 Year Archives * August 2011 * July 2011 * June 2011 * May 2011 * April 2011 * March 2011 * February 2011 * January 2011 * December 2010 * November 2010 * September 2010 * August 2010 * July 2010 * June 2010 * May 2010 * April 2010 * March 2010 * February 2010 * January 2010 * December 2009 * November 2009 * October 2009 * September 2009 * August 2009 « End of Web 2.0 – Beginning of Third Wave Naukri.Com CEO – Naukri.Com journey so far...
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...Physical Networking Unit 1 Lab 1 Data on fixed Line vs. Cellular Debate In this paper I will go over the pros and cons of having a fixed line network vs. a cellular network. When making this decision there are several things to consider, the most important is what this network is going to be used for. I am going to first go over the fixed line network then follow up with the cellular network. At the end of this paper I will do a recommendation to a new company that wants to open up a Skype- style service as to whether they should use a fixed line or a cellular network. Fixed line telephones was the main form of communication in 1877 and this was the case up to the time when cellular phone came into the world. Fixed lines are in every home and building today so everyone has the ability to have telephone and data service. To receive or transmit data over the fixed line a modem is needed on each end of the line. The modem takes the digital information and turns it into tones that have been specifically selected for the transmission over the telephone network. The modem on the other end is responsible for turning the tones back into the digital data. Modems transmit data over a telephone network that is designed for voice so the data rates were limited until digital subscriber line (DSL) was introduced. DSL utilizes the existing analog phone line so no need for new equipment other than modems that can convert the digital data into high-frequency tones along with a filter at...
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...network to another network. Packets occur when the network breaks a file or e-mail message into smaller blocks of specific size. Wireless routers are actually wired routers with wireless access points (WAP) built in. It provides both wired and wireless at the same time”. (Turban & Volonino, 2011) Third generation also called 3G; of cellular telecommunications technology supports multimedia and broadband services. Broadband means fast transmission speed. It is faster than the 1G and 2G. The third generation networks have far greater ranges because they use large satellite connections that connect to telecommunication towers. The fourth generation is called 4G. 4G mobile network standards enable faster data transfer rates. (Turban & Volonino) Right now 4G is the latest generation of wireless data technologies. It carries average download rates of 3 Mbps or more. “In contrast, today's 3G networks typically deliver average download speeds about one-tenth of that rate. The 2G and 3G started separately with their own purposes; soon both will be converted to the 4G network” (Turban & Volonino). 4G does not use a circuit-switched subsystem, as do the 2G and 3G networks. 4G operates on the packet-based Internet Protocol. Users can get 4G through WiMax or LTE (long term evolution). WiMax is the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. It is being used by Sprint, Comcast, and Time-Warner Cable to deliver wireless...
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...Trai has never been consistent about how to price & allocate spectrum V RANGANATHAN, Former member, TRAI On January 10, 2008, the DoT sold licences with 2G spectrum at 2001 prices, realising about Rs 10,000 crore, ostensibly on a firstcome-first-served basis, but actually violating even this. There was a feeling that the government lost revenue, fortified by CAG that assigned a dramatic Rs 1.76 lakh crore number to it. Swan got the licence for Rs 1,347 crore, and sold 45% to Etisalat for Rs 4,200 crore, valuing the firm at around Rs 10,000 crore. These raised suspicions about corruption. But there have been parallels. The UK government, when it sold 2G waves through 'beauty contests' or bureaucratic allotments based on subjective criteria, realised only £44,000, whereas its 3G auctions in 2001 realised a staggering £22.3 billion. But UK's polity did not bicker with the advantage of hindsight. It was considered as part of evolution. In India too, 3G auctions were conducted, netting Rs 1 lakh crore for the government and there has been no controversy over that. When Centaur hotel was sold in auction by Arun Shourie, the buyer resold it subsequently at a huge profit. Therefore, just the fact that there was no auction or that it got resold at a higher price may not be due to corruption, but inefficiency. To make a mistake is not criminal. Otherwise the executive can't function. However, actions with the mala fide intention of gaining pecuniary advantage...
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...3G vs. 4G Wireless - What is the difference? First off, the "G" stands for a generation of mobile technology. Each "G" generally requires you to get a new phone, and for networks to make expensive upgrades. The first two were analog cell phones (1G) and digital phones (2G). Then it got complicated. Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, came to the U.S. in 2003. With minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144Kbps, they were considered mobile broadband. There are now so many varieties of 3G, though, that a 3G connection can get you Internet speeds anywhere from 400Kbps to more than ten times that. New generations usually bring new base technologies, more network capacity for more data per user, and the potential for better voice quality, too. 4G phones are supposed to be even faster, but that's not always the case. There are so many technologies called "4G," and so many ways to implement them, that the term is almost meaningless. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) tried to issue requirements to call a network 4G but they were ignored by carriers, and eventually the ITU gave up. 4G technologies include HSPA+ 21/42 (HSPA was for 3.5G), WiMAX, and LTE (although some consider LTE the only true 4G of that bunch, and some people say none of them are fast enough to qualify.) There's one thing for sure though, each generation offers faster Internet speeds than the last, on the same carrier. Sprint's WiMAX 4G is almost always faster than its CDMA 3G. But AT&T's...
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...The cell phone has become one of the most popular trends in modern day electronics. There are various carriers that offer cell phone service across the United States with a wide selection of different phones. Today smartphones seem to be the most widely used by the American population. The smartphones of today are like mini hand held computers, possessing the capability to perform many different functions. When it comes to cell phones there are two major networks available, 3G and 4G. The "G" stands for a generation of mobile technology, installed in phones and on cellular networks. Each "G" generally requires you to get a new phone, and for networks to make expensive upgrades. The first two were analog cell phones (1G) and digital phones (2G).(Segan, 2013) Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, came to the U.S. in 2003. With minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144Kbps, 3G was supposed to bring "mobile broadband." There are now so many varieties of 3G that a 3G connection can get you Internet speeds anywhere from 400Kbps to more than ten times that. (Segan, 2013) While most of us are used to getting high speed Internet connections at home, the office or even the local coffee shop, once we are on the road those high speeds have to stay behind. With 4G the promise is that you can get real mobile broadband to go. (Vilches, 2010) There are two fundamental aspects of LTE. The first is that the technology finally leaves behind the circuit switched network of its GSM roots and...
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...NETW-561-11244 2013 GSM: The New Wave to the future Wireless Technologies Professor Raef Yassin Anthony Garcia Table of Contents Introduction3 Strategic Business Assessment4 Technology5-7 Design a Wireless System8-10 Compatability Plans11-12 Planned Competitive Improvements13-14 Other Competitive Technological Solutions15 Upgrading to Next Generation16-17 Summary18 Work Cited19 Tiered Cell Tower20 3G vs 4G Chart21 Introduction In today’s society there are many different choices you can make concerning your wireless provider, and type of phone with many limitations and what we can do to counter act the norm of today is to go into a new direction. Now the US is predominately made up of CDSM with smaller companies that use the towers of the big four, but these are mostly just a pay as you go established business, what needs to happen is making a universal to match the rest of the world, and that standard is GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications). What we want to achieve is giving the same options that the rest of the world have, letting them take their phones where ever they want whenever they want and not be tied down to a country. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. GSM services are also transmitted via 850MHz spectrum in Australia, Canada and many Latin American countries. The use of harmonized spectrum across most of the globe, combined with GSM’s international roaming capability...
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...Financial Frauds in India The 2G scam Aniruddh Narsimhan - P35114 Disha - P35125 Manu Vatayan – P35149 Mrinalini - P35152 Svethal Bhasin - P35188 2G spectrum scam took place in India in late 2000’s which involved politicians and government officials who tried illegal undercharging mobile telephone companies for frequency allocation licenses, which they would then use to create 2G spectrum subscriptions for mobiles. The entire process of allocation of UAS licences lacked transparency and was undertaken in an arbitrary, unfair and inequitable manner. The Hon'ble Prime Minister had stressed on the need for a fair and transparent allocation of spectrum. Let us understand the intricacies of the scam. What is Spectrum? Radio Frequency Spectrum is the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation which is used as carrier of wireless transmission and thus a basic requirement for providing wireless services. It is a finite but non-consumable global natural resource and commands high economic value in the telecommunication sector In simple words , Whenever data is being transferred from one place to another, say Ahmedabad to Mumbai. So, If data was a “truck”, how would you transport it from Ahmedabad to Mumbai ? Obviously through a path. Spectrum is that path. Radio frequency spectrum, i.e., the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, is a finite global natural resource with a high economic value, due to its heavy demand in the telecommunications...
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