IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010

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A Novel Three-Phase to Five-Phase Transformation
Using a Special Transformer Connection
Atif Iqbal, Member, IEEE, Shaikh Moinuddin, Member, IEEE, M. Rizwan Khan,
Sk. Moin Ahmed, Student Member, IEEE, and Haithem Abu-Rub, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—The first five-phase induction motor drive system was proposed in the late 1970s for adjustable speed drive applications.
Since then, a considerable research effort has been in place to develop commercially feasible multiphase drive systems. Since the three-phase supply is available from the grid, there is a need to develop a static phase transformation system to obtain a multiphase supply from the available three-phase supply. Thus, this paper proposes a novel transformer connection scheme to convert the threephase grid supply to a five-phase fixed voltage and fixed frequency supply. The proposed transformer connection outputs five phases and, thus, can be used in applications requiring a five-phase supply.
Currently, the five-phase motor drive is a commercially viable solution. The five-phase transmission system can be investigated further as an efficient solution for bulk power transfer. The connection scheme is elaborated by using the simulation and experimental approach to prove the viability of the implementation. The geometry of the fabricated transformer is elaborated in this paper.
Index Terms—Five phase, multiphase, three phase, transformer, turn ratio.

I. INTRODUCTION
ULTIPHASE (more than three phase) systems are the focus of research recently due to their inherent advantages compared to their three-phase counterparts. The applicability of multiphase systems is explored in electric power generation [2]–[8], transmission [9]–[15], and utilization [16]–[33].
The research on six-phase transmission system was initiated due to the rising cost of right of way for transmission corridors, environmental issues, and various stringent licensing laws. Sixphase transmission lines can provide the same power capacity with a lower phase-to-phase voltage and smaller, more compact towers compared to a standard double-circuit three-phase line.
The geometry of the six-phase compact towers may also aid in the reduction of magnetic fields as well [12]. The research on multiphase generators has started recently and only a few references are available [2]–[8]. The present work on multiphase generation has investigated asymmetrical six-phase (two sets of

M

Manuscript received September 09, 2009; revised January 01, 2010. Current version published June 23, 2010. This work was supported by AICTE, New
Delhi, under Project 8023/BOR/RPS-86/2006–07. Paper no. TPWRD-006772009.
A. Iqbal, S. Moinuddin, M. R. Khan, and S. M. Ahmed are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002,
India (e-mail: rizwan_eed@rediffmail.com).
H. Abu-Rub is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2042307

Fig. 1. Block representation of the proposed system.

stator windings with 30 phase displacement) induction generator configuration as the solution for use in renewable energy generation. As far as multiphase motor drives are concerned, the first proposal was given by Ward and Harrer way back in 1969
[1] and since then, the research was slow and steady until the end of the last century. The research on multiphase drive systems has gained momentum by the start of this century due to availability of cheap reliable semiconductor devices and digital signal processors. Detailed reviews on the state of the art in multiphase drive research are available in [18]–[22]. It is to be emphasized here that the multiphase motors are invariably supplied by ac/dc/ac converters. Thus, the focus of the research on the multiphase electric drive is limited to the modeling and control of the supply systems (i.e., the inverters [23]–[33]). Little effort is made to develop any static transformation system to change
3 and the phase number from three to -phase (where odd). The scenario has now changed with this paper, proposing a novel phase transformation system which converts an available three-phase supply to an output five-phase supply.
Multiphase, especially a 6-phase and 12-phase system is found to produce less ripple with a higher frequency of ripple in an ac–dc rectifier system. Thus, 6- and 12-phase transformers are designed to feed a multipulse rectifier system and the technology has matured. Recently, a 24-phase and
36-phase transformer system have been proposed for supplying a multipulse rectifier system [34]–[37]. The reason of choice for a 6-, 12-, or 24-phase system is that these numbers are multiples of three and designing this type of system is simple and straightforward. However, increasing the number of phases certainly enhances the complexity of the system. None of these designs are available for an odd number of phases, such as 5, 7,
11, etc., as far as the authors know.

0885-8977/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010

Fig. 3. Phasor diagram of the proposed transformer connection (star-star).

The usual practice is to test the designed motor for a number of operating conditions with a pure sinusoidal supply to ascertain the desired performance of the motor [38]. Normally, a no-load test, blocked rotor, and load tests are performed on a motor to determine its parameters. Although the supply used for a multiphase motor drive obtained from a multiphase inverter could have more current ripple, there are control methods available to lower the current distortion even below 1%, based on application and requirement. Hence, the machine parameters obtained by using the pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) supply may not provide the precise true value. Thus, a pure sinusoidal supply system available from the utility grid is required to feed the motor. This paper proposes a special transformer connection scheme to obtain a balanced five-phase supply with the input as balanced three phase. The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1. The fixed voltage and fixed frequency available grid supply can be transformed to the fixed voltage and fixed frequency five-phase output supply. The output, however, may be made variable by inserting the autotransformer at the input side.
The input and output supply can be arranged in the following manner: 1) input star, output star;
2) input star, output polygon;
3) input delta, output star;
4) input delta, output polygon.
Since input is a three-phase system, the windings are connected in an usual fashion. The output/secondary side connection is discussed in the following subsections.
II. WINDING ARRANGEMENT FOR FIVE-PHASE STAR OUTPUT

Fig. 2. (a) Proposed transformer winding arrangements (star-star). (b) Proposed transformer winding connection (star).

Three separate cores are designed with each carrying one primary and three secondary coils, except in one core where only two secondary coils are used. Six terminals of primaries are connected in an appropriate manner resulting in star and/or delta connections and the 16 terminals of secondaries are connected in a different fashion resulting in star or polygon output. The connection scheme of secondary windings to obtain a star output is illustrated in Fig. 2 and the corresponding phasor diagram is illustrated in Fig. 3. The construction of output phases with requisite phase angles of 72 between each phase is obtained using

IQBAL et al.: NOVEL THREE-PHASE TO FIVE-PHASE TRANSFORMATION

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Fig. 4. (a) Geometry of the transformer. (b) Matlab/Simulink model of the three- to five-phase transformation.

appropriate turn ratios, and the governing phasor equations are illustrated in (1)–(10). The turn ratios are different in each phase.
The choice of turn ratio is the key in creating the requisite phase displacement in the output phases.
The input phases are designated with letters “X” “Y”, and
“Z” and the output are designated with letters “A”, “B”, “C”,
“D”, and “E”. As illustrated in Fig. 3, the output phase “A” is along the input phase “X”. The output phase “B” results from
” and “
”, the the phasor sum of winding voltage “ output phase “C” is obtained by the phasor sum of winding
” and “
”. The output phase “D” is obtained voltages “
” and “
”
by the phasor addition of winding voltages “ and similarly output phase “E” results from the phasor sum
” and “
”. In this way, five of the winding voltages “ phases are obtained. The transformation from three to five and

vice-versa is further obtained by using the relation given in
(1)–(10)

(1)

(2)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010

TABLE I
DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED TRANSFORMER

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) where (10) is shown at the bottom of the page.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The designed transformer is at first simulated by using “simpowersystem” block sets of the Matlab/Simulink software. The inbuilt transformer blocks are used to simulate the conceptual design. The appropriate turn ratios are set in the dialog box and the simulation is run. Turn ratios are shown in Table I. Standard wire gauge SWG) is shown in Table I. A brief design description for the turn ratio, wire gauge, and the geometry of the transformers [Fig. 4(a)] are shown in the Appendix. The simulation model is depicted in Fig. 4(b) and the resulting input and output voltage waveforms are illustrated in Fig. 5. It is clearly seen that the output is a balanced five-phase supply for a

Fig. 5(a)–(c). (a) Input Vy and Vz phases and output Vb phase voltage waveforms. (b) Input Vy and Vx phases and output Vc phase voltage waveforms. (c)
Input Vz and Vx phases and output Vd phase voltage waveforms.

balanced three-phase input. Individual output phases are, also, shown along with their respective input voltages. The phase Va
(i.e., the input and the output is not shown because phases are the same). There was no earth current flowing when both sides neutrals were earthed. The input and output currents with earth current waveforms are also shown in Fig. 5. From this, we can say that the transformer, connected to the X input line, carries 16.77% (19.5/16.7) more current than that of the other two transformers (or two phases). Due to this efficiency,

(10)

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Fig. 6. (a) Input three-phase voltage waveform of the designed transformer primary. (b) Five-phase output voltage waveform of the designed transformer secondary. IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Fig. 5(d)–(g). (d) Input Vz and Vy phases and output Ve phase voltage waveforms. (e) Input three-phase and output five-phase voltage waveforms. (f) Input three-phase and output five-phase load current waveforms at PF = 0.4. (g)
Input three-phase and output five-phase load current waveforms at PF = 0.8.

the overall transformer set is slightly lower than the conventional three-phase transformer.

This section elaborates the experimental setup and the results obtained by using the designed three- to five-phase transformation system. The designed transformation system has a 1:1 input:output ratio, hence, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage. Nevertheless, this ratio can be altered to suit the stepup or stepdown requirements. This can be achieved by simply multiplying the gain factor in the turn ratios.
In the present scheme for experimental purposes, three singlephase autotransformers are used to supply input phases of the transformer connections. The output voltages can be adjusted by simply varying the taps of the autotransformer. For balanced output, the input must have balanced voltages. Any unbalancing in the input is directly reflected in the output phases. The input and output voltage waveforms under no-load steady-state conditions are recorded and shown in Fig. 6. The input and output voltage waveforms clearly show the successful implementation of the designed transformer. Since the input-power quality is poor, the same is reflected in the output as well. The output trace shows the no-load output voltages. Only four traces are shown due to the limited capability of the oscilloscope.
Further tests are conducted under load conditions on the designed transformation system by feeding a five-phase induction

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010

Fig. 7. Circuit diagram for a direct-online start of the five-phase motor.

Fig. 8. Input side (three-phase) voltages and current waveform.

Fig. 10. (a) Initial inrush current of the three- to five-phase transformer showing a peak value under the transient condition. (b) Initial inrush current of the three- to five-phase transformer showing a peak value under the steady-state condition. plying the five-phase induction motor load. The maximum peak transient current is recorded as 7.04 A which is reduced to 4.32
A in the steady-state condition. The settling time is recorded to be equal to 438.4 ms as depicted in Fig. 10.
Fig. 9. Output side (five-phase) voltages and current waveform.

motor. The experimental setup is depicted in Fig. 7. Direct online starting is done for a five-phase induction motor which is loaded by using an eddy-current load system. DC current of 0.5
A is applied as the eddy-current load on the five-phase induction machine. The resulting input (three-phase) waveforms and the output (five-phase) waveforms (voltages and currents) are shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively, under steady state. The applied voltage to the input side is 446 V (peak to peak) , the power factor is 0.3971, and the steady-state current is seen as 7.6
A (peak-to-peak). The corresponding waveforms of the same phase “A” are equal to the input side voltage of 446 (peak-topeak), since the transformer winding has a 1:1 ratio. The power factor is now reduced in the secondary side and is equal to 0.324 and the steady-state current reduces to 3.3 A (peak-to-peak).
The reduction in steady-state current is due to the increase in the number of output phases. Thus, once again, it is proved that the deigned transformation systems work satisfactorily.
The transient performance of the three- to five-phase transformer is evaluated by recording the transient current when sup-

V. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a new transformer connection scheme to transform the three-phase grid power to a five-phase output supply. The connection scheme and the phasor diagram along with the turn ratios are illustrated. The successful implementation of the proposed connection scheme is elaborated by using simulation and experimentation. A five-phase induction motor under a loaded condition is used to prove the viability of the transformation system. It is expected that the proposed connection scheme can be used in drives applications and may also be further explored to be utilized in multiphase power transmission systems. APPENDIX
DESIGN OF THE TRANSFORMER
1) The volt per turn

.
V/turn. Where

(assumed),

kVA cm IQBAL et al.: NOVEL THREE-PHASE TO FIVE-PHASE TRANSFORMATION

cm where 50 Hz, web/m .
2) Standard core size of No. 8 of E and I was used whose cm mm. central limb width is
3) Standard size of Bakelite bobbin for 8 no. core of cm mm was taken which will give core area of cm .
4) Turns of primary windings of all three single-phase transformers are equal and the enamelled wire gauge is
15 SWG. The VA rating of each transformer is 2000.
Wire gauge was chosen at a current density of 4 A/mm because enamelled wire was of the grade which can withstand the temperature up to 180 . The winding has 15 SWG wire because it carries the sum of two currents (i.e., times the 5-phase rated current).

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Atif Iqbal (S’04–M’09) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. engineering (Electrical) degrees from the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India, in 1991 and 1996, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K., in 2006.
He has been a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh
Muslim University, since 1991, where he is currently an Associate Professor.
He is on academic assignment at Texas A&M University at Qatar.

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Dr. Iqbal is a recipient of Maulana Tufail Ahmad Gold Medal for being first in the B.Sc. Engg. exams from AMU in 1991. His principal research interests are power electronics and drives as well as control of ac machine drives.

Shaikh Moinuddin (M’10) received the B.E. and M.Tech ( Electrical) degrees and the Ph.D. degree in multiphase inverter modeling and control from the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India, in 1996, 1999, and 2009, respectively.
He served in the Indian Air Force from 1971 to 1987. He has been with the
University Polytechnic, AMU, since 1987, where he is currently an Assistant
Professor. His principal areas of research are power electronics and electric drives. Dr. Moinuddin is a 1996 recipient of the University Gold Medals for standing first in the electrical branch and in all branches of engineering during the B.E. exams. M. Rizwan Khan received the B.Sc. degree in engineering, the M.Tech. degree in electrical engineering, and the Ph. D. degree from Aligarh Muslim University
(AMU), Aligarh, India, in 1998, 2001, and 2008, respectively.
He has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, AMU, since 2001. His principal areas of research interest are power electronics, machines, artificial neural network, and multiphase motor drives.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010

Sk. Moin Ahmed (S’10) was born in Hoogly, West Bengal, India, in 1983.
He received the B.Tech and M.Tech. degrees from Aligarh Muslim University
(AMU), Aligarh, India, in 2006 and 2008, respectively, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
He is also pursuing a research assignment at Texas A&M University at Qatar.
His principal areas of research are modeling, simulation, and control of powerelectronic converters.
Mr. Ahmed was a Gold Medalist in earning the M.Tech degree. He is a recipient of Torento Fellowship, funded by AMU.

Haithem Abu-Rub (SM’07) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Gdansk, Poland.
Currently he is a Senior Associate Professor at Texas A&M University at
Qatar. His main research focuses on electrical drive control, power electronics, and electrical machines.
Dr. Abu-Rub has received many prestigious international awards, including the American Fulbright Scholarship, the German Alexander von Humboldt
Fellowship, the German DAAD Scholarship, and the British Royal Society
Scholarship.