...different states that were grouped under the Holy Roman Empire. Before the revolutions of 1848, different groups of people expressed their concern about the political, economic, and social order in the German states. The liberal middle class wanted to unify Germany because of their nationalistic views; the aristocrats were mainly conservative who feared unification because it would bring disaster to them politically; the working class was oppressed economically and socially. The liberals wanted Germany to unify, so it could become politically and economically stronger. During Napoleon’s rule there became a movement of nationalism through the German state. Unification could not happen...
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...Under what circumstances could you become conservative yourself? Before I start talking about Edmund Burke and how I see the Conservatism and my point of view about it, I first have to say what actually Conservatism is. It is impossible to compare Conservatism with liberalism, socialism or communism and the reason for that is very simple. Conservatism is something completely different. The ideas of it and the way it “sees the word” has nothing to do with these of the other political philosophies. Even the origins of Conservatism are unique compared to these of the rest because unlike them Conservatism does not arise from philosophical foundation. We can describe it as a response, as a way to see the radical changes in the society and the total revolution like something that must never happen. Conservatism is a way of thinking. It shows us that it is impossible for us , the human beings, to be perfect if we achieve more or a complete freedom. According to that way of thinking people are full of weaknesses because they are a product of the Original Sin. Unlike socialists and liberals, conservatives believe that people are corruptible, selfish and weak and that’s why they must not believe in the infallibility of their thoughts. If they do that it would be impossible to have a normal life because people will hate each other and do everything possible to harm each other in one way or another. In order to prevent that conservatives believe that people must live in limitations...
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...Influenced by the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution, the nineteenth-century in Europe was a time of political upheaval, specifically between liberal and conservative powers. Conservatives wanted to look back at tradition and hierarchal structures while Liberals were on a forward moving mission. Nineteenth-century Liberalism was an ideology that began during the Enlightenment Era and strengthened after the French Revolution. It was an idea that placed first importance on the individual, natural rights, life, liberty, and equality, including property rights and personal freedoms. (britanica.com liberalism) The nineteenth-century liberals believed that each individual had fundamental rights and that every citizen should be able to work their way up through the social classes of the nation. Liberals were made up of primarily the middle class and they were of the belief that government should stay out of things. Their goal was total economic, personal and political freedom....
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...“There are Liberal Feminists, Socialist Feminists and Radical Feminists but no Conservative Feminists”. Discuss. (45) Over the years different sub movements of the feminist ideology have been developed these include Liberal, Social and Radical forms of feminism, however there are also other forms less well-known forms of the ideology such as post-modernist and eco feminism. However there has been controversy as to whether there can be conservative feminists or not as it looks to be utterly incompatible. Liberal, socialist and radical feminists however all have different views to feminism. Firstly, liberal feminists want a change without having a revolution and believe in having equality and female emancipation. Socialist feminists argue this as they say that nothing can happen if a social revolution isn’t brought about and radical feminists believe have the strongest opinion which is to have a revolutionary change in society to raise awareness rather than having gradual reform like liberal feminism wanted, so they go as far to say that women should have nothing to do with men. Firstly, looking at the extent to which there are liberal feminists. The ideas of liberal feminists have come from the ideology, liberalism. They have the belief that equality can be achieved within the existing political structures in Western Liberal democracies therefore there is not need for a revolution. We should all be equal regardless of out sex, race or colour and therefore have a place in society...
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...The Iranian Revolution was a symbol of anti-imperialism, anti-industrialization, and a return to anti-western society. Starting in the early 20th century, the Pahlavi dynasty took control of Iran with the goal of modernizing the country. Citizens did not like the western influence, the rapid change, and many felt forgotten. They turned to intellectuals and religious scholars to remedy the situation and topple the Shah. The Iranian Revolution started as a left-wing movement to end political oppression and western influence, but resulted in a conservative, religious government more repressive than before. It was caused by long-standing anger at western dependence, rapid economic growth, and government brutality. It was carried out by an alliance...
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...sacrificing the interests of the less well off in doing so. The current debate is very unclear as opinion on this does, and always has varied greatly. Generally, left-wing labour supporters believe this statement is true whereas the rest of society do not agree. Conservatives have strenuously denied this claim over the years. This essay will argue that Conservatism does in fact merely reflect the interests of the privileged and prosperous, despite this claim being strongly denied by current and past conservatives. On one hand, Conservatism does not merely reflect the interests of the privileged and prosperous, as they believe that tradition and authority benefits everyone, as it provides security and stability in society. Authority, which is the right to exercise power over others, is seen by conservatives as a guarantee of social order because it provides security and stability. People know ‘where they stand’ and what their roles are in society. There are those that are ‘leaders’ and those that are ‘followers’. This is reflected in Edmund Burke’s belief in a ‘natural aristocracy’, which is the belief in an aristocracy, which arises out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege. Conservatives believe that tradition can lead to rootedness and security because traditional concepts and institutions are familiar and reassuring, made all the stronger as it is rooted in an historical context. Because humans are emotionally imperfect, change leads to instability...
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...door for new political parties to emerge, however many were afraid to abandon Orthodox Marxism. A cult like following emerged, where Marx became a god-like figure who’s predictions were followed religiously as if the world was predetermined. Malon, Brousse and others who began to split from strict Orthodox Marxism were ridiculed by the POF as “Possibilists” because they believed that the Republic offered alternative possibilities for the future; possibilities that did not involve the natural and inevitable rise of a unified proletariat to create a socialist revolution without the use of political action. In retrospect it seems absurd that people would believe there is a single natural state of the world that will inevitably be reached, regardless of what people do. This nihilistic approach to life suggests that people should not take any action in the political realm at all; they should just sit back and wait for the revolution to unfold. A problem with this approach is that people want to take action. Sitting back and waiting for something that is out of your control creates a feeling of helplessness, and...
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...The American Revolution can be described as a conservative revolution in that British America felt that Great Britain’s new taxes on the colonies were upsetting their rights as Britain’s and disrupting what had been a peaceful existence without any previous interference from Great Britain. even though there were small groups that wanted their freedom and rights that would be new to them; like slaves, women, Indians, and separatists; the American revolution was still a conservative revolution in which British America felt they were beginning to be treated as second class citizens as their rights were being taken away. For of their time in the colonies, Americans were left without much interference from the crown. During the late 1600’s and half way through the 1700’s fight over territory in North America between Spain and the French and Indians left Great Britain in debt and a way to remedy this was to begin taxing the people in the colonies. Great Britain’s believed it was the colonialists duty to aid the motherland in it’s time of need. They used the stamp act to receive money from taxes on everything from paper to clothes. The colonies were outraged at their sudden taxes that first appeared in 1751 in the form of the Currency Act which regulated the issue of paper money in the colonies. They had no want for new rights or better ones as Americans, just to retain their citizenship. In fact, the goal was not independence but to keep English rights. Americans felt it was...
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...can be argued that Luther was a revolutionary because he ultimately caused a revolution to occur, it can also be argued that he was not a revolutionary because he never intended for that to happen and he only had the basic idea to bring Christianity back to its roots, making him a radical. One way in which it can be argued that Luther was not a revolutionary was because he did not intend for a revolution to happen. This is apparent because when Luther wrote his 95 Theses, he sent them to the Archbishop (and elector) Albert of Mainz on the 31st of October 1517, which is when he pinned them up in the University of Wittenberg. This shows that he had not planned a revolution because it would not have made any sense if Luther had sent the 95 Theses to Albert to warn him in advance of a revolution, as revolutions work better when powerful people are not aware of them before they begin. Another piece of evidence that suggests that Luther had no intention to start a revolution is that the 95 Theses were written in Latin. This shows that they were written to be read by scholars of a university, not peasants. If Luther had really intended a revolution then he would have written the Theses in the vernacular which would have meant the peasants could have read it, understood it, and acted upon it immediately in the form of a revolt. One other piece of evidence that suggests that Luther was not intending a revolution is that Luther’s opening statement on the Theses is ‘Out of love for the truth...
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...“Religion can be both a conservative force and an initiator of social change” to what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? Sociologists such as Durkheim and Marx have argued that religion is a conservative force in the sense that it maintains the status quo, disagreeing with sociologists such as Weber and Gramsci who say it is a more radical force and prompts change, and even some fundamentalist groups have gotten involved to argue that religion is conservative in the sense that it keeps tradition and the old ways. Even feminists such as De Beauvoir have had a say in this matter. Functionalists and Marxists have the general consensus that religion maintains the status quo within society rather than it causing social change. They believe that religion acts as a conservative force preventing social change. However, if any change happens it is due to the changes in society that shape religion. Religion as a conservative force can be defined in two ways; the first way of defining religion as a conservative force is to refer to religion as preventing change and maintaining the status quo. The functionalist perspective and Marxists perspective both provide arguments to support this definition of religion as a conservative force. Durkheim supports the idea that religion is a conservative force with his idea of a collective conscience, which is the shared morals and beliefs uniting society. Durkheim believed that "religion promotes social solidarity."...
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...The era of the 1920’s sparked new ideas and perspectives in American people. Some considered this to be a development that would help to shape the nation; while others were concerned that traditional ideals and values would be lost with the changing times. The post – war time period in America was one of great controversy, with modernism on one side and conventionalism on the other. As America journeyed through the 1920’s, a power struggle between conservatives and liberals came to light due to the past events of World War I, the Progressive Era, and the Industrial Revolution. This tension was shown with a shift in viewpoints about immigration, foreign diplomacy, women’s role in the country, and the social aspects of American life. World War I had been a war unlike any other that America had been involved in thus far. It shed the archaic beliefs of isolationism and put the nation in a global spotlight as a major world super power. However, a portion of America still believed in seclusion, as shown when America chose not to join the League of Nations after much controversy in the Senate over the ratification of the post – war Treaty of Versailles in 1919. This was the first strike of tension in America due to the war effort. Additionally, the “Red Scare”, caused by Communism in Russia during the “Great War”, changed citizens’ ideas about immigrants. The once open - minded, diversified nation now began to adopt the theory of “Americanism.” Many wanted majority of Americans to...
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...February 2015 Do you agree the 1932 Reform Act was a conservative measure with limited effect? The statement that the 1932 Reform Act was a conservative measure with limited effect is correct only to a certain extent. Although it did remove the electoral rights from most of the oddities that were rotten boroughs, and give representation to growing cities such as Leeds and Manchester; it resulted in little improvement on the lives of the working class and merely benefitted the middle class. The Great Reform Act of 1832 was passed under a Whig government. They benefitted enormously from the old system of politics, and therefore did not want large amounts of change, simply enough to quell the country’s thirst for revolution. They also needed to get the wealthy middle class on their side, thereby not simply reflecting the wishes of the aristocracy. This is highlighted in Source 1 is before the Great Reform Act is established, and it outlines Prime Minister Grey’s intentions. He simply states that ‘if any persons suppose that this reform will lead to ulterior measures, they are mistaken’. He reassures his peers that the bill would not bring about any dramatic changes, as the current system benefitted them (and him) the most, bringing them significant wealth and influence. The bill was simply a way to satisfy the masses without giving too much ground, and to ‘put an end to such hopes and projects’. Therefore it was a conservative measure designed to have limited effects and bring...
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...The Roaring Twenties presents new ideas in visual and performing arts, literature, culture, evolution, and the role of women. Although, conservatism was present in the nineteen twenties with the Ku Klux Klan and prohibition, the Roaring Twenties was dominated by a liberal revolution with the reinvention of the modern woman, technological advances, and the success of the Scopes Trial. The primary effects of conservatism in the 1920s were the resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan and the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. The most successful and immediate response to the liberal revolution in the 1920s was the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK. The KKK was originally founded during the Reconstruction era after the...
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...effects of the upheavals and new ideologies that occurred after the French Revolution and during the Industrial Revolution. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna met and set up a system of checking other nations in order to prevent one nation from holding too much European power as France had under Napoleon. These checks on nations led to relative peace. Checks that were placed on France led to increased Belgian and Dutch territory as well as small Prussian territorial gains. In order to create a balance of power, the Congress of Vienna also increased Austrian and Russian territory. When Napoleon escaped from Elba, he returned to France to briefly rule again. His defeat at Waterloo led to the European Congress...
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...University of Phoenix Material Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The factors include warmer temperatures, the three-field system and better farming equipment. In which, contributed to the evolution of European living during medieval time. 2. How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The new found, more productive way of farming in Europe reduced the need of manual laboring workers. This eliminated many jobs on farm lands, yet created coil mining jobs to help power the machines used on the farm. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the industrial revolution in Europe? Large population, capital, and people with scientific knowledge and entrepreneurial skills were among the social and economic factors that helped make the Industrial Revolution possible. 3. Describe working conditions in factories and mines between 1800 and 1850. What was life like for a typical worker? Reference at least one primary source to support your response. -Mechanization deprived skilled craftworkers of control of the workplace. In Great Britain, France, and Germany, groups of textile...
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