...Photograph retouching by Chris Riger. Frontispiece photograph of Meher Baba, Ahmednagar, 1945. Copyright © Lawrence Reiter. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. by Sheriar Press, Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. For information write: Sheriar Foundation, 3005 Highway 17 North ByPass, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 29577, U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Meher Baba, 1894-1969. Discourses / Meher Baba. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-880619-08-3 : $25.00. - ISBN 1-880619-09-1 (pbk.): $15.00. 1. Spiritual life. I. Title. BP610.M43127 1995 299'.93-dc20 94-36972 CIP ISBN 1^880619-08-3 (previously ISBN 0-913078-573) ISBN 1-880619-09-1 (pbk.) (previously ISBN 0913078-584) ________________________________________________ v Contents FOREWORD ……………………………………………………. INTRODUCTION TO THE SEVENTH EDITION ………………......... THE SEVEN REALITIES …………………………………………. THE NEW HUMANITY ………………………………………….. SELFISHNESS ………………………………………………….. GOD AND THE INDIVIDUAL ……………………………………. THE BEGINNING AND THE END OF CREATION ………………….. THE FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SANSKARAS ……………… THE REMOVAL OF SANSKARAS viii xiii...
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...\nvt'$ mvmj of thf "i'emW^ le$t ^mH, THE DISCOURSES OF EPICTETUS. WITH THE ENCHEIRIDION AND FRAGMENTS. TRANSLATED, AND A WITH VIEW NOTES, OF HIS A LIFE OF EPICTETUS, PUILO80PUY. By GEOKGE long, M.A. NEW YORK: A. L. BURT, PUBLISHER, EPICTETUS. Very that he little was a is known* native of and of the life of in Epictetus. Phrygia, the in Maeander the a it is saia Hierapolis, a town tween be- the the to Mgeander branch of named of Paul it in the of Lyons. the Hierapolis of Colossi that time is mentioned epistle from people (Coloss. there of the was iv. a 13); which church date of fact his master has been concluded at Christian The Hierapolis birth of the apostie. The Epictetus life is that is unknown. he a was a only Rome, recorded and of broke the his was early slave in Epaphroditus, There is a profligate that the freedman master to on emperor his slave's dence evi- Nero, story leg by torturing of or him; but the that it is better trust to the Simplicins, who an commentator the weak how Encheiridion in he Manual, from but says Epictetus It is not in was body became that found and a lame early age. said modern slave; parents it has the this ...
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...(A) Recognising and using cohesive ties 2 Cohesion plays a central role in reading comprehension. Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that occur within a text, often resulting from the functions of conjunctions and pronouns. For example, in the following excerpt from the test passage What will we do now? the pronouns us and we refer to Jim and Ella, and enable readers to understand what Jim and Ella are saying throughout the conversation. In this way, the pronouns us and we connect a string of sentences to form a text rather than a series of unrelated statements. Words that link sentences in this way, are sometimes called ‘vocabulary links’, and are also known as ‘cohesive ties.’ What will we do now? ‘Let’s [us] play outside,’ said Jim. ‘We can make a castle.’ ‘No,’ said Ella, ‘we did that yesterday. Let’s [us] go down to the creek. We can go fishing.’ Taken from: Reading Magazine Year 3, 2008, Curriculum Corporation on behalf of the Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs. Examining the ways in which sentences are structured and cohere with each other, how forward and backward referencing occurs, and how key references are maintained from paragraph to paragraph, is a useful way of determining why and how reading errors occur. Cohesive ties may occur within a single sentence, but they also occur between sentences. For example, in the following excerpt from the test passage Dale Richards, vocabulary links, or cohesive ties, link...
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...Ди́скурс или диску́рс (фр. discours) в общем смысле — речь, процесс языковой деятельности. В специальном, социогуманитарном смысле — социально обусловленная организация системы речи, а также определённые принципы, в соответствии с которыми реальность классифицируется и репрезентируется (представляется) в те или иные периоды времени. Это специальное значение слова «дискурс» впервые ввёл Эмиль Бенвенист, противопоставляя discours (речь, привязанная к говорящему) и récit (речь, не привязанная к говорящему). Термин часто используется в семантике, социолингвистике, дискурсивной психологии, в различных вариантах теорий дискурса (например, теория дискурсаЭрнесто Лакло и Шанталь Муфф) и аналитического подхода к изучению дискурса, в частности в дискурсном анализе, дискурсивном анализе, дискурс-анализе (и его разновидности — критическом дискурс-анализе), анализе дискурса и др. Дискурсивный подход в лингвистических исследованиях занимает все более прочные позиции. Внимание ученых привлекает живая динамика языка – язык в действии. Изучение процессов коммуникации, речевого взаимодействия и речевого поведения для успешной коммуникации находятся в центре внимания многих наук, в их числе и лингвистическая наука. В исследованиях авторов учитывается стратегический аспект высказывания, лежащий в основе построения определенного типа дискурса, что позволяет говорящему субъекту правильно построить свою речь и путем воздействия на респондента достичь ожидаемого результата. Термин «дискурс», несмотря...
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...ДОНЕЦЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ Матвєєва Світлана Анатоліївна УДК 81’1:004.738.5 САЙТ ЯК ЖАНР ІНТЕРНЕТ-КОМУНІКАЦІЇ (на матеріалі персональних сайтів учених) Спеціальність 10.02.15 – загальне мовознавство АВТОРЕФЕРАТ дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філологічних наук Донецьк 2006 Дисертацією є рукопис. Робота виконана на кафедрі російського мовознавства та комунікативних технологій Луганського національного педагогічного університету імені Тараса Шевченка. Науковий керівник: доктор філологічних наук (РФ), доцент Зайцева Ірина Павлівна, професор кафедри російського мовознавства та комунікативних технологій Луганського національного педагогічного університету імені Тараса Шевченка Офіційні опоненти: доктор філологічних наук, професор Глущенко Володимир Андрійович, професор кафедри загального та російського мовознавства і теорії та історії літератури Слов’янського державного педагогічного університету кандидат філологічних наук, доцент Теркулов В’ячеслав Ісайович, проректор з наукової роботи Горлівського державного педагогічного інституту іноземних мов Провідна установа: Київський національний лінгвістичний університет, кафедра загального та українського мовознавства Захист відбудеться 23 жовтня 2006 р. о 10 годині на засіданні спеціалізованої вченої ради К 11.051.10 для захисту дисертацій на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філологічних наук при Донецькому національному університеті...
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...APAT NA URI NG DISKURSO Don Joshua B. Oliveros Prof. Valentina Bulato CBET-20-102P TF 1:30-3:00 DESKRIPTIBO Ang Aking Paligid Anim na araw daw ang iginugol ng Diyos sa paglikha ng mundo at sa ikapitong araw ay nagpahinga siya. Ginawa niya ang buong kalupaan at katubigan. Lumikha siya ng puno at halaman, pati mga hayop na titira sa lupa, sa tubig at sa kalangitan. Mula sa alabok ay nilikha niya ang isang espesyal na nilalang; ito ay ang tao. Siya ang inatasang mangalaga sa lahat ng bagay na nilikha ng Diyos. Siya ang tagapangalaga ng mundo. Ngunit ngayon, ang tanong na naghahari ay nasaan na ang dating paraiso? Maitim na tubig sa ilog, basura sa dagat at kalbong gubat- iyan ang iyong makikita kapag minasdan mo ang kapaligiran. Nasaan ang tagapangalagang nilikha ng Diyos upang magbantay sa lahat ng bagay na kanyang ginawa? Alam mo ba kung nasaan siya? Nasa ilog at nagtatapon ng basura, nandoon din siya sa gubat at namumutol ng puno, nasa loob din siya ng pabrika kung saan nagtatapon siya ng langis sa dagat at nagbubuga ng maitim na usok. Ang mga puno ay importante sa mga tao dahil ito ang naglilinis ng hangin at sumisipsip ng tubig ulan upang hindi bumaha. Dahil sa walang tigil na pagputol ng mga puno ay madalas magkaroon ng mga malalaking pagguho ng lupa at pagbaha, pati ang mga hayop sa kagubatan ay nanganganib din dahil nawawalan na sila ng tirahan. Kaunti na lang ang mga punong lumilinis ng hangin ngayon kaya ang mga tao ay madalas magkasakit. Nagkakaroon...
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...ENG 101 Bailey Writing Project 4 When Gee mentions the phrase dominant discourse he means a particular way of talking and thinking about a subject, created by those in power. This type of discourse is popular because it is admired and repeated a lot. So the dominant discourse Gee discusses is certainly used by a particular class, the upper class. The people in this upper class are usually white people. With dominant discourse, there are certain ways of talking and thinking that won’t be accepted so there is a need to conform to the same patterns of thinking and talking amongst the people conversing within this type of discourse. In the article, Gee gives an account of a conversation that was taking place in a bar. While the dialogue was taking place, the reader is shown what is and what is not appropriate as far as discourse is concerned. The type of discourse that an individual participates in is a learned behavior. Although it cannot really be taught from the media, the discourse of the individual is learned through their surroundings on a continual basis. Discourse can “rub off” on a person through their parents, the area in which they live, the community and how they act and speak and so on. My discourse was influenced by my parents, the school I went to and my friends and teammates. A big part of it was definitely school and my sports teams. I will be honest and say that my public high school was not the best as far as education goes so the people that attend there...
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...Discourse and gender Early work in the analysis of gender and discourse looked at the relationship between the use of language and the biological category of sex. Gender as a social category has come to be seen as highly fluid, or less well defined than in once appeared. In line with gender theory more generally, researchers interested in language and gender have focused increasingly on plurality and diversity among female and male language users, and on gender as performativity (something that is ‘done’ in context, rather than a fixed attribute). According to lakoff (1975) in her book language and women’s place, she proposed that what she called ‘ woman’s language’ is a use of language that is different from ‘men’s language’ or rather, what she termed’ neutral language’. This language included features such as the use of overly polite forms, the use of question tags, rising intonation in declaratives, the avoidance of expletives, a greater use of diminutives and euphemisms. An example of using particular items are “adorable, charming, and sweet” (woman’s language) versus “terrific, great, and cool (neutral language). According to mean’s (2001) she shows a similar example from the use of language with men’s and women’s football teams to’ do gender’ and to confirm masculine identity. She talks about sporting as a male category where values such as power and aggressiveness are highly valued. She found speed, loud talk and shouting to be ways in which these values were expressed...
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...Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction1 Extract Overview1 Discourse Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Alternative Discourse…………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 1.1 Introduction Discourse analysis is both an old and a new discipline. Its origins can be traced back to the study of language, public speech, and literature more than 2000 years ago. (Schiffrin, 2001) Much of the structural analysis of the term can be said to have resulted from books such as the archaeology of knowledge, discipline and punish and the history of sexuality which were written by the famous sociologist Michael Foucault. Foucault defines discourse as ways of constituting knowledge, together with social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations, which inhere in such knowledge, and relations between them. (Quinby, 1999) Putnam and Fairhurst [2001: 79] use the term 'discourse analysis' to refer to 'the study of words and signifiers, including the form or structure of these words, the use of language in context, and the meanings or interpretation of discursive practices'. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning (this meaning could be in form of language, speech, text etc.). They constitute the ‘nature’ of the body, unconscious and conscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern (Weedon, 1987) 1.2 Extract Overview The extract to be assessed is...
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...The definition of a discourse community is a group of people that have the same interest, shared the same goal with one and another, have the same language/ vocabulary, and have communication with one and another. According to John Wales the author of The Concept of Discourse Community. Discourse community can be anything, but it must meet his six characteristics that includes; common goal, intercommunication, members, lexis, information and feedback, and genre. If a group can meet the six characteristics it can be consider as a discourse community. After reading the article, I have realized that there are a lot discourse community among us without we even acknowledge it, for an example; like a book club,a sport club, a culinary club,and a yoga club. The one that I am going to use as an example for the discourse community is my Asian Community. The common goal that my discourse community has is to bring all the Asian youth to become one unity with one and another. My Asian community is a very small discourse community, but despite the size we have one big goal which is to achieve for all the Asian youth to stand together as a unity no matter what languages we speak. This group started because a friend of mine from high school had an idea to bring all Asian students in my high school to just spend quality time together, talk about each other cultures, and relate with one another. She felt there is a distance between all of us in school, and fortunately this group grew bigger...
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...The discourse of advertising 1. What is advertising? Advertising is ubiquitous – it is the air we breathe as we live our daily lives (Jhally, 1995: 79). Advertising is a prevalent phenomenon nowadays that has gained the attention and interest of a large number of individuals in different societies around the world. People are exposed to the advertising process wherever they are. Advertising is not only an ‘ideal tool’ for reaching people economically, but it is a device of attaining and maintaining contact with persons socially, culturally, politically and even psychologically. Therefore, advertising is neither an innocent way of selling products nor the primary factor which changes society’s attitudes and behaviour so as to fulfil its ends and economic purposes. According to Harris and Seldon (1962: 40 apud Vestergaard & Schroder, 1985: 2), advertising is defined as a public notice “designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services”. From this perspective, advertising exists “to help to sell things” (White, 2000: 5), which is limited to giving utilitarian information about the product with the objective of informing the consumer about the necessity and the importance of the commodity advertised. Besides, according to Nicosia (1974 apud Sheehan, 2004: 2-3), to advertise means “to give notice, to inform, to notify or to make known”. He goes on and suggests that a successful advertisement should include...
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...There is a community called OU cousins which consists in helping international students being engaged in the United States and developing friendship. In order to deeply analyze this community as a discourse community, two interviews as well as observations were conducted. According to James Paul Gee’s definition of Discourse community, Gee is a researcher at Arizona State University who defines discourse community as being the different ways people integrate and combine language, interactions, actions, and ways people think, value, and believe (Gee, p.441), OU Cousins is considered as discourse community. To begin, it is important to know specifically the purpose of the community and how this works. This program was created in 1996 by President...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- VIỆN ĐẠI HỌC MỞ HÀ NỘI ------------------------------------------------- KHOA TIẾNG ANH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- TIỂU LUẬN HÊT MÔN ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- CONTENT Abstract……………………………………………………………2 I. Introduction………………………………………………........3 II. Development …………………………………………………..4 1. Conversation Maxims……………………………………...4 2. Violating of the maxims……………………………………7 3.1. Flouting of the maxims………………………............8 3.2. Violating of the maxims……………………………...8 3.3. Infringing the maxims………………………………10 3.4. Opting out of the maxims…………………………….10 3.5. Suspending the maxims……………………………..11 III...
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...Title I. Topic The topic of this paper is regarding discourse analysis II. What is Discourse? There is not a straight-forward definition to describe what exactly "discourse analysis" is. Barbara Johnstone, a Professor of English and Linguistics at Carnegie Mellon University, said the following about what the word "discourse" means, "To discourse analysts, 'discourse' usually means actual instances of communication in the medium of language." (Discourse Analysis, 2002, p 2) So, according to Johnstone (2002), discourse is the occurrences of communication in the form of language. This means there are many ways in which communication can take form in, such as gesture and dance, but discourse focuses in the way language is being used to communicate. I think this definition helps in understanding what discourse analysis is. It is implied, through this definition, that when we are talking about discourse analysis, we are discussing about how language is being used to communicate. This means we don't focus ourselves with language as a system, but rather how language is being applied to express something or to declare a notion. For that reason, when we study about discourse analysis that means we study the process in which language as an instrument of communication is involved. III. Spoken and Written Language Discourse analysis is dealing with analysing the function of language as a tool of communication. When people use language to communicate, they can either use language...
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...Brianna Hicks Debbie Weaver ENC 1102- Section BW64 07.15.15 Discourse is in the Stars I am one of those people that looks to the stars for answers. I crave my daily horoscope and knowing where my moon and star align. I love knowing who or what I would be based on the characteristics of my zodiac sign. One of my favorite zodiac blogs is zodiac signs by Crystal Melbourne, a professional astrologer. I look at her Tumblr blog daily and sometimes multiple times during the day. It wasn’t until two weeks ago when I joined this class that I thought about how it can be categorized as a discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people that share a set of beliefs and understandings. In this essay, that we all as a class are required to write, I will be dissecting the different parts of this Tumblr blog that make it a discourse community. Before going too far into the rhetorical situation of this blog, I will give a little bit of background for those newbies out there who have no clue what astrology or a horoscope is. I will also give you some of the important language that will be found throughout this essay. First off, astrology is the study of the positions and relationships of the sun, moon, stars, and planets in order to judge their influence on human actions. A horoscope is a diagram of the heavens, showing the relative position of planets and the signs of the zodiac, for use in calculating births, foretelling events in a person’s life, etc. Zodiac is an imaginary...
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