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国花市花鉴赏课程论文
——玫瑰与欧洲文化

施文珺 安泰经济与管理学院 5101209029 指导老师:申晓辉

课程论文
——玫瑰与欧洲文化
施文珺 (上海交通大学,安泰经济与管理学院)
[摘要] 从古罗马时期直至今日,玫瑰都与欧洲文化紧密缠绕在了一起。从最初的狂热,到神话的崇拜,到宗教的神化,到画作、诗句乃至建筑的刻画,玫瑰就这样渗透到了欧洲文化的各个角落。本文从欧洲文化的诸多方面探讨了玫瑰与欧洲文化间的互相影响,从起源来分析玫瑰为欧洲人所崇拜的原因。
[关键词] 玫瑰;欧洲;神话;宗教;艺术;国花
玫瑰之于欧洲有其独一无二的地位。在通常的印象中,玫瑰的形象总是与欧洲那些古老的城堡抑或优雅的贵族联系在一起,密不可分。事实上,玫瑰并不是原产于欧洲,那么,这种根深蒂固的联系又是源自于哪里呢?
这就要从欧洲历史长河的源头说起……

玫瑰简介: 科属:蔷薇科蔷薇属灌木
形态:直立灌木。茎丛生,有茎刺。单数羽状复叶互生,花单生于叶腋或数朵聚生。
别称:玫瑰花可提取高级香料玫瑰油,玫瑰油价值比黄金还要昂贵,故玫瑰有“金花”之称。玫瑰花色香诱人,特别是其香浓烈、甜蜜,有催情剂的成分,往往引人止步赞叹,留恋徘徊,又称“徘徊花”。 玫瑰因其美丽、香甜、雅洁,在中东和欧洲又称它为花中之王。人们把它看作是圣洁、完美、幸福和纯贞爱情的象征,伊斯兰教和基督教建筑的装饰中都有它的身影。

历史渊源:
玫瑰原产于中亚和中国,后来越过阿尔泰和高加索山脉传到波斯,最后到达希腊、埃及和罗马。据说,是萨冈国王在几千年前从一次军事远征中带回了玫瑰。另有文物为证:在许多早期的硬币上,人们发现了五花瓣玫瑰的图案。
可见玫瑰在欧洲的历史也颇为悠久,几千年的相伴相随,无怪乎它在欧洲有着这般深远的影响。

神话中的玫瑰:
当时的欧洲尚处于人类文明初具雏形的时期,诸多人们的所思所想,都诉诸于那些动人的神话保留了下来。其中最为著名的要数希腊神话了。也许,就是从那时起,玫瑰与欧洲文化结下了不解之缘。
在希腊和其他西亚人看来,玫瑰是诸神的赏赐,也是对他们的感谢。传说,爱与美之神,阿弗洛狄忒从海水泡沫中诞生时,其腰部四周有汹涌的海浪泡沫保护,当她离水登岸时,就变成了玫瑰彩带。在这里,玫瑰被赋予了生命与美的多重含义。将这诸多的殊荣冠之于一朵花的头上,在欧洲那是前无古人,后无来者。玫瑰的柔美、艳丽,自此在欧洲人的心中有了更为鲜活的化身——爱与美之神。
玫瑰,之所以象征着爱情,也是与一则缠绵悱恻的希腊神话息息相关。从前,据说玫瑰都是白色的。有一天,阿芙洛狄特的情人——主宰自然界的神,阿多尼斯,在打猎时不幸为野猪所伤。女神闻讯后失魂落魄地向阿多尼斯遇难处奔去,途中被玫瑰花刺伤了双脚,鲜血滴在花瓣上,于是白玫瑰变成了红玫瑰。正因为这玫瑰花曾被爱神的鲜血染过,象征着爱神对恋人坚贞的爱,才最有资格代表爱情。
甚至,玫瑰的英文名的也是由希腊神话演变而来的。传说,花神弗洛拉对爱神阿摩尔并无感情,对他的追求烦不胜烦,只好长期躲着他。但有一天,狡猾的爱神用爱神之箭射中了她。从此弗洛拉为之倾心,但阿摩尔喜新厌旧,抛弃了弗洛拉。女神伤心之余决定自己创造一种会哭会笑、集悲喜于一身的花来安抚自己。经过无数个不眠之夜,女神看到自己的创造物,惊喜得不禁喊出心上人的名字——厄洛斯。但由于生性腼腆、情绪激动,她只喊出了洛斯这两个音节。从此,一种植物诞生了,名为洛斯(Rose),即为玫瑰。这则稍带悲伤的神话,为玫瑰的爱情色彩增添了一份凄美。
说到玫瑰,就不得不提起一句俚语“under the rose”。相传是因为沉默之神哈波克拉提斯偶然撞见爱与美之神维纳斯与情人约会。维纳斯之子,小爱神丘比特知道后,摘了一朵玫瑰“贿赂”他,请他严守秘密。从此,玫瑰花被西方视为沉默的象征。众多的秘密社团,比如玫瑰游艇和共济会,都不约而同地选取了玫瑰作为社团标志。 神话反映了当时人们的思想与偏好,而玫瑰自神话中所被赋予的爱、美、生命、沉默等丰富的含义与当时人们对玫瑰的崇拜和好奇的态度也是密不可分的。玫瑰从一个侧面折射出当时欧洲文化处于探索状态的时代特征。

玫瑰之于宗教:
当玫瑰在罗马等地被狂热崇拜、追捧之际,最初的那些宗教人士对于玫瑰抱着一种谴责、厌恶的态度,认为是玫瑰这象征着奢靡的罪恶之物导致了罗马帝国的覆灭。然而这一切与玫瑰并无多大的联系,一切都是源于人们的贪婪与经不起诱惑。
但随着耶稣受难的传说渐渐流传,那承载了耶稣受难之血的玫瑰也披上了一层神秘的外衣,逐渐演变为一种仁爱与超脱于世俗之美的化身。圣母玛利亚也被称为“天堂中的玫瑰”,象征着圣洁、高贵,是完美无瑕的象征。天主教的“救赎说”告诉人们, 幸福不在此岸此生实现, 而是在肉体死后实现于复活的灵魂中。信徒们的最大愿望就是像基督一样在彼岸的天国中获得灵魂的永生。这种超脱肉体的灵魂, 是被基督救赎的超性生命, 是纯洁的、善良的。不同于生来就带有原罪的肉体, 这个肉体是罪恶的。在基督徒的心中, 也许玫瑰是最能代表这种圣洁的灵魂。由于上述种种的原因,玫瑰在基督教内获得了至高无上的地位。

玫瑰与艺术:
正因为玫瑰与神话、宗教的紧密联系,在当时及之后的诸多艺术作品中,也常常能捕捉到它的身影。
在当时欧洲极为盛行的哥特艺术中,尤其是那些哥特形式的教堂中,玫瑰这种元素屡见不鲜,以玫瑰花窗为最。玫瑰窗主要见于十三到十五世纪流行于欧洲的哥特式天主教堂中, 它是一种仿照玫瑰花的形状及花瓣的圆形窗户, 以漂亮的彩色玻瑞镶嵌其中。这些五彩斑斓、令人目眩的玫瑰花窗是教徒们通往天堂的窗口, 上帝透过这窗口把慈爱而柔情的目光投向教徒们。阳光透过玫瑰窗照射进教堂, 似乎可以变得更加圣洁, 沐浴在这样的阳光里, 教徒们也会觉得自己变得更加崇高和洁净。此外,玫瑰花窗也象征着人的生命之花只有在彼岸世界才能真正得以怒放,充分诠释了基督教的教义。 图1 《阿芙洛狄特的诞生》 图1 《阿芙洛狄特的诞生》
除此之外,玫瑰更多的象征意义来源于众多画家的杰作中所赋予的含义。最著名的要数波提切利的《阿芙洛狄特的诞生》。(图1)这幅画寓意着生命、美与知识为爱所统一,女神身边飘落着粉红的玫瑰,每一朵都包藏着金色的花蕊,似乎在借艺术之名,来宣告古希腊伟大文化传统与艺术精神的复兴时代已经来临。在与宗教有关的画作中,玫瑰往往与圣母联系在一起。在圣母的画像中常出现红白玫瑰,白色玫瑰代表她的纯洁和谦逊,红色玫瑰代表她的仁爱。从十五世纪开始,表现玫瑰和宗教的绘画作品频繁地出现在意大利文艺中。例如这副波提切利的《春》中(图2),无论是头饰、项圈还是衣物的花纹,都富含了玫瑰的元素,充斥着各种颜色各个品种的玫瑰。另一幅他的关于圣母与童年施洗约翰的作品中,出现了很多粉红的约克玫瑰和两朵红色的法国玫瑰。这两朵红玫瑰象征着基督和约翰未来都将受难,而粉红玫瑰则是圣母的象征。文艺复兴大师拉斐尔在表现圣母升天的荣耀时,也借用了红白玫瑰的对比。此时的玫瑰就具有了鲜血、殉难的含义,是耶稣爱与苦难的象征。在文艺复兴之后,玫瑰在各种画作中被赋予了更多的寓意,生命的无常、虚幻、短暂,破碎与颓废之美,肉体欲望等等。从文艺复兴时期,众多画家对玫瑰的偏爱,我们可以从中一窥当时社会对玫瑰的热爱,以及欧洲人逐渐对玫瑰建立起来的深厚感情。
图2 《春》

玫瑰的诸多象征含义:
在原始的女神崇拜时期,古老的五瓣玫瑰花瓣,代表女性生命中的五个阶段———出生、首次月经来潮、做母亲、绝经和死亡。开放的玫瑰花象征着女性的外生殖器,所有的人都是从那个神圣的花朵里来到世间。被剪下来的玫瑰迅速凋零与枯萎,又使它成为生命易逝和死亡的象征。在古罗马玫瑰节期间,人们将玫瑰花瓣撒于死者的坟墓上,罗马皇帝也头戴玫瑰编制的花冠,象征凡人终有一死。随着基督教取代众多神教成为罗马帝国的正统宗教,玫瑰转而开始象征殉教者和基督的受难和死亡。文艺复兴运动之后,在细致敏感的画家眼中,纷纷飘落的玫瑰花瓣,又恢复了罗马时期的寓意———生命无常。玫瑰完美地综合了十九世纪末唯美画家对古典世界和对自然美的狂热,成为他们青睐的主题之一。玫瑰多层的花瓣象征着获取种种神秘知识的不同阶段,因此玫瑰还有智慧之花的意义。17世纪,神秘的玫瑰十字会将玫瑰置于中心,将十字架和宇宙之轮环绕在它周围,使其同时具有智慧、沉默、死亡的含义。

时至今日,玫瑰依旧在欧洲的文化中长盛不衰,被欧洲多国(保加利亚、英国等等)奉为国花。正如在开篇所讲的那样,玫瑰因我们的无数次幻想而呈现出五光十色的异彩。玫瑰自诞生之初,就与欧洲文化的各个方面紧密纠缠在了一起。从最初的狂热,到神话的崇拜,到宗教的神化,到画作、诗句乃至建筑的刻画。玫瑰就这样以其独特的完美渗透到了欧洲文化的各个角落。它几乎可以象征所有的欲望和所有美的意象。 但玫瑰依然是玫瑰,只是在欧洲的历史上扮演了一个承载世人繁杂情感的意象,依旧一枝独秀地摇曳在欧洲那片古老的土地之上,真正诠释了一花一世界的含义……

参考文献:
[1]《印象玫瑰》 一茗 著 科学技术文献出版社 2008
[2]《植物的象征》 玛莉安娜 • 波伊谢特 著 湖南科学技术出版社 2001
[3]《世界各国国花国鸟》 赵松 张文瑾 编著 世界知识出版社 1983
[4]《莲花与玫瑰——浅谈东西方宗教花文化》 冯欣 著
[5]《世界建筑艺术之旅》 刘丹 编著 中国建筑工业出版社 2004

课程总结
经过近一个学期的学习,国花市花鉴赏课也已渐入尾声。在这结束之际,应老师的要求,也是出于对这门课程的反思反馈,我决定提笔写下两三句,仅作为总结,以助我在今后的其他课程中走得更远,也希望国花市花鉴赏课开办得更为精彩。
这门课是我这学期所选课程中最为“闲情逸致”的一门。说它闲情逸致,是指课程的内容,因为私以为大学并不应该仅仅只是一些物理数学等学术性极强的课程,更应该包括那些陶冶情操,修身养性的课程。选这门课的初衷,其实很简单,只是希望增加一些花卉的知识,弥补自己在这方面的知识匮乏,同时满足自己对花卉的爱好。
在第一堂课上,我发现这并不是一门“水”课,相反,它的内容丰富精彩,可以看到老师的用心与要求。回到寝室后,我干的第一件事就是去养了几盆比较耐寒的植物。我本就是喜爱花的孩子,听到说有一项任务是种花更是喜不自禁。养花并不是一件容易事儿,曾经只有一盆仙人球在我的手下幸存到了现在。但我依旧享受看着植物长大的过程,也许一夜之间它就开花了!每隔两三周,我都会为它们拍几张照片,这份喜悦只有种花的人才能体会。
这门课有许多时间都是在课堂内进行介绍花卉的。申老师要求比较严格,课堂上的发言尤为重要。可惜,虽说我对于这方面的知识很感兴趣,但是在这之前对于花文化的了解实在屈指可数。每当申老师提问时,许多同学也许是因为未认真听讲而无法回答,我却总是因为性格中的胆怯与内向,心有余而力不足。而这却是评分的一大标准,我并不十分赞同。因为,有许多在课堂上专注于其他作业的同学,凭借着他出色的语言以及早已有的花卉知识基础,可以在这一环节表现出色。回答完问题后,却不再听讲,埋头于自己的事情。这种现象并不是公平的。每一个上课的同学也许怀抱着相同的热情与兴趣,却并不一定有着相同的知识基础。我建议,也许可以将这类提问环节放到下一节课的课前,作为一种复习,同时也是一种课堂听讲的反馈。此外,我觉得一种思考的方法和习惯也是任选课需要着重培养的环节。每节课后,可以充分利用课程网站或公共邮箱来让大家进行互动讨论。上课时所涉及到的一个方面,让大家进行一下深入的思考,譬如:反思我国国花设立的现状等。将一些原来在课堂上的问题,也许没有深刻思考,放到论坛上供大家讨论、思考。
此外,课堂的介绍环节,我发现许多同学并不感兴趣,参与度并不高。但与之相反,仅有的两次校园花卉识别课却让大家兴致高涨。我认为可以多增加几节课外实践课,因为那两次课程时间都很仓促,未能走遍校园。而且,面对着真实、可感可触的植物,同学们对花的了解一定更为深刻。在每一种花卉前,可以停留更多的时间,就形态特征、文化背景、园林价值更深入广泛的展开。这两堂课对我的影响远远超过了其他十几节坐在课堂内的教学。平时,和朋友一起在校园内穿行时,我可以自豪地为他们介绍那些原本为人所忽视的千姿百态的植物,将花卉的知识普及给身边的每一个人。
在这门课中,插花也是一堂十分吸引人的课程,让每个人都能亲自动手参与其中,自然对劳动成果也是十分地珍惜,小心翼翼的捧回了寝室,回头率极高。唯一的遗憾是,在课前对插花知之甚少,自由的创意无法施行,只有乖乖的跟着老师拗造型。但是,在这门课之后,确实对插花有了不少的了解和领悟,强烈建议保留,甚至可以延长一节课时。
总的看来,这个学期,通过这门课程的学习,我对各种花卉的认识与了解大大的提升了一个水准,就像申老师曾经的一位学生说的那样:曾经,我在学校里行走,满眼都是草;如今,满眼都是花……
感谢有你,让我的生命多了几分色彩!

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Develop Workplace Policy and Procedures for Sustainability Assessment Task 1

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