...graph portrays the craving of people depending on the kind of substance they receive in a certain phase of the study. Heroin tops the charts, while heroin antagonist drops the graph to the bottom. As we have discussed before in class, craving tends to be highest when people are actively administering the certain substance, which can explain the Heroin phase and its high craving rate. As people move over to the methadone phase, there will be far less high involved, and thus people will lose some of their craving. The chart then will drop further with the drug free phase. However, the craving rate rises slightly again during the antagonist and heroin and antagonist phases, only to plummet down again. Considering antagonist blocks heroin receptors and feels ‘bad’, it is understandable that the antagonist phase has a brief spike in craving rise before plummeting again. The interesting part is the heroin and antagonist phase, where the graph is far too low compared to the heroin phase. Considering people have already experienced antagonist, as well as for the fact that taking the two together would have none of the ‘good’ effects heroin has, it is understandable that nobody looks forward to it Another explanation could be that it has been quite some time since the people in the study had taken heroin. As said before, craving is high usually when people are actively administering the drug. This craving then drops as the period of abstinence grows, which could be another reason why...
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...University of Phoenix Material Neurotransmitter Chart Select four neurotransmitters. Complete a table for each neurotransmitter. |Neurotransmitter 1 |State if this neurotransmitter is inhibitory or excitatory: | |(Dopamine) | Both | | | | |What is this neurotransmitter's role on behavior? | | | Dopamine’s role on behavior involves whether there is a decrease of dopamine or an increase. In the case that there is a decrease then there is a chance that the individuals’ behavior will | |represent an individual that id depressed. In the case that there is an increase then the individual will show behaviors of the individual feeling happy and as if they are feeling pleasure. | | ...
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...buffer, the appearance of an inverted peak corresponding to the free ligand in the resulting electropherogram provides a criterion of binding of a ligand to its receptor protein. For both low (fast off rates) and high (slow off rates) affinity systems, analysis of the integration of free ligand peak in electropherograms as a function of the total concentration of a ligand in samples at constant concentration of receptor protein yields the binding stoichiometry of the ligand to the protein. Applications of this technique to studies of (i) the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1, from human and bovine erythrocytes) by 4-alkylbenzenesulfonamide 1, (ii) the interaction of a monoclonal antibody to human serum albumin (anti-HSA) with its antigen HSA, and (iii) the binding of streptavidin (from Streptomyces avidinii) to biotin derivatives (monobiotinylated oligodeoxyribonucleotide 2, fluorescein biotin, or Lucifer Yellow biotin) yield stoichiometries of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4, respectively. For multivalent, tight-binding systems, this ACE method can readily separate stable intermediate species. This method is generally applicable to both tight- and weak-binding systems, requires only nanograms of proteins and ligands, involves no radioactive materials, and does not require changes in electrophoretic mobilities of receptor proteins upon binding with ligands. It thereby provides a rapid, sensitive, and convenient method for measuring binding stoichiometries of ligands to...
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...they want to look at the pharmacokinetics of the drug. This means that they examine how the drug is absorbed by the body, distributed throughout bodily systems, and how the body metabolizes and excretes the substance. Secondly, researchers are concerned with pharmacodynamics, which is an examination of how the drug interacts with various neurotransmitters, receptors and other sites of action in the body. Examining these two areas allows scientists to see how the drug works and predict what effect the drug will have on behavior. Individuals in the field of psychopharmacology have discovered that drugs can interact with neurotransmission in a number of ways. First a drug can act as an agonist, or it can act as a neurotransmitter. This is the case with heroin. Heroin has the same chemical shape as opioid neurotransmitters that are found in the body. Thus, when heroin is used it binds to opioid receptors in the body and produces changes in behavior including feelings of euphoria. Another way that drugs can affect behavior is by blocking the receptor site. For example, certain antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors to decrease the effects of dopamine...
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...1. DEFINATION: Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors that modulate specific gene expression. Currently there are 100 nuclear receptor are identified[1]. 2. INTRODUCTION: In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within other molecules. In response, these receptors work in concert with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism. Nuclear receptors have the ability to directly bind to DNA and regulate the expression of adjacent genes, hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. The regulation of gene expression by nuclear receptors only happens when a ligand—a molecule which affects the receptor's behavior is present. More specifically, ligand binding to a nuclear receptor results in a conformational change in the receptor which in turn activates the receptor resulting in up-regulation of gene expression. A unique property of nuclear receptors which differentiate them from other classes of receptors is their ability to directly interact with and control the expression of genomic DNA. Consequently nuclear receptors play key roles in both the embryonic development and adult homeostasis of organisms [2, 3, 4]. 3. LIGANDS: Ligands that bind to and activate nuclear receptors include lipophilic substances such as endogenous hormones, vitamins A and D, and xenobiotic endocrine disruptors...
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...(VLPO) to inhibit monaminergic transmission (Carlson, 2013). Sundström Poromaa et al., (2003) support this view when they describe the GABA neurotransmitter as; “the GAGAergic system is a ubiquitous and primary mediator of inhibition the nervous system” (p. 24). Next, the two types of GABA neurotransmitters are discussed, as they relate to the reading in the next paragraph. From the literature review, two types of the GABA receptors were described, which are GABAB receptors and GABAA- receptors (Sundström Poromaa et al., 2003). Those two types of GABA receptors coincides with the reading in regards to ionotropic receptors, where the neurotransmitter directly produces a rapid opening of ion channels through the membrane, as well as a rapid ending (Carlson, 2013) or GABAA, as described in the article (Sundström Poromaa et al., 2003). In addition, the reading also submitted that metabotropic receptors in contrast to the ionotropic action, are indirectly affected by neurotransmitter to produce ion channel changes, which was also much slower than ionotropic receptors (Carlson, 2013) or GABAB that was described in the article (Sundström Poromaa et al., 2003). Furthermore, the course text and the literature review described the functioning of the neuroanatomical...
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...The Journal of Neuroscience, March 24, 2010 • 30(12):4467– 4480 • 4467 Development/Plasticity/Repair Demonstration of a Neural Circuit Critical for Imprinting Behavior in Chicks Tomoharu Nakamori,1,3 Katsushige Sato,2,4 Yasuro Atoji,5 Tomoyuki Kanamatsu,6 Kohichi Tanaka,1 and Hiroko Ohki-Hamazaki1,3,7 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute and 2Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan, 3Division of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan, 4Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women’s University, Inagi-shi, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan, 5Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, 6Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan, and 7Recognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Imprinting behavior in birds is elicited by visual and/or auditory cues. It has been demonstrated previously that visual cues are recognized and processed in the visual Wulst (VW), and imprinting memory is stored in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) of...
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...I personally think science is pretty cool in all its forms (so it’s probably a good thing that I’m a biology major). When discussing puberty in “Adolescent Development,” it made me think of a topic that was recently discussed in my Anatomy and Physiology course: androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), which is also called testicular feminization. To better understand a concept as a whole, I always like to consider the abnormalities. AIS is when a child is assumed a girl, but upon physical examination shows the presence of testes in the abdomen and a karyotype reveals that she has the XY chromosomes of a male. The testes within the abdomen produce normal male levels of testosterone, but the target cells lack receptors for it. It is a rather...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination CAPE ® BIOLOGY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC A10/U2/07 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2007, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC A10/U2/07 ii Contents RATIONALE.....................................................................................................................................................1 AIMS ..................................................................................................................................................................1 SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ...............................................................................................2 PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................5 STRUCTURE...
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...EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONE ON THE LEVELS OF CORTICAL AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN ADULT AND YOUNG RATS Y.A. KHADRAWY*, NAWAL A. AHMED**, HEBA S. ABOUL EZZ**, N.M. RADWAN** *Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt **Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Abstract. The present study aims to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) generated by mobile phones on the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters; glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine and taurine in the cortex of adult and young rats. Several studies showed that EMR could influence normal brain physiology, probably by changing cortical excitability. In the present study, adult and young rats were exposed to EMR for one hour/day. Amino acids were measured after 1 hour, 1, 2 and 4 months of daily EMR exposure and after 1 month of stopping exposure that extended daily for 4 months. The present data showed that in adult rats EMR induced significant changes in the cortical levels of some studied amino acids throughout the exposure periods. However, in young rats EMR induced significant changes after 4 months of daily exposure and after stopping exposure. It could be suggested that the changes in amino acid neurotransmitters may underlie the EMR-induced changes in cortical excitability. Key words: Electromagnetic radiation, amino acid neurotransmitters, cortex, rats. INTRODUCTION The increasing number of telecommunication...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...who are having difficulty eating due to their condition or due to treatment of a condition. HIV/AIDS is a common illness that responds well to Marinol treatment. It is also useful for some patients who are fighting cancer and need to go through chemotherapy treatment. Since Marinol prevents severe weight loss it can help increase the survival rate of some illnesses and conditions that are responsible for appetite and weight loss. This drug has been used successfully to treat people with the following: Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome, Spinal Cord Injuries, Glaucoma, Eating disorders (themarinol.com). The pharmacological actions of THC result from its partial agonist activity at the cannabinoid receptor CB1, located mainly in the central nervous system, and the CB2 receptor, mainly expressed in cells of the immune system (Pertwee). THC has mild to moderate analgesic effects, and cannabis can be used to treat pain by altering transmitter release on dorsal root ganglion...
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...to be made without fee. Individuals may make copies for their own use or for use by classes of which they are in charge; institutions may make copies for use within and by the staff and students of that institution. For copying in any other circumstances, prior permission in writing must be obtained from Macmillan Publishers Limited. Under no circumstances may the material in this book be used, in part or in its entirety, for commercial gain. It must not be sold in any format. Designed by Macmillan Publishers Limited Cover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited and Red Giraffe CSEC Biology Free Resources LIST OF CONTENTS CSEC Biology Syllabus Extract 3 CSEC Biology Syllabus 4 CSEC Biology Specimen Papers: Paper 01 Paper 02 Paper 032 89 104 125 CSEC Biology Mark Schemes for Specimen Papers: Paper 01 Paper 02 Paper 032 136 137 149 CSEC Biology Subject Reports: 2004 January Subject Report 2004 June Subject Report 2005 January Subject Report 2006 January Subject Report 2007 January Subject Report 2007 May/June Subject Report 2008 January...
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...Dopamine’s Effect on Adolescent Personality Dopamine’s Effect on Adolescent Personality Dopamine is defined as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, retina, and sympathetic ganglia, acting within the brain to help regulate movement and emotion. Researchers have become intrigued with this neurotransmitter especially its effect on the personality of adolescents. The effects of dopamine levels and the presence of certain dopamine receptors on the likelihood of adolescent alcohol consumption have developed quite a debate amongst researchers. Next, researchers have been studying the effect of dopamine on children’s personal incentive motivations, and the personality changes due to the neurotransmitter. Finally, the effect on dopamine on the personality of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been thoroughly tested. According to van der Zwaluw, Larsen, and Engels (2012), children are no longer assumed to be only influence by peers when it comes to alcohol consumption. The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has been found to be associated with the susceptibility of alcohol consumption. This concept has been highly scrutinized and tested, because the researchers have seemingly found a genetic disposition for alcoholism. According to Lee and Humphreys (2014), not only does the presence of the DRD4 gene raise the likelihood of drinking, but it also allocates the adolescent a positive experience with alcohol. The positive experience is associated...
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...Jason Billing Mrs.Werle AP Biology Summer Assignment Chapter 1 – Finding Your Inner Fish 1. Explain why the author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils. Be sure to include the types of rocks and their location during their paleontology work in 2004. In 365 million year old rocks the amphibians had characteristics that were not similar to fish, but in 385 million they found fish that were dissimilar to amphibians. The scientists then looked at the 375 million year old rocks to find the missing piece. The rocks were sedimentary rocks in composition which are formed on the bottom of rivers and some seas as well, where most marine life live. Some places they looked were Ellesmere Island, in Canada, a good location due to the lack of human effects on the environment. 2. Describe the fossil Tiktaalik. Why does this...
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