...Using material from item A and elsewhere, assess the view that overconsumption is now more of a threat than overpopulation to world development The sociological study of population is called ‘demography’, sociologists believe that it is important to study demographic trends such as those associated with birth and fertility etc. such trends can produce insights into why societies experience social change, for example, overconsumption and what demographic changes have brought about this change. Sociologist Paul Ehrlich studied the figures for birth rates and death rates of developing countries and compared them with food production and malnutrition rates, he concludes that the birth rate ‘must be brought into balance with the death rate or mankind will breed itself into oblivion’. As item A states ‘the developed world consumes 5/6 of the world’s resources and each person in the developed world consumes around 20 times as much as a person in the developing world’, to understand the causes of such figures claimed in item A and the predictions made by Ehrlich, we must look at the demographic causes linked to both population and overconsumption. This essay will assess whether or not overconsumption has in fact become more of a problem than overpopulation to the world’s development and what such sociological views and perspectives support this view, focusing particularly in dependency, modernization and Malthusian views. Firstly we look at the Malthusian view of population growth...
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...international boycott involving the death of Third World Infants as a result of their unethical advertising, marketing and sale of infant feeding formula to incapable mothers. In this case, Nestle was accused of hard-selling their products to mothers in Third World countries who were incapable of the proper use of the products, and encouraging them to use powdered milk formulas as a substitute for breastfeeding. As a result, the increased use of the product caused malnutrition and mass deaths of babies in developing countries. The controversy began to arise in the 1960’s when breastfeeding rates rapidly declined as infant food companies began to expand their markets into developed countries. Nestle was first charged with the allegations by the Pan American Health Organization, beginning the start of this ongoing, international boycott. Then in 1974, a 28-page report published by the Third World Working Group called “Nestle Kills Babies,” suggested that because of their unethical and immoral selling practices, Nestle was a major contributor to the death of Third World infants. Because of these allegations, the Infant Formula Coalition charged Nestle on multiple allegations. Many of the charges that Nestle faced revolved around the fact that their advertising and promotion tactics for infant formula discouraged breast feeding and encouraged Third World mothers that bottle feeding was “the fashionable thing to do.” Because these mothers were not properly educated on how to use these...
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...reference bureau, who, amongst others, hold the view that overconsumption is a larger threat to the world than over population. Overpopulation has long been seen as a hindrance to world development, in 2014 the world population is currently 7 billion, there is no doubt that the world has experienced a mass rise in population. Most of this increase has occurred in the developing world, the world population rises by approximately 83 people annual and 99% of this increase happens in the less developed regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. For example, Africa’s population, despite the AIDS epidemic has tripled to 926 million from 1960 to 2005, whilst Asia’s population doubled to 3.9BN in this period. Six countries account for half of this total increase in world population; these are; India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Contrasting to this the population of the developed world has actually fallen. The United Nations predict that by 2050, the world’s population will reach 9.2 billion, the population of less economically developed countries is expected to rise from 4.9BN (2001) to 8.2BN (2050). Thomas Malthus (1766-1843) argued that populations increase in size at a much faster rate than the ability of those same populations to feed themselves. He concludes that these limits on food supply lead to natural checks on the population, such as famine and malnutrition, perhaps even war and increase death rates. He argues that overpopulation needs...
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...Genetically Modified Food: The Need to Feed Currently, the use of genetically modified food is a subject of enormous global controversy. The main disagreement being, whether or not genetically modified food should be allowed to be a main staple of our diets. Genetic engineering, or as it is also called genetic modification, is the manipulation of an organism's genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of new genetic material, containing desirable traits, into the genome of a host to induce expression of these traits. The resulting organisms produced by this genetic modification technique are called genetically modified organism (GMOs). Despite common belief genetically modified organisms have been around for decades. The first genetically modified organism was the simple bacterium E. coli in 1973 by Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen. Their work set in motion a new era of genetic engineering. A year later the first animal was genetically modified. The technology continued to advance exponentially up till 1984 where genetically modified bacteria were commercialized for the production of Insulin. The first commercially grown genetically modified crop was the tomato called Flavr Savr, named for its more resistant nature to rotting. Unknown to most is that genetically modified food has been sold since 1994 and that most supermarket processed food items now test positive for...
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...INTRODUCTION Normally Bangladesh is country where most people suffer from malnutrition. There are lots of people who suffer from this problem, to eradicate every government take many steps. But not always every step bears fruits. In most cases these steps wont work. Because of lack of monitoring and awareness efforts. The government efforts are given; The public health nutrition program under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh is operated through Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN) and two major programs under the Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program (HNPSP). These two programs are Micronutrient Supplementation (MS) and National Nutrition Program (NNP). The IPHN and MS work under the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and the NNP works directly under the ministry. Conventionally the director of IPHN works as the line director of MS, and nutrition programs of both IPHN and MS are carried out under one platform. The programs include: (a) Control of micro-nutrient deficiencies focusing nutritional blindness of vitamin A; (b) Control of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM); (c) Control and prevention of iron deficiency and other nutritional anemia; (d) Control of iodine deficiency disorders and other micronutrient problems; (e) School health nutrition education program targeting school children; and (f) Revitalization of existing baby friendly hospitals. The programs of IPHN and MS cover the entire country. The coverage of NNP,...
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...INTRODUCTION Normally Bangladesh is country where most people suffer from malnutrition. There are lots of people who suffer from this problem, to eradicate every government take many steps. But not always every step bears fruits. In most cases these steps wont work. Because of lack of monitoring and awareness efforts. The government efforts are given; The public health nutrition program under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh is operated through Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN) and two major programs under the Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program (HNPSP). These two programs are Micronutrient Supplementation (MS) and National Nutrition Program (NNP). The IPHN and MS work under the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and the NNP works directly under the ministry. Conventionally the director of IPHN works as the line director of MS, and nutrition programs of both IPHN and MS are carried out under one platform. The programs include: (a) Control of micro-nutrient deficiencies focusing nutritional blindness of vitamin A; (b) Control of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM); (c) Control and prevention of iron deficiency and other nutritional anemia; (d) Control of iodine deficiency disorders and other micronutrient problems; (e) School health nutrition education program targeting school children; and (f) Revitalization of existing baby friendly hospitals. The programs of IPHN and MS cover the entire country. The coverage of NNP,...
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...by invading a cell and taking over genetic machinery to copy themselves ~viral disease ex. flu, AIDS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE (contagious/communicable disease) >can be transmitted ~bacterial disease (tb, gonorrhea, strep throat) ~viral disease (cold, flu, AIDS) NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE >caused by something >does not spread >develops slowly and have multiple causes ex. cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition **since 1950, incidence of infectious diseases and death rates from them reduced: >better health care >antibiotics >dev't of vaccines Infectious Diseases are still Major Health Threats >in less-developed countries >diseases can be spread through air, water, food and body fluids >reasons: •disease carrying bacteria has developed genetic immunity to antibiotics •disease transmitting insects (mosquitoes) became immune to pesticides (DDT) *epidemic - large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country *pandemic - global epidemic like TB or AIDS Case Study The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis Tuberculosis >contagious bacterial infection in the lungs Factors for the Spread of TB >few TB screening and control programs in less developed countries >TB bacterium have developed resistance to antibiotics >person-to-person contacts *AIDS weaken immune system *people with AIDS are more likely to develop active TB In slowing the spread of TB: >early identification and...
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...Lebanon vs. Egypt Economies of Emerging Nations Dr. Yiheyis | Clark Atlanta University Submitted By: Quincy Williams December 2,2014 Lebanon vs. Egypt In this paper I will compare and contrast the countries of Egypt and Lebanon. I will explore both of the country’s economic history starting in 1980. The basis of this paper will be on the country’s global development indicators and what they tell us about that particular country. The majority of the research done in this paper was done through the world-bank website as well as the economy watch website. First I would like to provide some background on Lebanon. Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country in the west of the Asian continent that shares its borders with Syria, Israel and Mediterranean Sea. Most of Lebanon’s land is mountainous. However, the Beqaa valley, with its fertile soil, remains the source for agricultural products. Lebanon has an area of 10,452 square km and population of 4,224,000. The Lebanese economy is noted for its resilience, having withstood wars and invasions with Israel as well as internal sectarian clashes and at times dominating influence from Syria. It is this resilience that helped Lebanon achieve 9% growth during the Great Financial Crisis. The growth was nurtured by controlled banking regulations that restricted credit and therefore, its impact during the recession. As of 2011, the World Bank classified the middle class in Lebanon as those people who earn between $15,000 and $27,000 annually. But...
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...Let’s follow the path of a delicious ham and cheese sandwich with lettuce and pickles as it is eaten and digested! Start at the beginning and discuss the anatomical parts as well as the biochemical roles that contribute to this sandwich being turned into chemical energy. Be sure to include mechanical and chemical mechanisms, along with how they are metabolized in the body! Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing is to grant the food more exposure to enzymes, therefore allowing chemical digestion to occur faster. The presence of the food in the mouth stimulates exocrine glands. This causes the mouth to secrete digestive enzymes, namely salivary amylase. These secreted enzymes aid in the breakdown of foods, officially starting the digestion process. Carbohydrates in particular are mostly broken down by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase breaks starch, a popular carb, down to maltose. This means that the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich will notably be chemically altered at this point. It is because of this that bread begins to taste somewhat sweet if it is held in the mouth for some time. Muncins, or mucous, found within saliva help hold the food...
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...China has developed within the country coal and platinum mines, hydroelectric generators, thermal power stations, as well as build airports, bridges, and hospitals. Additionally, China supports the country with financial aid. Many Chinese firms also have operations in Zimbabwe and a favourable government is thus in the interest of China as a country and its people. 3. What does your country see as the major problems facing Zimbabwe today? China has concerns over the validity of election results due to violence against those who support the opposition. Widespread poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, and economic and political instability are also a major problems. 4. Does your country believe the United Nations should play a role in addressing the problems in Zimbabwe? Why or why not? No, we believe that if the U.N. wishes to solve the problems in Zimbabwe they should do so through constructive means, such as food aid and economic advice. It is not the role of the U.N. to involve itself in the domestic affairs of other countries when those countries do not pose a threat to world peace and are not guilty of crimes against humanity. We believe that if the United Nations truly wishes to...
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...vulnerabilities. Bangladesh’s coast is the biggest victim to natural disasters and highly affected by climate change with problems including salinity and water logging, soil erosion, flooding and cyclones. A dramatic increase in the level of interest and concern relating to the impact of “Climate Change” on Bangladesh is readily apparent. The consequential high level of visibility of this issue within Government, Civil Society and the international community has inevitably led to numerous initiatives, suggestions and promises of increased donor aid. This confluence of increased visibility and massive increases in funding possibilities in turn creates a number of significant institutional challenges. The study first identifies the major climate change related problems: reduced fresh water availability, surface drainage congestion,...
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...Presented at the DLSU Research Congress 2014 De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines March 6-8, 2014 Community-Based Decision Support System for the Manila Health Department Heidelle Marie Jahnelle Cervantes1, Calvin Chua2, Meladaine Ronquillo3, Iñaki Julian Tolentino4 and Ms. Lissa Andrea K. Magpantay1,* De La Salle University, IT Department lissa.magpantay@delasalle.ph Abstract: Decision Support Systems are used extensively in different industries to assist in decision-making across a wide spectrum of problem areas. These systems are being developed with much consideration of its enormous benefits, both in time and cost savings, and most especially in helping organizations in their decision making. The researchers have identified the main problem of the Planning and Coordination Unit in the Manila Health Department (MHD) which is its poor use of information resulting to wrong identification of specific programs for the communities of Manila City. This results to the difficulty of health centers in identifying what barangays need to be prioritized and what nutritional programs have to be implemented. The objective of the study is to develop a community-based decision support system which is web-based that helps MHD in planning and implementing nutrition and health programs to the community in District V of Manila City. Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology was used to develop the system and PHP, HTML, and My SQL were used as the primary programming language...
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...Location * Pakistan is located in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Demographics * Population: 187,342,721 (July 2011 est.) * Birth rate: 24.81 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) * Death rate: 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) Major causes * Monsoon patterns and heavy rainfall. * Pakistan’s climate varies from temperate to tropical with rainfall ranging from less than 10 inches to about 150 inches a year in various regions. * Half of the Pakistan's rain falls between July and September (monsoon season) which causes intense rainfall resulting in flooding each year. * Heavy monsoon rainfalls of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) were recorded during the four day wet spell from 27 July to 30 July 2010 in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department. * Climate Change. * Deforestation. (Physical Factors) * Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non forest use. * Pakistan is known to have one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world. * Only 5% of Pakistan is now occupied by forest due to excessive timber harvesting. * Due to the lack of vegetation to intercept the precipitation, flooding occurred. * Hydrological processes such as percolation, infiltration and soil saturation are hindered...
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...Paper One Content Revision 36. Effective conflict reduction or resolution through diplomacy/intervention Prevention diplomacy in Sudan What: preventive diplomacy was a major focus of international efforts -- led for the United Nations by its peacekeeping mission -- to ensure the successful holding of the Independence referendum for Southern Sudan in January 2011. How: The Security Council was actively engaged in this international effort through its statements and visits to the country. The Secretary-General appointed a high-level panel that also encouraged actions and agreements to permit the smooth holding of the referendum. Evaluation: In January 2011, three million people across Sudan and abroad went to the poll in a largely peaceful atmosphere, voting overwhelmingly for secession. While the situation in the region remains fragile with key challenges ahead, the absence of major violence around the referendum itself and the widespread acceptance of its outcome are considered a success for preventive diplomacy. Central America What: Armed conflicts How: The United Nations was deeply involved in the search for peace in Central America, whose armed conflicts were brought to end in the 1990s. UN observers monitored the 1990 elections in Nicaragua. UN envoys helped forge landmark peace agreements in El Salvador and Guatemala, and in both countries UN field missions managed by the Department of Political Affairs verified the implementation of the accords...
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...United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reported in 2007 that 14 countries in Africa were already suffering from water scarcity, and it is predicted that 11 more will join them by 2032. If the world’s global temperature continues to raise the world will become drier, less rainfall will occur and farming families in Africa are going to suffer. The rainfall will decline in areas that need it most who are trying to reduce their debt by increasing over-sea trade; mainly through the production of cash crops which are crops that are sold for income rather than someone’s own food supply. Without a sustained amount of rainfall the crops will begin to fail which will be placing Africa’s food security under a large amount of threat, not only will famine and malnutrition increase which is already a problem at the moment, Africa’s economy will begin to slowly decline as no crops will be shipped nor will money be sent in return. The LEDC’S in Africa have a low capacity to cope and are at high risk putting them at a higher state of vulnerability. Not only will drier periods decrease rainfall, the harsher weather conditions, such as droughts, will expose soil to erosion by wind, placing more pressure on existing land to produce food. This response...
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