...Universidad de Oviedo BLOQUE II. MATEMÁTICA FINANCIERA. 1 Universidad de Oviedo BLOQUE II. Matemática Financiera Tema 4. Fundamentos de la Matemática Financiera. 4.1. Capital Financiero. 4.2. Principio de proyección financiera. Equivalencia financiera y preferencia financiera. 4.3. Leyes financieras de valoración: Leyes financieras de capitalización Leyes financieras de descuento. 4.4. Operación financiera. Principio de equivalencia financiera. 4.5. Tipos de interés efectivos equivalentes. Tipo de interés nominal. 2 Dpto. Economía Cuantitativa Universidad de Oviedo BLOQUE II. Matemática Financiera Tema 4. Fundamentos de la Matemática Financiera. 4.6. Reserva matemática de una operación financiera. 4.7. Características comerciales de una operación financiera: unilaterales y bilaterales. 4.8. Coste y rentabilidad de una operación financiera. 4.9 Teoría de rentas: Rentas: definición, elementos conceptuales, clasificación. Rentas constantes: valoración 4.10. Valor actual neto (VAN). Tasa interna de retorno o rentabilidad (TIR). 3 Dpto. Economía Cuantitativa Universidad de Oviedo Dpto. Economía Cuantitativa BLOQUE II. Matemática Financiera Tema 5. Operaciones Financieras Básicas. 5.1. Depósitos bancarios a plazo 5.2. Descuento comercial. 5.3. Préstamos. Préstamo simple (pago único) Préstamo amortizable mediante pagos constantes (método francés) 4 Objetivo de la matemática financiera Proporcionar modelos matemáticos capaces de reflejar los intercambios de...
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...La democracia es una solución para los países que sufren de gobiernos autoritarios. ¿Está de acuerdo con esta afirmación? La democracia es un forma de gobierno que respetaron los principales de los derechos humanos y permite que la gente exprese sus opiniones sin persecución o discriminación. Un gobierno democrático es preferible en comparación con una dictadura por muchos razones, como la existencia de la libertad de expresión, una constitución justo y los derechos con seguridad y protección para todos. Sin embargo no todo los gobiernos en mundo hispana ha sido democráticos algunos han tenido dictaduras. En si, un gobierno dictador es la antitesis a la democracia ya que no viole los derechos humanos. La libertad de expresión es un mejor ejemplo del derecho humano fundamental, pero la censura en un gobierno dictadura viola los derechos humanos mucho. El cantante de canciones de protesta Víctor Jara en Chile y el escritor Federico García Lorca en España, son dos ejemplos del falta de los derechos humanos y del exilio interno en el país. Las canciones de Jara y las obras de Lorca fueron censuradas por el gobierno. Es casi seguro y muchos informes establece que la ideología y acciones de ellos contribuyo a sus muertes. El apoyo y la respecta de un gobierno democrática tiene para sus gente es fenomenal y la creación de la constitución con derechos de seguridad y protección para todos es muy importante en ayudaba la gente olvida los terrores de un gobierno autoritarios o dictatorial...
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...ejemplo, dañar los derechos fundamentales básicos de ciudadanos chinos, está únicamente incentivando a resistirse a una reforma y mantener el autoritarismo. * Las acciones que fueron tomadas por la compañía, al revelar información privada, determinan esa falta de libertad expresiva política y social que ellos mismos promovían al tener presencia en el mercado chino. * Es importante determinar los pros y contras de hacer negocios en un país autoritario como el régimen chino, al garantizar un internet censurado se está ayudando a promover la democracia por una mayor interconexión y comunicación, pero esta forma de hacer negocios en base a la cooperación con el gobierno chino puede generar efectos secundarios como suprimir la libertad de expresión, dañar éticamente y moralmente valores fundamentales reconocidos por la ONU y las políticas...
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...Con Ciencia La libertad de expresión garantiza que puedas sostener las ideas que quieras, pero no garantiza que dichas ideas sean buenas, que sean válidas o correctas. Pero lo que mucha gente parece no entender es que la libertad de expresión es de TODOS, sin excepción. Del mismo modo que una persona tiene libertad de afirmar y expresar sus ideas (por muy absurdas que sean), otra persona tiene exactamente la misma libertad de expresar que esas ideas son erróneas. Parece difícil para algunas personas diferenciar el límite que separa las personas y las ideas (especialmente cuando las ideas son religiones). Algunas personas han adoptado e interiorizado unas ideas con tal profundidad que no son capaces de distinguirlas de su ego. No son capaces de reconocer que sólo son ideas, y consideran que son parte de su identidad. Por tanto cuando se cuestionan sus ideas, se lo toman como un ataque y una falta de respeto personal. En el momento que una persona exige respeto por sus ideas, está (irónicamente) faltando al respeto y a la libertad de expresión. Esa persona está pidiendo que sus ideas tengan una consideración especial y que los demás deben censurar sus ideas para que esa persona no se sienta ofendida. El problema no es de los demás, el problema lo tiene esa persona, por no saber reconocer las ideas, no saber reconocer el respeto, y no saber reconocer la libertad de expresión. Las ideas no tienen derechos, los derechos pertenecen a las personas. Todas las ideas pueden...
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...Report on the connection between the Central dogma of Molecular Biology/ Bioinformatics, Model Organism and Drug Designing. The basis of the central dogma of molecular biology is the expression of the genetic information in any call. It is a universal process that occurs in every cell. The genetic information is stored in the DNA. During gene expression DNA is transcript to RNA and these RNA are transcribed to proteins. Bioinformatics deals with the genetic information which involves collecting, analyzing, manipulating and predicting etc. For the functioning of bioinformatics it is essential to know the genetic information that is stored in DNA. Therefore sequencing of DNA, genes or genomes is the fundamental need in bioinformatics. Organisms that are used in biological experiments in laboratories are called ‘model organisms’, of which most genomes are sequenced at present (rat, yeast, Arabidopsis; plant model organism) These sequenced genomes could be analyzed using bioinformatics tools in order to identify genes of significance as in drought tolerance genes in plants etc. Information revealed from sequencing could be studied using bioinformatics tools to understand its underlying mechanisms and to generate models that could be used in further studies. This information could also be used in evolutionary studies, micro array analysis, identification of genetic disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy etc.) ...
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...Model Organisms Model organisms are very important to the scientific community. They are primarily used as a standard for comparison to other organisms. If a model organism is recognized then the organism can be useful for many different fields of research. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a model organism that has been introduced and has several essential attributes. When using a model organisms some qualities that should be chosen are a short life cycle, small adult size that makes it easy to grow in a small space, small genome that is well described genetically, high reproductive outcome, already have a large assembly of mutants, and be able to out cross or be self-fertile. When looking for a model organism consideration has to be taken into account for a few things too. Some of the benefits can become a hindrance. In 2010 a new model organism for studying C4 photosynthesis was suggested, a grass (Setaria viridis), by Brutnell et al. S. viridis is a C4 photosynthesis plant. Because of the C4 functions, it will be useful to aid in further research, with having its genome sequencing known, in comparison to other organisms that are not C4 plants. By having these qualities it makes it a good model organism. Some of these good attributes include its life cycle length. In short-day growth conditions it can be grown to full maturity in about six weeks. As an adult the plant is relatively short, less than 10 centimeters and takes up very little space about 50 plants can be grown in one...
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...intended. The 1980's marked the scientific discovery that specific pieces of DNA could be transferred from one organism to another (Cramer 2001). Although genetic modification dates back to prehistoric times with “natural selection”, the cross-breeding of relative species and specific characteristics and traits being exchanged. This occurred over time as nature intended with the process of evolution letting animals adapt to their surroundings. The difference is we now posses the technology that allows us to make this “natural selection” process happen at an exponential rate. Such speeds of cross-breeding can bring out deformities in the animal for not sufficient time is allowed in the development process. Every organism carries genes inside itself, a gene is a basic unit of heredity of the biological make up in an organism. Each organism has a specific genetic code but can be altered by introducing foreign DNA to give characteristics that it naturally would not have. This new direction of supposed beneficial science is supported by the scientific community and contrasted to man's selective breeding concept. Though there is an exchange of traits...
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...letters to nature and 10 Na3HP2O7. FV solution also contained 0.2 NaF and 0.1 Na3VO4. Rarely, irreversible current rundown still occurred with FVPP. The total Na+ concentration of all cytoplasmic solutions was adjusted to 30 mM with NaOH, and pH was adjusted to 7.0 with N-methylglucamine (NMG) or HCl. PIP2 liposomes (20–200 nm) were prepared by sonicating 1 mM PIP2 (Boehringer Mannheim) in distilled water. Reconstituted monoclonal PIP2 antibody (Perspective Biosystems, Framingham, MA) was diluted 40-fold into experimental solution. Current–voltage relations of all currents reversed at EK and showed characteristic rectification, mostly owing to the presence of Na+ in FVPP and possibly also residual polyamines. Current records presented (measured at 30 C, −30 mV holding potential) are digitized strip-chart recordings. Purified bovine brain Gbg29 was diluted just before application such that the final detergent (CHAPS) concentration was 5 M. Detergent-containing solution was washed away thoroughly before application of PIP2, because application of phospholipid vesicles in the presence of detergent usually reversed the effects of Gbg; presumably, Gbg can be extracted from membranes by detergent plus phospholipids. Molecular biology. R188Q mutation was constructed by insertion of the mutant oligonucleotides between the Bsm1 and BglII sites of pSPORT– ROMK1 (ref. 11). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment (amino acids 180–391) from pSPORT–ROMK1 R188Q mutant was subcloned into pGEX2T...
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...for human studies. Human data may present significant practical and ethical problems. Since the safety of these procedures is fairly new and is currently under investigation, there are no long-term clinical and accurate numbers of research subjects. Even with all these unanswered questions, there are still questions regarding the safety concern involving the results that the majority of genes may have multiple effects. For example, “In the late 1990s, scientists discovered a gene that is linked to memory.” (Tang et al., 1999). “Modifying this gene in mice greatly improved learning and memory, but it also caused increased sensitivity to pain.”(Wei et al., 2001) By altering genes we can’t assume that it will only affect one function, when in actuality it may turn out to disrupt other functions. Individual’s rights and liberty issues are also an issue of concern. “The long-running debate over the ethics of germline genetic alteration has focused on the technology’s broad social implications, such as potential effects on parent-child relations, social inequalities, and the human gene pool.” (Resnik, 1999). A question that has been pondered by many is, parents should be allowed to...
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...Cahill’s article, “The genome project: more than a medical milestone” discusses the history of the human genome project. The project started in 1990. (Cahill, 2000) The goal was to map the entire human genome within 15 years, on a budget of $3 billion. The human genome project is not old by scientific standards. However, the developments from this project have been breakthrough and impressive. The benefits of personalize medicine are easily recognized. The major benefits of personalized medicine are early diagnostics and, medication and treatments are personalized to an individual for maximum results. Diagnostics use molecules to measure the levels of genes, mutation, and proteins that can be used in the provision of specified therapy that fits the patient health condition. (Science daily, 2010). Our DNA and genes can determine the likelihood of an individual developing certain diseases and how an individual can react to certain medication and treatments. With personalized medicine, medical professionals can analyze a patients genome and identify risk factors to intervene and begin a treatment plan that will best cure/treat/delay the disease of that particular patient. Personalized medicine can change the way professionals approach diseases and illnesses. It has the ability to alter healthcare to further fit their individual needs. Using the individuals genome, personalized medicine has become a future possibility. Personalized medicine is developing medicine, specifically...
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...Nature Verses Nurture The discussion on the importance of heredity and environment in human development is not new. The nature verses nurture question has been debated for years (Psychology). Nurture side of the debate considers all the environmental influences on an individual after conception. While the nature side of the debate focus on nature that which is inherited, or know as genetics. The nature verse nurture discussion has been a part of the history of psychology that goes back to Francis Galton. Galton was influenced by the book, The Origin of Species written by his cousin, Charles Darwin. The Origin of Species has been criticized for over simplifying two theories of why a lifestyle of wealth, education and privilege seems to be passed on to biological children. Galton takes credit for the phrase in his English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture, first published in 1874. In this book he states that nature and nurture are, "a convenient jingle of words, for it separates under two distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world and nurture is every influence that affects him after his birth” (p.12). It is thought that how one is nurtured is what controls the psychological aspects of child development and the concept of growth applies to the biological facets of human life. When infants bonds to the individual(s) bestowing love and affection, she/he has received, she/he...
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...cloning research is just science fiction. That cloning can only be found in movies and book, but the truth is that cloning is real, and it could be happening now. In fact, there are many benefits to human cloning such as diminished disease, new possibilities in science, and better wellness. First, what if I said that doctors and scientist have found a way cure or terminate the suffering cause by diseases and cancers? Well the true is it could be done. Through the studies of cloning and techniques that are learn, and we may be able to diminish diseases and eliminate cancers from society. Which can be accomplished is by learning the human genome and later using the cloning techniques to change the genetic code. This type of science is could gene therapy or genetic modification. By just adding or removing parts off genic cade are, immune system could fright off the worst diseases and cancers. Next, numerous of remarkable benefits come from cloning knowledge, and that would open new possibilities in science. One of these possibilities is the treatment for damaged nerves. By injuring cloned nerve cells where damage was due. A second possibility is clone individual organs. This could be a solution to ever growing demand for organ donors. “The regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues and body parts made is made possible by cloning” Finally, with the help of cloning life would be better. It will give an overall better wellness throughout the world. From cloning, a person could have...
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..."Do Our Genes Influence Behavior?" "Do Our Genes Influence Behavior? Why We Want to Think They Do" Chronicle of Higher Education, November 26, 2004 A few weeks ago I was hurrying past a newsstand in Grand Central Station when the cover of the latest issue of Time stopped me short. Superimposed on a painting of a blue-skinned, red-lipped woman, her hands clasped in prayer, were the words "The God Gene." The article within reported that in a new book with that title, the geneticist Dean Hamer had traced belief in God to a specific gene. "Does our DNA compel us to seek a higher power?" Time asked. The article left me pondering a different question: Given the track record of behavioral geneticists in general, and Dean Hamer in particular, why does anyone still take their claims seriously? Behavioral genetics, which attempts to explain what we are and do in genetic terms, began with the English polymath Francis Galton, who in 1883 coined the term "eugenics" to refer to his proposal that humanity improve itself through judicious breeding. Galton's measurements of the physical and mental characteristics of various groups had convinced him that upper-class gentlemen like himself were innately smarter than poor white men, let alone "inferior races" like Africans. On a trip to Africa, however, Galton was mightily impressed with the physical endowments of Hottentot women, whose bodies he measured from afar with a sextant because he was too timorous to approach them. Galton's...
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...Joshua Barott Professor Peterson Writing 121 30 July 2012 Four Little Nucleotides In an age of rapidly advancing technology, there are those who argue for slowing it down, so it can be critically and ethically examined. However, there are many who believe the opposite, and that there should be as few restrictions as possible. The movie GATTACA is an example of a dystopian future where the advancement and role of technology in our society has been allowed to run unchecked. Ironically, GATTACA, through its obsession with perfection, has created a world less perfect than the one that came before. The value of human life, individuality, relationships, and morals are corrupted. In GATTACA, we are presented with a society where genetic engineering and perfection are worshipped, and anything less is unacceptable and is discriminated against. As Vincent says in the movie, “We have discrimination down to a science.” Every aspect of a person’s life is determined by their genetic code: their job, their personal relationships, and even their basic civil rights. Yet even the genetically advanced suffer from “the burden of perfection.” The world of GATTACA is so totalitarian in nature that human rights are trampled upon and individuality is suppressed. Surely, this is not a perfect world. Vincent would certainly agree. He laments the ways in which society has changed in the ongoing pursuit to create perfection. Old values can no longer contain the same message and relevance. The belief...
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...Genetics Essay Genetics is the science of heredity. Genetics are important to all living things because it is their genes and shows what they look like and how they act. Biological traits are stored in DNA and can be passed on to successive generations through meiosis, which increases genetic variability. DNA stores and transmits genetic information to the next generation. The structure of DNA is double stacked and double helix. Genetic information is stored is stored in DNA chromosomes in 23 pairs. DNA transmits information to the next generation through cellular division. Meiosis increases reproductive variability through crossing-over. Meiosis is the reproduction of gametes (sex cells). Crossing-over is the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Crossing-over helps variability in cells because it makes the cell different and more adaptable to new or different environments. DNA alternations such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions can cause the appearance of new traits. Insertions are pieces or a piece of DNA copied too many times. Deletions are pieces or a piece of DNA code for one gene is lost. Substitutions change one base for another. These 3 alternations cause new traits to appear by making too many or not enough DNA. Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction both have advantages and disadvantages. 2 advantages of sexual reproduction are that the offspring is not identical in looks...
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