...voters? The ownership of the media (Djankov, Nenova, McLiesh, & Shleifer, 2003), targeting specific demographics (Clinton & Lapinski, 2004), the implications of the internet (DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, & Robinson, 2003) and how candidates use media (Aarts & Semetko, 2003) are all important aspects in determining whether a potential bias exists (Eveland & Shah, 2003) on the part of the news media. It is hypothesized that when the mass media displays certain biases leaning towards one party over the other, the populace tends to vote in the direction of the media. The following five scholarly literature reviews will attempt to demonstrate and support the hypothesis. According to Eveland and Shah (Eveland & Shah, 2003, p. 101)there is “a large percentage of the public (that) believes that the news media are biased, and the majority of these individuals consider the direction of bias to be against their own viewpoint”. This drives the question this paper attempts to answer. This article looks at media’s credibility and integrity in the eyes of individual people. The author’s give several hypothesis to provide multiple angles at which to look at the issue of the perceived hostile media bias’s. Aarts and Semetko offer a different look on media and voter trends. They research how on one side, media uses “diminishing knowledge and involvement and contributes to political cynicism and declining turnout. On the other hand, does media contribute to learning, political...
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...of Violence/Terrorism Government Effectiveness Regulatory Quality Rule of Law Control of Corruption The aggregate indicators combine the views of a large number of enterprise, citizen and expert survey respondents in industrial and developing countries. The individual data sources underlying the aggregate indicators are drawn from diverse variety of survey institutes, think tanks, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations. Detailed documentation of the WGI, interactive tools for exploring the data, and full access to the underlying source data available at www.govindicators.org. The WGI are produced by Daniel Kaufmann (Brookings Institution), Aart Kraay (World Bank Development Research Group) and Massimo Mastruzzi (World Bank Institute). Please cite Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010).The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430 (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130). Disclaimer: The WGI do not reflect the official views of Brookings Institution, the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Last updated: 09/24/2010 Government...
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...This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: G7 Current Account Imbalances: Sustainability and Adjustment Volume Author/Editor: Richard H. Clarida, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-10726-4 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/clar06-2 Conference Date: June 1-2, 2005 Publication Date: May 2007 Title: The Dot-Com Bubble, the Bush Deficits, and the U.S. Current Account Author: Aart Kraay, Jaume Ventura URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0124 11 The Dot-Com Bubble, the Bush Deficits, and the U.S. Current Account Aart Kraay and Jaume Ventura 11.1 Introduction Since the early 1990s, the United States has experienced steadily widening current account deficits, reaching 5.7 percent of gross national product (GNP) in 2004 (see top panel of figure 11.1). These deficits are large relative to the postwar U.S. historical experience. With the exception of a brief period in the mid-1980s where current account deficits reached 3.3 percent of GNP, the U.S. current account has typically registered small surpluses or deficits averaging around 1 percent of GNP. As a consequence of the recent deficits, the U.S. net foreign asset position has declined sharply from –5 percent of GNP in 1995 to about –26 percent by the end of 2004 (see bottom panel of figure 11.5). The goal of this paper is to provide an account of this decline that relates it to other major macroeconomic events and helps us to...
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...-1The Ford Pinto case is an oft-cited example of business ethics gone wrong. Many people have been appalled by Ford’s lack of concern for human life. Ford rushed its production time to produce the Pinto in order to be able to compete with foreign companies that were monopolising the American small-car market in the 1960s. Before production, however, the Ford engineers discovered that there was a major flaw with the Pinto: in nearly all rear-end crash tests the car’s gas tank would burst into flames. The problem was reported, however, the sped-up production on the car meant that the machinery was already tooled when the defect was found and would add an extra $11 per car to correct the flaw. Ford officials calculated that the benefits derived from spending an extra $11 per car would amount to $49.5 million, whereas the costs would be $137 million (Satchi 3).1 Ford decided it would be more profitable to produce the Pinto with the defect rather than correct the flaw. When the case was brought to trial in 1978, the court awarded an unprecedented $137 million in damages, more than the normal amount for a negligence case (Satchi 3). The decision to award such an extravagant sum came from a desire on behalf of the court to punish Ford for its actions and to deter other companies from ignoring safety in favour of the bottom line. The decision to award the enormous damages is not without controversy, however. The damages awarded were for personal injuries, a tort case. Tort law is justified...
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...-Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce ■ E-ISSN 2229-4686 ■ ISSN 2231-4172 AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF RIGHT ISSUES ON SHAREHOLDERS RETURNS OF INDIAN LISTED COMPANIES Pooja Miglani Assistant Professor PG Deptt. of Commerce & Management Apeejay College of Fine Arts, Jalandhar, Punjab, India ABSTRACT This study explores the impact of right shares issued by Indian companies that took place during 2005 & 2010. The samples of 32 right issues have been used to study the announcement effect. The study examines the stock price reaction to information content of right issues with a view of finding whether Indian stock market is semi-strong efficient or not. The standard event study methodology has been used for the purpose of examining the right issue announcement reaction. The study reveals statistically significant abnormal returns on the announcement & surrounding dates. Keywords: Right Issue, Event study, Announcement date, Abnormal returns International Refereed Research Journal ■ www.researchersworld.com ■ Vol.– II, Issue –4,Oct. 2011 [169] -Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce ■ E-ISSN 2229-4686 ■ ISSN 2231-4172 INTRODUCTION: This paper is organized as follows: Section I includes this introductory exposition. It includes two parts. Part 1 specifies meaning of right shares & growth/quantum of right issues in India & Part 2 Reviews the pertinent literature. Section II gives details of methodology. It further includes part 1 of data Sources & part 2 of data...
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...Automatic Effects of Brand Exposure on Motivated Behavior: How Apple Makes You “Think Different” ´ GRAINNE M. FITZSIMONS TANYA L. CHARTRAND GAVAN J. FITZSIMONS* This article first examines whether brand exposure elicits automatic behavioral effects as does exposure to social primes. Results support the translation of these effects: participants primed with Apple logos behave more creatively than IBM primed and controls; Disney-primed participants behave more honestly than E!primed participants and controls. Second, this article investigates the hypothesis that exposure to goal-relevant brands (i.e., those that represent a positively valenced characteristic) elicits behavior that is goal directed in nature. Three experiments demonstrate that the primed behavior showed typical goal-directed qualities, including increased performance postdelay, decreased performance postprogress, and moderation by motivation. P eople see thousands of brand images in an average day. Given how ubiquitous brands have become in people’s everyday lives, it is important that research uncovers the ways in which brand exposure can affect behavior. Although brands are of significant interest to consumer researchers, scant empirical work has addressed the potential behavioral consequences of brand exposure, inside or outside of the consumer decision-making context. And yet, given that consumers encounter many more brands than people in an average day, brands have surely become more...
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...Undergraduate Application for Admission Thank you for your interest in Excelsior College. Complete this application if this is your first time applying to Excelsior College or if you were enrolled in the School of Nursing within the last five years and have since earned additional collegelevel credit. If you have withdrawn from a business, health sciences, liberal arts, or technology degree program within the last five years, please contact your Academic Advising Office as you may not be required to submit an application. If you are a graduate of a business, health sciences, liberal arts, technology, or nursing degree program, please contact your Academic Advising Office as you may not be required to submit an application. Licensed practical/vocational nurse Licensed massage therapist Certified pharmacy technician School of Nursing Candidates In addition to official transcripts, nursing candidates must submit a copy of a current license or certification to verify professional status in an appropriate health care profession. This license should be mailed with your application or faxed to the Undergraduate Application for Admission Team at 518-464-8833. Bachelor of Science in nursing (BRN) and RN to Master of Science in nursing (MRN) applicants must submit an official transcript showing the completion of associate degree nursing education or RN diploma education. Nursing courses completed at institutions other than Excelsior College are only evaluated upon enrollment. International...
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...Critical and Creative Thinking in Society PHL458 Critical and Creative Thinking in Society Free will is the ability to use critical and creative thinking to approach problems to make an educated choice in what directive or direction to take (Ruggiero, 2012, Chapter 2). The textbook states that some psychologists would argue there is no free will, only compulsion as defines as the irresistible urge to do something. The textbook author, Ruggiero, states that although we are influenced by both nature and nurture, we retain a significant amount of free will to make choices (Ruggiero, 2012, Chapter 2). According to Ruggiero (2012) truth is what is so about something, the reality of the matter, as distinguished from what people wish were so, believe to be so, or assert to be so (Chapter 2). The truth is not relative nor does truth change; only one's perception of what is truth changes. If truth were relative, no one would seek out the answers as any answer could be considered truth. Perception can be relative; truth is the view that is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate (Ruggiero, 2012, Chapter 2). Knowledge is what we know, not what we think we know (Ruggiero, 2012, Chapter 2). We can find true knowledge from experience, observation and report. All three of these methods of obtaining knowledge are subject to the failure of faulty experience, faulty experience, faulty reporting and faulty memory. One may feel he is knowledgeable on a subject, only to...
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...The Benefits and Challenges of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE): How are physicians affecting implementation? Anita Marban University of Maryland The Benefits and Challenges of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE): How are physicians affecting implementation? Executive Summary: Physicians have always been the driving force behind the success of new technologies and their effects on healthcare. They are interested in new ways of providing care by utilizing medications or trying new procedures and medical devices. Through research they seek to understand the human body and find cures for the diseases that attack it. They spend years in school and incur debt in upwards of $200,000 dollars before they graduate and have the opportunity to practice independently. Confronted with technology that can improve patient safety by up to 95% and save billions of dollars, they resist change. In the U.S. less than 10% of hospitals and less that 25% of physician offices have fully functioning CPOE systems. Cedars Mt Sinai pulled the plug on their multi-million dollar CPOE system, as did 6 other hospitals because physicians refused to use them. A review of the literature shows that approximately 68% of physicians surveyed identify CPOE as the solution to preventing many medical errors, adopting best-clinical-practices and reducing healthcare costs by billions of dollars annually. It also shows that physicians have issues and concerns with adopting...
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...Economic globalization benefits worldwide poverty reduction By Hao Fan 02/20/2016 Globalization, the integration of economic networks that span multiple countries, influenced people in many aspects. If you go to a supermarket and able to buy French wines African coffee beans as well as Germany sausages, you are enjoying the convenience of globalization. According to Reem Heakal who wrote What Is International Trade?, he said “International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German or American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which brings a cheaper product home to the consumer.” As it does more than this, the economic globalization largely benefits the world wide poverty reduction. The first reason that globalization helps reduce poverty is based on one of the most essential economics concept-comparative advantage. Basically it means when countries are trading with others, they are allowed to specialize in the areas they good at and therefore allocate the resources more efficiently which will result in more benefits for every party involved in trades. Take China and United States as an example, given that china has relatively low cost of labor and the US is more sophisticated at advanced technology, it is natural or beneficial for Apple company to choose design...
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...Courtney Meade is an x-ray technologist at Tennova North Hospital in Knoxville, TN. I asked her a series of question on November 20, 2015.Courtney is credential to work in AART (B), CNMT, x-ray, CT scans, and nuclear medicine She always knew she wanted to be in the medical field but wasn’t exactly sure what degree she would to pursue. It wasn’t until Courtney was in a car accident when she was sixteen years old that she knew she wanted to pursue a career in x-ray technology. This decision could be made, because it is really amazing to see what x-rays actually look like, to learn what they are, and how they work. Sometimes it’s hard for even college students to figure out what they want to major in, to hear her say she knew at sixteen what...
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...A Critical Review of ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning’ The arrival of strategic planning had attracted general attention because it implanted in managers’ minds a kind of imperative about the process that was rational and future-oriented (Mintzberg et al, 1998). Nevertheless, Whittington (2001:4) observed, “the plan is bound to get forgotten as circumstances change”. The purpose of this essay is to critically review ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning’. Firstly, the position of this article in the wider debate will be given followed by its theoretical underpinnings and its main strengths and weaknesses respectively. A conclusion will be drawn on the article’s contribution to the field of business strategy. The article’s position falls in between Whittington’s classical and processual approaches. On one hand, Mintzberg challenged the traditional classical planning and progressed towards the processual approach through identifying three fundamental fallacies. Firstly, classicalists held conventional wisdom that the world was sufficiently stable that today’s planning could forecast and fit market changes (Whittington, 2001). However, Mintzberg (1994:110) took the fresh view that the prediction of discontinuities was “virtually impossible” through questioning Ansoff’s “extraordinary statement”. Hogarth and Makridakis (1981) strengthened that longterm prediction was notoriously imprecise. If Wilbur Wight had anticipated the prevalence of airplanes nowadays...
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...TORTS ESSAY 1 Art and Bill were leaving work one afternoon when they were approached by Charlie, who was wearing a mask and carrying a gun. Charlie, who suspected Art of having an affair with Charlie’s wife, approached to within ten feet of Art and Bill, aimed the gun at Art and said, AArt, I am going to kill you.@ Art quickly grabbed Bill and pulled Bill in front of him, using Bill as a shield. Charlie fired the gun; the bullet going over the shoulder of Bill and hitting Art in the arm. Charlie then dropped the gun onto the ground and turned to run away. Art, using his uninjured arm, picked up the gun and shot at Charlie as he ran away, hitting him in the leg. Bill was horrified at the prospect of almost being shot, and although he suffered no physical injuries, incurred $5,000 for psychological counseling. Discuss the intentional tort claims, if any, that can be raised in the following lawsuits, and what defenses, if any, that can be asserted: 1. 2. 3. 4. Art v. Charlie. Bill v. Charlie. Bill v. Art Charlie v. Art. MODEL ANSWER FOR TORTS ESSAY 1 I. Art v. Charlie A. Assault. An assault is a volitional act by the defendant which intentionally causes the plaintiff to suffer an apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. 1. Volitional act. An act is volitional if the defendant voluntarily commits it. Here, Charlie clearly acted volitionally when he aimed the gun at Art and threatened to kill him. 2. Intent. The intent required for...
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...Organizational Behavior As part of an organization, employers and employees are constantly posed with challenges of making the rational decisions so as to reach an optimal outcome for the business. However, research has repeatedly demonstrated that in the real world, most decision making in organizations are not completely rational. Person perception is the main issue in organizational behavior and decision making for the fact that based on M.J. Martinko et al.’s (2007) assertion the limited information or immediate impressions of employee performance could result in an inaccurate perceptual judgment made by the employers. In an attempt to explain the ways in which people form perceptions about each other, this essay will examine the influence of the attribution theory towards decision-making and illustrate three common biases and errors that distort the attribution formation through the application of three mini-case. This essay will also discuss the importance of attribution theory in relation to organizational behavior as well as decision-makers in organizations. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals perceive and infer causality (Robert E. Ployhart and Crystal M. Harold, 2004). Johns et al. (2007) also state that the attribution theory is an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviors refer to the behaviors which are under individual control while externally caused...
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...Introduction Globalization can be defined in many ways. Globalization is when people come together to find a solution for better financial and business activities. The rapid changes happening in a country due to trade foreign or non- foreign can also be referred to as globalization. This word has been there since the 19th century. Globalization has enabled creation of new opportunities for the developing countries. It has also brought about problems like the unequal growing rate all over the world in the market and environmental development. Most developing countries are out of the globalization process. If we look at India as a country, the globalization process was prevented due to many factors. India was known to have the world’s largest economy. This means that globalization was not new to them and Indian products were being exported to other countries outside India. Impact of globalization in India In the 19th century India had already opened up to economy. But it experienced a downfall in their economy so badly almost turning to loans to save them. New policies were created to enable a more open market economy. Certain things in the early nineties were introduced due to globalization. They included introduction of privatization program, number of public sectors that were reserved reduced, practice of restrictive trades was altered and exchange rates were determined by falling in the rate of tariffs. Regular liberation has been experienced over the years. Many new sectors...
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