...EVALUATING WORK 1. JOB EVALUATION Job Evaluation is the process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to create a job structure for the organization. The evaluation is based on a combination of job content, skills required, value to the organization, organizational culture, and the external market. This potential to blend organizational forces and external market forces is both a strength and a challenge of job evaluation. 2. TYPES OF JOB EVALUATION JOB BASED Job-based employee performance evaluations focus on the duties of the position and the tasks required to perform them successfully. This is a standard type of evaluation you can use for all employees filling the same position. First you must perform a job analysis, separating all duties into large categories, such as essential functions and communication. Under the categories of the position, specify tasks required to fulfill them. Be thorough in your analysis and ask your manager or the human resources department to review it. This will be the performance plan for the position. Each employee will receive the plan, sign it and be reviewed formally at the end of the rating period based on the duties outlined. PERSON BASED A person-based evaluation is specific to each individual employee. It takes into consideration the knowledge, skills and abilities the employee possesses upon hire and learns in the course of the rating period. In this way, an employee is compensated fairly for...
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...Evaluation methods differ from an organization to another depending on the size, industry, power of influence, and complexity of that one. Three of the main evaluation methods that have been widely adopted by business and HR managers, and professionals to evaluate and scale their organizational state of concern. Hay Is ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of...
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...Contemporary Theories of Management Contingency Theory Basically, contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand. Basically, it’s the approach that “it depends.” For example, the continuing effort to identify the best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the situation. If one is leading troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic style is probably best (of course, many might argue here, too). If one is leading a hospital or university, a more participative and facilitative leadership style is probably best. Systems Theory Systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. First, let’s look at “what is a system?” A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. For example, a pile of sand is not a system. If one removes a sand particle, you’ve still got a pile of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and you’ve no longer got a working car. A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the systems. Let’s look at an organization. Inputs would include resources such as raw materials, money, technologies and people. These inputs...
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...Contemporary Approaches The four different contemporary approaches to management are: Sociotechnical systems theory suggests that organizations are effective when their employees have the tools, and training, and knowledge to make products and services that are valued by customers. Quantitative management emphasizes the application of quantitative analysis to management decisions and problems. A manager makes a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem. They use techniques as a supplement in the decision process. The limited use of quantitative management is due to managers not being trained in using these techniques. Organizational behavior studies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of the individual, group, and organizational processes. An example of this, Douglas McGregor influenced the field of management with his Theory X and Theory Y perspective. Theory X managers assume workers are lazy and irresponsible and require constant supervision and external motivation to achieve organizational goals. Theory Y managers assume employees want to work and can direct and control them- selves. Theory X is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Systems theory states that organizations are open systems, and dependent on inputs from the outside world, such as raw materials, and human resources. They transform these inputs into outputs that (ideally) meet the market’s needs for goods and services...
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...management is and how it should function within a company is not always easy, as managing a company is a task covering lots of different areas the company has to deal with. As a manager you do not only have to apply hard skills like planning investments but also soft skills like team management and motivation. Therefore finding a universal approach, serving solutions to every question a manager could be confronted with, is a topic already keeping scientists and managers busy for centuries. As the industrial revolution with its principles of labor division and separation of ownership and control caused major changes in company structures, a tremendous amount of approaches has been developed. These very first approaches were extended with new findings or replaced, as they had weaknesses in certain areas. Nevertheless newer approaches also have their problems. In his work a manager is basically confronted with 4 different tasks, which build one continuous process of leading a company: Planning, organizing, leading and controlling. In the field of planning the manager has to take care of the right definition of goals, as well as finding the right strategies to achieve these goals. (Heather Rothbauer-Wanish, Source 4) The organizing process is about identifying the work to be done for accomplishing the determined goals and then assigning the necessary work to jobs, which are carried out by separate people or groups in the company, each dependent on the work of the other persons or groups...
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...Research Approaches Two research approaches I would consider to use in my research method would be Interviews and Document reviews. Both of these I feel would show excellent results and shine light on my topic. Granted realistically for this assignment conducting Interviews is not possible but ideally I believe interviews would provide the best information and answers. Since I am limited my best bet for this assignment will be the Document studies strategy. First I want to hit on the Interview approach. According to this week’s reading assignment, “Overview of Qualitative Methods and Analytic Techniques. Common Qualitative Methods”, There are two different types of interviews. There is a structured interview, in which a carefully worded questionnaire is administered and an in-depth interview, in which the interviewer does not follow a rigid form. I would choose an In-depth interview and if it was possible I would interview individuals that work at the US Open Source Center. Much like Kimberly Dozier did in her article “Social media a growing part of foreign intelligence”. This method would fit perfectly into my research strategy by allowing me to ask questions I have and receive answers from key individuals in the intelligence community that actually utilize the information online that individuals post and would be able to give me firsthand knowledge on the matter. Now obviously this scenario would be a perfect world where issues of classified information and having access...
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...Contemporary Approaches Sociotechnical Systems Theory refers to how the social and technical aspects of an organization are both related. The theory suggests organizations are more effective when the employees have all the right combination of tools, training, and knowledge to make the products, and provide services to the customers when they are needed. This work grew out of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in England. They explored ways to improve productivity and morale in organizations through "action research". The socio-technical approach has focused more on work group interactions than individual performance. Properly structured work groups, it is assumed, can provide incentives, assistance, and social support better than individual job design programs. Autonomous work groups, quality circles are popular examples of this perspective. Groups are often given resources and responsibilities for areas like safety and quality control and work as a team to identify and correct inefficiencies and work issues. Quantitative Management approach involves the use of mathematical modeling to find the best solutions to problems. This can be applied to a variety of workplace challenges, ranging from making decisions during product development to resolving employee conflicts. It is also known as operations research, and involves a more objective, structured approach to problems or solutions. Many industries can be suited to this management philosophy. One important component...
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...2010.10.07. CRM – Customer Relationship Management Bianka Parragh, Phd Óbuda University Keleti Károly Faculty of Business and Management Institute of Enterprise Management • Approaches of Customer Relationship Management • The origins of CRM • The rise of CRM • The role of CRM • Types of CRM 1 2010.10.07. RE-INVENTING CRM In the late 1990s and early year of the 21th century, CRM was offered up as the next wave of marketing. The tools and techniques that would make traditional marketing obsolete. The automated approaches that would make customer relationships automatic and would enable the marketing organization to shell anything to anyone they chose. CRM was the single solution that would solve every marketing problem. Simply install the software, plug in the customer data and sit back and watch the profils roll in. But it wasn’t that simple. It wasn’t that easy. And, it simply didn’t work that way. Millions of dollars anp pounds and yen and Euros were spent on CRM systems, software and structures but, not enough seemed to come back. The five important things are about the book’s approach to CRM 1.Strategic, not more tactics. CRM is a business decision, made by business managers to achieve business goals. So, most of all, this approach to CRM is strategic. 2. Customers, not companies. Payne’s approach puts the company and the customer in perspective. If there is no benefits to the customer, there can be no benefit to the company. CRM is reciprocal process...
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...various prevention approaches that are utilized with societal concerns and issues today. It will further elaborate on how the use of various prevention approaches will intervene to promote positive social change and structure among communities and individuals today. Lastly it will relay how might prevention may be used to eradicate specific problems, and the types of approaches that would effectively address problems and concerns. Social Issue Ongoing social issues and problems that occur in the United States, are examined by those who practice Public health. As society, and community of people, health disparities, homelessness, domestic violence, drugs and suicide are some of the areas that have an impacted on the lives of people. Conversely, due to the ongoing affects the service of Public health advocate and prevent people from physical illness, mental health issues, and intervene to promote a better quality of life. The social issue of domestic violence is defined as a pattern...
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...Leadership in Organizations Ashley Rivers LDR 531 November 17, 2011 Dr. Rickie Baldwin Leadership in Organizations Many organizations are created from the thoughts, motivation, and determination of a leader. A leader is an individual who has the traits, abilities, and behavior to influence followers and accomplish task objectives. These leadership skills can help an organization achieve the strategic goals and objectives of the organization. The term leadership is defined as “the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives” (Yukl, 2010, p. 8). Many researchers have focused on the concept of leadership. Some researchers “define leadership according to their individual perspectives and the aspects of the phenomenon of most interest to them” (id. at p. 2). Research has also distinguished the different views of leadership, and other forms of leadership. The other forms of leadership include direct and indirect leadership. This paper will review the views of leadership, the other forms of leadership, and the behavior approach of leadership. The strengths and weaknesses of the behavior approach will also be discussed. Many researchers have argued whether leadership should be viewed as a “specialized role or as a shared influence” (id. at p. 3) process. Leadership as a specialized role focuses on the relationship...
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...Theoretical Approaches Susan McKee PSY/405 Theories of Personality July 29, 2013 Les Binnix Theoretical Approaches In the world of psychology there are numerous personality theories. Many people have heard of Maslow with the hierarchy of needs or the dispositional theories with types and traits. Both of these theories attempts to understand and explain human thoughts and behaviors through different perspectives. The focus of this paper is to compare and contrast these two different theories. Humanistic and existential theory of personality looks at the individual in a holistic and optimistic manner; this includes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rodger's theory of self. The dispositional theories started with a comprehensive definition of personality by Gordon Allport and went on to the investigations of thousands of descriptive words dealing with personality characteristics. Measurements of these characteristics led to the big five or the five factor theory. Both of these major theories are complex, optimistic, and help increase understanding of personalities through different lenses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the personality characteristics attributed to these theories, explain the interpersonal relational aspect associated, and describe the role of personality in affecting situational behavior. Humanistic and existential theory of personality. The humanistic and existential theory of personality is also known as the "Third Force" within...
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...Leadership Approach Leadership may be defined as a deliberate influence to advise, organize and assist others in performing tasks within an organization. According to Yukl "Leadership has been defined in terms of traits, behaviors, influence, interaction patterns, role relationships, and occupation of an administrative position" (2010). Within this paper you will learn about the behavior approach to leadership. As with all of the other approaches, several strengths and weaknesses to this approach will be discussed along with an example of how this approach is illustrated within an organization. Behavior Approach During the early 1950s, the behavior approach was developed when researchers began losing interest with the trait approach. Researchers started analyzing how managers behavior while at work rather than their personal traits. The behavior approach can be best understood when divided into two general subcategories (Yukl, 2010). Subcategory One Within the first subcategory of the behavior approach, researchers monitored the way managers spent their time while on the job along with the usual pattern of activities, responsibilities and job functions of a manager. Additionally, researchers analyzed how managers handled job requirements, restrictions, and competition. Managerial work is most often based on research obtained through detailed methods of data collection. Data collection is acquired through direct observation, diaries, job-description questionnaires...
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...“When the human body's countless parts function correctly, the body is in a state of health or optimum wellness. The study of the healthy human body can be done in several different ways. Each way approaches the body from a specific standpoint and provides unique information about the body. Each approach divides and organizes complex information about the body in a logical way. These approaches include the following: body planes and body directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic to macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialties” (Turley, 2011). Body planes and body direction is one approach that divides the body into front and back, right and left, and top and bottom. The three main body planes are coronal, sagittal plane, and transvers plane. The body directions showcase the movement towards or away from the planes. The major directions are superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. “There are many times in medicine that a doctor has to record information in a medical record or tell another doctor the exact body part or location of disorders or damage to your body or an organ. To do that, there are standard terms for describing human anatomy including the body and its organs. These terms are often used to describe medical imaging such as CAT scans, PET scans and MRIs where the scans take pictures of the body in flat slices” (Media Partners, 2011). Body cavities are spaces...
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...APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT (SUMMARY) 1. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACH In response to complex problems, managers develop and test solutions focusing on finding efficient ways to perform and manage tasks, thus the classical approach of management. 1.1 Classical scientific The approach studies in detail the best way to perform a job. Founder Frederick W Taylor attempted to systematise the way a job was done, which is now seen in many modern businesses. 1.2 Classical bureaucratic This approach was pioneered by Max Weber and Henri Fayol, where bureaucracy was seen as the most efficient form of organisation. i) Planning Planning is preparing a predetermined course of action for a business. A. Strategic plans, example whereby business alliances with accountants and solicitors increase the number of clients and increasing the business profile in the long term. B. Tactical plans, example where these alliances are formed at the exclusion of other businesses allowing fulfilment of its goals. This is usually a medium-term plan C. Operational plans are short term where day to day business functions are organised to run smoothly. ii) Organising The business determines what is being done, by whom and how, thus plans translate into actions. A. Determining work activities. B. Classifying and grouping these parts then a specialised individual completes sections similar to their specialisation. C. Assigning work and delegating authority determines who is responsible for the enquiry...
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...Unit 1 – Section A - Statutory Interpretation Approaches to Interpretation The Literal Rule Under this rule, the courts will give words their plain, ordinary or literal meaning, even if the result is not very sensible. “If the words in an act are clear, then you must follow them even though they lead to a manifest absurdity.” (R v Judge of the City of London Court) Examples: (Whiteley v Chapel) – D charged under a section which made it an offence to impersonate any person entitled to vote. D impersonated someone who was on voting list but was deceased. D was not guilty as the person is dead they are not literally entitled to vote. (London and North Eastern Railways Co v Berriman) – Unable to claim when husband was killed whilst carrying out maintenance work oiling railway track. Statue said a look out should be provided when relaying or repairing the track. Words relaying and rapairing were given the literal meaning and didn’t cover maintenance. The Golden Rule It takes the literal meaning but the court is allowed to avoid interpretation which would lead to an absurd result. There are 2 views on how the golden rule should be used 1) the narrow application and 2) the wider application 1) Narrow application – if a word has more than one meaning, you can choose between them In Jones v DPP if a word had more than one meaning “You can choose between those meanings but beyond this you cannot go”. Examples: (R v Allen) – Example of narrow application Was a bigamist...
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