...Lab Report of Oil Spill Simulation Experiment Introduction The effectiveness of controlling and cleaning up oil spills depends on various aspects. Type of oil, location of the spill, the materials and methods used to absorb the oil and etc. are all influence the result of cleaning up oil. In this report, type of oil and quantity of oil spills are controlled. Same materials and methods are used on two different simulate environments, Open Ocean and sandy beach. 50 mL of oil made from vegetable oil with a little bit of food coloring simulates the crude oil. Plastic tub with a bag and filling with 1900 mL of cold tap water simulates the ocean space. Sandy Ocean environment is the ocean space added a sand dune in one corner of tub made by a full cup of sand. In each environment, 50mL Formula 409 and 25 cotton balls are worked together to absorb the oil as much as they can. How much oil is removed is calculated by volume measured by counting cup. About 60% oil should be removed from Open Ocean. And in Sandy Ocean, about 50% should be removed because portion of oil may absorb by sand. Formula 409 is a common cleanser which mainly ingredient is surfactants. “ Surfactants are amphiphilic; which means they both are water loving (hydrophilic) and water hating (hydrophobic) in equal measures and can join two liquids which are solely hydrophilic or hydrophobic.” (“Surfactants: the clean way to clear oil”). Surfactants should bring “wrapped oil” to the surface of water through emulsification...
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...A Review of Literature Related to Oil Spill Dispersants 1997-2008 for Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council (PWSRCAC) Anchorage, Alaska by Merv Fingas Spill Science Edmonton, Alberta PWSRCAC Contract Number - 955.08.03 Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this PWSRCAC-commissioned report are not necessarily those of PWSRCAC September, 2008 ii Abstract This report is a review of the literature on oil spill dispersants published from 1997 to August, 2008. The report identifies and focusses on recent advances in dispersant effectiveness, toxicity, and biodegradation. Other topics such as application, use, behaviour and fate are also covered. The prime motivation for using dispersants is to reduce the impact of oil on shorelines, thus the application must be successful and effectiveness high. As some oil would come ashore, discussion remains on what effectiveness is required to significantly reduce the shoreline impact. A major issue is the actual effectiveness during spills so that these values can be used in estimates for the future. The second motivation for using dispersants is to reduce the impact on birds and mammals on the water surface. The benefits of using dispersants to reduce impacts on wildlife still remain unknown. The third motivation for using dispersants is to promote the biodegradation of oil in the water column. The effect of dispersants on biodegradation is still a matter of dispute. Some papers state that dispersants inhibit...
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...for MENA Banks 4. Concluding remarks © Oliver Wyman LON-FSP22401-197 1 1 AQR and stress test: setting a new standard for banking supervision Since the start of the Eurozone crisis a number of AQRs and stress tests have been carried out in Europe with relevant impact on the Banks Greece – ’11 Ireland – ‘10 Spain – ‘12 • Economy: ~2% GDP EU • Asset Quality Review • Credit Loss Projections • Loss Absorption Capacity • • • • Capital shortfall ~€24mld Economy: ~12% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity • • • • Economy: ~2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€50mld Capital shortfall ~€60mld Cyprus – ’12 • • Portugal – ’11 • • • • • Economy: ~2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€7mld • Economy: ~0.2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€6mld Slovenia – ’13 • Economy: ~0.4 % GDP EU Capital shortfall ~€4.8mld © Oliver Wyman LON-FSP22401-197 3 A new, Eurozone-wide Asset Quality Review and stress test has recently been undertaken by ECB European Baking Union outlook Three Pillars of the European Banking Union and the Comprehensive Assessment • Pillar 1: ECB will keep direct responsibility for...
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...Introduction Oil is an essential part of our everyday living. Historically, the oil and natural gas industry have accounted for approximately 10 percent to 25 percent of the state’s GSP, a trend that roughly tracks the price of oil. drilling rig bores a hole into the earth through which steel pipes are inserted. Pipes or casings like cement would then be put in between for strength as well as for separating different pressure zones- if they exist. The well is then drilled further, and more casings are added. At times, 2-3 layers of casings would be built depending on the geological composition of the zone. The rotator table then passes the drill string onto the hole. The drill string rotating by 'top drive' or 'power swivel' mechanism extends the drill bit. This extension is done with the help of the derrick (the structure holding the drill string). The drill bit then cuts the rock into pieces. Drilling fluid, also called mud-mixture of fluids, chemicals, abrasives and solids - is then pumped down the drill string. This fluid clears the cut rock bits onto the surface. Compressed air is substituted for the fluid, at times. In turbo-drilling, a turbine is placed in the drill string. Mud flows through this turbine causing the drill bit to rotate. This hydrocarbon-rich mixture of crude oil and gases runs our factories, our cars, heats some homes and has provided Americans with an unprecedented standard of living since its discovery in America in 1859. Petroleum is an extremely...
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...Valdez Oil Spill Case Studies of Four Sites in Prince William Sound, 1989-1994 September 1997 Seattle, Washington noaa NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION National Ocean Service Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce The Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA) provides decisionmakers comprehensive, scientific information on characteristics of the oceans, coastal areas, and estuaries of the United States of America. The information ranges from strategic, national assessments of coastal and estuarine environmental quality to real-time information for navigation or hazardous materials spill response. Through its National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, ORCA uses uniform techniques to monitor toxic chemical contamination of bottom-feeding fish, mussels and oysters, and sediments at about 300 locations throughout the United States. A related NS&T Program of directed research examines the relationships between contaminant exposure and indicators of biological responses in fish and shellfish. ORCA provides critical scientific support to the U.S. Coast Guard during spills of oil or hazardous materials into marine or estuarine environments. This support includes spill trajectory predictions, chemical hazard analyses, and assessments of the sensitivity of marine and estuarine environments to spills. The program ...
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...Review – Exam 2 This is just an outline; make sure you go over everything. Materials: Exam 2 will cover chapters 13, 14, 15, 18 & 19: everything we have covered in the class. Exam 2 will start Sharp at 6:00 pm. The allotted time for exam 2 will be 6:00 to 6:50 pm Format: There will be 40 multiple choice questions, scantrons will be provided. Main Concepts Chapter 13: * Soil forming factors * Soil formation begins with fragmentation of parent material. * Parent material consists of ancient layers of rock, or more recent deposits from lava flows or glacial activity. * The first organisms to gain a foothold in modified parent material also contribute to soil formation. * Lichens form pioneer communities. * Decomposition of dead lichens further alters underlying rock. Humus is the organic material resulting from the decay of plant and animal remains. * It mixes with top layers of mineral particles, and supplies needed nutrients to plants. * It creates a crumbly soil that allows adequate water absorption and drainage. * Burrowing animals such as earthworms bring nutrients up from deeper soil layers, improving soil fertility. * * The organic material resulting from the decay of plant and animals remains is called………….? HUMUS * Soil properties: Soil texture Soil texture is determined by the size of mineral particles within the soil. * Too many large particles (sand, gravel) lead to extreme...
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...sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, mercury relays fluorescent lamps and other devices, through concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favour of alternatives such as alcohol- or galinstan-filled glass thermometers and thermistor- or infrared-based electronic instruments. Mercury can be found in four different forms: * Mercury metal, which is a silver-gray liquid, is harmful to humans when it is exposed into the air and consequently breathed into the lungs. * Methylmercury "may be taken into the body by eating certain saltwater and freshwater fish, especially larger fish at the top of the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, largemouth bass, and chain pickerel." * Inorganic mercury compounds can be found in batteries, over the counter drugs, ointments, nasal sprays, and some herbal medicines. These compounds may be harmful if breathed or swallowed. * Phenylmercury can be found in latex paints (made before 1991), exterior and oil based paints, caulks, eye area cosmetics, and toiletries. Phenylmercury can be breathed in vapor form, passed through...
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...linkages, and is used in cell walls. Glycogen and starch are both coiled, with α 1-4 linkages, and 1-6 side chains, and are used for storage. 7. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins – they have an amino group at one end, and a carboxylic acid group at the other. 8. The ‘R’ group distinguishes one amino acid from another – there are about 20 in total; those that are needed in the diet are called essential amino acids. 9. Some amino acids can be synthesised by transamination. 10. Amino acids bond like monosaccharides, creating peptide bonds. 11. Fibrous proteins, e.g. collagen and keratin, have long, straight, polypeptide chains. 12. Globular proteins, e.g. gels and enzymes, have a roughly rounded shape. 13. Proteins have four different structures: a. The primary structure is the basic sequence of amino acids. b. The secondary structure is how the chain becomes coiled and folded due to the bonding. c. The tertiary structure is the 3D structure of the protein, due to disulphide bridges and hydrogen bonding. d. The quaternary structure is when more than one protein is joined together (e.g. in haemoglobin). 14. The tertiary structure of an enzyme gives rise to the active site – when an enzyme is...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...WATER AS OUR NATURAL RESOURSE There are more than 326 million trillion gallons of water on Earth. Less than 3 % of all this water is fresh water and of that amount, more than two-thirds is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. With so much water around it seems like there is enough to see us through for millions of years. But did you know that even water, which seems to be in abundance, might one day become scarce? Each time you throw something as garbage, think of where it will finally end up. Whether it is a plastic glass, your broken cell phone or the used up battery cells from your portable CD/MP3 player, they all contribute in some way to environmental pollution and are also hazardous to life. Not only are they biodegradable, but also disposing of them has their own risks as they release harmful toxins into the air and surrounding soil and ground water. All these cause water pollution .! What is water pollution? Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision...
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...manage. Water resources refer to the supply of groundwater and surface water in a given area. Water resources may also reference the current or potential value of the resource to the community and the environment. The maximum rate that water is potentially available for human use and management is often considered the best measure of the total water resources of a given region. With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste material. Further in the body, it regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood and glandular secretions. An average adult body contains 42 litres of water and with just a small loss of 2.7 litres he or she can suffer from dehydration, displaying symptoms of irritability, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, weakness, headaches and consequently reach a state of pathology. Dr F. Batmanghelidj, in his book 'your body's many cries for water', gives a wonderful essay on water and its vital role in the health of a water 'starved' society. He writes: "Since the 'water'...
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...Global Warming: Eye Opening Facts that it is Refutably upon Us Terrie M. Hornbeck Buena Vista University Author Note Prepared for: Laura Brahn’s Globalism Seminar Abstract In recent years, scientists noticed that the average temperature of the Earth was increasing and looked for causes for the change. It is clear that the Earth has had changes in its average temperature many times in the geologic past before humans were present (Enger & Smith, 2013). Therefore, scientists initially tried to determine if the warming was a natural phenomenon or the result of human activity. Several gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide are known as greenhouse gases because they let sunlight enter the atmosphere but slow the loss of heat from the Earth’s surface. Evidence of past climate change going back as far as 160,000 years indicates a close correlation between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global temperatures. Computer simulations of climate indicate that global temperatures will rise as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, and there are many others effects predicted by an increase in temperature. Since these predictions are based on computer models of climate, some scientists criticized them as being inaccurate and constructed from sketchy data. Because major disagreements arose over the significance of global warming, the United Nations Environment Programme established an Intergovernmental...
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...Final Report on the Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Deepwater Horizon Study Group March 1, 2011 The Deepwater Horizon Study Group (DHSG) was formed by members of the Center for Catastrophic Risk Management (CCRM) in May 2010 in response to the blowout of the Macondo well on April 20, 2010. A fundamental premise in the DHSG work is: we look back to understand the why‘s and how‘s of this disaster so we can better understand how best to go forward. The goal of the DHSG work is defining how to best move forward – assessing what major steps are needed to develop our national oil and gas resources in a reliable, responsible, and accountable manner. Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster This Page Intentionally Left Blank Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster In Memoriam Jason Anderson Senior tool pusher Dewey Revette Driller Stephen Curtis Assistant driller Donald Clark Assistant driller Dale Burkeen Crane operator Karl Kleppinger Roughneck Adam Weise Roughneck Shane Roshto Roughneck Wyatt Kemp Derrick man Gordon Jones Mud engineer Blair Manuel Mud engineer 1 Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster In Memoriam The Environment 2 Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster Table of Contents In Memoriam....................................................................
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...Environmental Problems The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be coused by the greenhouse effect. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one kind of enimal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now. Air population is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening- equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substunces. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid...
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...CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES THIS IS A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE RULES. The rules for classifying and coding industrial wastes and hazardous wastes may be found in 30 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Sections (§§) 335.501-.521 (Subchapter R). Prepared by: I&HW Permits Section, MC 130 Waste Permits Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711-3087 RG-022 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Revised February 2005 i Kathleen Hartnett White, Chairman R. B. “Ralph” Marquez, Commissioner Larry R. Soward, Commissioner Glenn Shankle, Executive Director Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication—that is, not obtained from other sources—is freely granted. The commission would appreciate acknowledgment. Copies of this publication are available for public use through the Texas State Library, other state depository libraries, and the TCEQ Library, in compliance with state depository law. For more information on TCEQ publications call 512/239-0028 or visit our Web site at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications Published and distributed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality PO Box 13087 Austin TX 78711-3087 The TCEQ is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. The agency does not allow discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, age...
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