...TITLE OF THE ESSAY : Child Labour : The Abuse of Girl Child * Siddharth Sharma (2ND YEAR B.A.LLB STUDENT AT NLIU, BHOPAL) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHY A GIRL CHILD GETS MORE VICTIMIZED? 3. SEXUAL ABUSE AND CHILD LABOUR? 4. DO WE HAVE A SOLUTION? INTRODUCTION “Born to parents who themselves were uneducated child workers, many child worker are forced to continue a tradition that leaves them chained to a life of poverty” Child labour violates a nation’s minimum age laws, threatens children’s physical, mental, or emotional well-being, involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, or illicit activities, prevents children from going to school and above all, uses children to undermine labor standards. In this regard The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The constitution of India also recognizes the right of children and safeguards their right to survival, protection and development. Article 14 of the constitution bestows right to equality. Article 15(3) empowers state to make special provision in favour of children. Article 23 prohibits traffic in human being. Article 14 prohibits employment of children below 14 years in any factory or mine or hazardous occupation. Article 39 prohibits abuse and exploitation. Article 45 provides compulsory education up to 14 years. India has recently finally left the company of seven other countries that still legally permit...
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...Jana Suckow, Daniela Klaus VALUE OF CHILDREN IN SIX CULTURES Pp. 244-245 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOZIUM ORGANISED BY FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO (19-21 SEPT. 2002) 1) Psychological-emotional value of children 2) Economic-utilitarian value of children 3) Social-normative value of children. Psychological-emotional reasons for getting children are for instance; 'to have someone to love and care for', 'because of the pleasure you get from watching children grow' and 'because it's fun to have young children around the house'. Statements such as 'because a child helps around the house', 'to have one more person to help the family economically' or 'children can help when you're old' illustrate the economic-utilitarian dimension. The dimension of social-normative value of children is expressed by items such as 'to carry on the family name' or 'because parenthood improves your standing and betters your reputation among your kin'. The decision for or against children is embedded in different context levels. Certain institutional conditions, the structures of opportunity, the relational and social network and the individual characteristics of the (potential) parents determine the value of children...
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...CHILD DOMESTIC LABOUR IN PAKISTAN: OVERVIEW, ISSUES AND TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS BY Sajjad Akhtar Saadiya Razzaq June 2005 CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY REDUCTION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION (CRPRID) Ist Floor, P-Block, Pak Sectt. Islamabad Phone: 9202868 Fax: 9210254 www.crprid.org Abstract There is a dearth of in-depth empirical and qualitative research about the children in domestic work in Pakistan. The children in domestic work are not recognized as ‘child labour’ by society and by a number of governments, but rather as a normal feature of society. The objective of this paper is to present various dimensions of this neglected segment within the child labour phenomena. The purpose is not only to highlight the similarities and differences in dimensions such as labour market characteristics and its arrangements, working conditions, violence, exploitation from the all inclusive and parent “child labour” category, but also to spell out testable hypothesis that can be the basis for future data collection and empirical analysis on the subject. Our premise is that the labour arrangements of child domestic worker in Pakistan are segmented along non-resident and resident. Thus working conditions, violence, exploitation and dynamics of demand and supply vary with this widely observed segmentation. Although legislations and action plans on child labour in Pakistan, do not include any clause specifically on child domestic labour but the reality is that the vast majority of children...
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...Examine the factors affecting power relationships and division of labour between couples. There are many factors that affect power relationships and division of labour between couples, mainly the traditional division of domestic labour within the past. Other factors include the breakdown of traditions, gender inequality and negative factors such as domestic abuse and violence. There are a variety of views and approaches to the factors from Feminists, Marxists and Functionalists. Division of labour between couples is the assignment of different parts of a process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency. This includes housework, childcare and paid work. However power relationships is where there is an evident controller of power within the relationship or whether the power is equal or symmetrical within the relationship. The factor of gender inequality is presented by Parsons 1955 within the family and relationships. He said that, women and men have different segregated roles that are very different and distinctly opposite to one another within couples. Parsons saw the man having the instrumental role, in which he works and provides for the family as the breadwinner. The mans life is about providing, financially supporting the family and achieving success at work. However the women within the relationship holds the expressive role, where she provides emotional support for the family, carries out the housework and gives the primary socialisation to the children...
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...© Kamla-Raj 2004 J. Soc. Sci., 8(1): 23-27 (2004) Exploring the Forms of Child Abuse in Nigeria: Efforts at Seeking Appropriate Preventive Strategies Ifeyinwa Annastasia Mbakogu CHILD ABUSE IN THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY It may be difficult discussing the issue of child abuse in Nigeria without eliciting the African perspective. This is because first as Africans (and later developing nations), there exists a common heritage that seem to signify that similarities in culture or traditions may indicate a commonality of perceptions toward issues regarded as child abuse and eventually, similarities in strategies for addressing the problem. Moving into the African or Nigerian Perspective It is quite a formidable task formulating an effective strategy for the prevention of child abuse. To tackle this problem Marzouki (2002) made an interesting comparison between prevention strategies for child abuse or handicaps and medical management: What measures should be taken to avoid the so-called ‘street children’ pheno-menon? The preventive measures in handicap are different from medical management in type and level. For instance, when a child has a cerebral palsy due to prematurity, he would need drugs and physiotherapy. But preventing prematurity would need, among other things, health education and pregnancy monitoring. Like cerebral palsy, or seizures, sexually abused street children are merely a symptom, but the causes are derived from elsewhere. Of course it [is] the symptoms that have...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW Every child must be protected against all forms of exploitation, indecent or degrading treatment, including child labour, abduction and sale (UNICEF 2000). According to UNICEF, exploiting the labour of a child means employing a person below the age of 15 years and paying him/her less than the minimum standard wage. Olafsen, Corwin and Summit (1993) have argued that cycles of awareness followed by suppression have typified society's response to child sexual abuse. Arguably, this has been society's response to all forms of child abuse and neglect of children they also expressed that mass media education and prevention campaigns present one means of breaking cycles of suppression and denial. The media have played a key role in periodically placing the issue of child abuse on the public agenda The International Labour Organization estimates there are 246 million working children aged between five and seventeen worldwide(Anti-slavery International 2002). At least 179million are estimated to work in the worst form of child labour – one out of the world’s five to seventeen years old. According to the ILO (2006),111 million children under 15 are in hazardous work and should be immediately withdrawn from this work. ILO (1996:12) states that approximately130,000 children work in India’s hand-knotted carpet industry, 80% of whom are located in Uttar Pradesh, the country’s most populous state (over140 million people) and the centre of the rug industry. ILO described...
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...are working in industrialized and transition economies. Child labour is a ubiquitous problem throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Specifically Africa...
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...published by War on Want which has uncovered the systematic violations of workers’ rights in Bangladeshi factories supplying garments for Nike, Puma and Adidas. Their findings, while depressingly familiar, are still shocking: all factories visited were illegally employing staff for more than 60 hours a week, and five of the six failed to pay the legal minimal wage. But UK Feminista's protest demands that we rethink Nike’s exploitative practices as an explicitly feminist issue. Eighty five per cent of Bangladesh’s garment workers are women, and as such they experience distinct rights abuses as factory workers; 1 in 10 women workers are threatened with being made to undress, with 1 in 10 workers experiencing other sexual harassment. Many are refused maternity rights or simply fired when discovered to be pregnant, an indication of the profound disregard by firms like Nike for women’s reproductive labour. These statistics are enough to send any feminist out onto the street in protest. But an interrogation of the reasons why these low paid jobs are consistently filled by women reveals a web of structural and cultural relations of power that are built gender norms. Women lack other employment opportunities due to poor access to education, and are affected by entrenched gender stereotypes around what constitutes ‘women’s work’. These include assumptions around...
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...Professor S. Hughes Year: 2012-2013 3th Bachelor Applied Economics 1. Executive Summary The topic of this paper is business ethics within Gap Inc., a multinational retail – clothing company. The foundation of its corporate ethical approach is summarized in the Code of Conduct . This paper outlines the ethical problems Gap Inc. faced in the last years and more important, the solutions they found in order to remain a successful company. It shows how large companies deal with common issues like child labour and sweatshops. In the first place, this report points out several examples of the problems had to deal with. These points, among which an important lawsuit and documentary, illustrate that their Code of Conduct is not sufficient enough to name Gap Inc. a model corporation in terms of business ethics. Secondly, it is essential to make an overview of the resolutions for the problems that Gap created over the years. In answer to the critics on child labour and employee abuse, they launched a campaign in which they support several organizations. Furthermore, Gap increased its corporate responsibilty by creating several multi-stakeholder initiatives. The quick solutions Gap came up with show that a big company can limit its economic damage when ethical issues occur. To maintain this positive ethical image that Gap pursues, it could publish its new efforts directly on its website and close the factories that employed children. 2. Table of Contents 1. Executive...
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...1.INTRODUCTION Cursory observation would prove that child labour has increase in Nigeria since the late 1980s.To this end the increase may be related to the changing socio economic structure of the country. It is in this light that this paper seeks to relate the massive increase in the incident of child labour In Nigeria the mid 1980s.Globalisation should be seen as an encompassing process with implications for different sections of socio life (see Anugwom, 2001). Therefore, globalization significantly affected the child labour in Nigeria. Nigeria is reported as having 12million child workers, which is one of the highest in the world (see Siddigi and Patrinos,2001). Moreover the IL0 1996 estimate that 250million children are involved in child labour. This figure shows a problem of major proportion and which is concentrated principally in developing nations of the world. A concern with child labour stem largely out of the stark that realization in spite of the numerous national attention given to the issue, it seems to elude meaningful solution in fact rather than abate, child labour has persisted. Child labour has also attracted international attention and concern. Hence, there have been many declaration on the global arena on how to stem the rising tide of child labour. Among these declarations and conventions are the ILO conventions on the Elimination Of Child Labour, the, ILO Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, the UNICEF. Declaration on the Right...
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...BONDED LABOUR) IN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED STATES. WRITTEN BY: 2121745 DATE: 26TH APRIL 2014 WORD COUNT: 2,770 WORDS As estimated by the International Labour organization (ILO), there are over 20.9 million people in this 21st century that are still enslaved. Another source states that there are 29.8 million people who are still held in modern day slavery. When the word “slavery” is mentioned, the idea that comes to mind is when people are taken from India, Africa and other third world countries, to the West Indies or America, for the purpose of them to work in sugar cane plantation. Although that kind of slavery was abolished in the 19th century, men, women and children are still slaves, thus, the birth of modern slavery. “Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised”. Slavery is so much graver than forced labour, Slavery involves forced labour, but not every forced labour involves slavery. Despite being prohibited by so many International instruments, which includes the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1956 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery and the 1926 UN Slavery Convention, Contemporary slavery still takes place in various forms, affecting all gender, races and color. Modern slavery has been in many forms, ranging from domestic servitude to bonded labour. In this...
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...Here are 10 facts about child labour Child Labour has been a problem for years, in a lot of countries around the world employers will actually enlist the help of young kids to do manual labour to reach places adults normally couldn’t. These kids ranged from fourteen to sixteen years old and would often times be underpaid, or not all, and often worked under dangerous conditions, which is why it’s illegal in a lot of countries. Here are 10 facts about child labour you might not have thought of before. 1. In developing countries, around 16% of the child population from the age group of 5-14 years is involved in child labor. 5-14 years is involved in child labor 2. According to a year 2004 report by ILO and ‘International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour’ (IPEC), trafficking of girls from Nepal to India takes place for the purpose of sex trade. These girls are pushed into flesh trade under the name of recruiting for carpet factories. Nepal's girl 3. According to an ILO report of year 2003, a sum of $760 billion would be required, over a period of 20 years, for the removal of child labor completely; all the money, if invested properly for health and educational needs of children, it would provide long term benefits in the future (around $4 trillion). child labour 4. It has been found that 126 million children worldwide, are at the receiving end of child abuse, which involve employers’ beatings, have to endure sexual violence and most importantly, humiliation...
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...Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child or children.[1] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department for Children And Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[2] Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse:neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. In Western countries, preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed laws and policies exist to address this issue. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".[3] child exploitation is one of the biggest problems of the planet. It is increasing constantly. More than 250 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in the world; it adds up to 11,5 million teens between the...
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...The Ten Principles The UN Global Compact's ten principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption enjoy universal consensus and are derived from: * The Universal Declaration of Human Rights * The International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work * The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development * The United Nations Convention Against Corruption The UN Global Compact asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment and anti-corruption: Human Rights * Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and * Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labour * Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; * Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour; * Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and * Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Environment * Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; * Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and * Principle 9: encourage the development...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Child abuse is a global problem that has received tremendous attention in Western Countries. Not until recently was it confirmed that child abuse really existed in Africa generally and Nigeria in particular. The term “Child Abuse” refers to intention acts that result in physical or emotional harm to children. Child abuse covers a wide range of behaviour from physical assault by parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of child basic need. Traditionally, parent or adult have been entrusted by the society with the responsibility of caring for and guiding their children best interest. Observations have shown that parents or guardians differ in their ability to care for and protect their children. Thus the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, culture around t he world have different standards in dealing in what constitutes child abuse. In Sweden, for example, the law prohibits any physical punishment of children, including spanking. By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean parents are expected to punish their children by hitting them. Ordinarily, there is nothing wrong with that, but in cases where families or adults engage in practices that interfere with or inhibits a child, generally welfare and educational development, calls for serious concern in Africa in general cannot be left out in this performance problems. Often, feelings of guilt violation and lowered self esteem have...
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