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龙行天下

中国资源企业 实现海外并购价值五步曲
作者:德鲁夫· 萨尔达、丁民丞、杰弗里 贝里 ·

在中国民间传说中, 龙被视为行云布雨、 润泽万 物之神, 庇佑着农业丰收。 被人喻为 “巨龙” 的中国 大型资源企业如今行走天下, 探囊取物, 并购海外资 产。 然而中国企业的国际化历程并不顺风顺水。 对任 何企业来说, 跨境并购最难的不是交易成功, 而是并 购能否实现整合, 创造价值。
这二十多年来, 中国对资源的需求不断攀升。 据预测, 2013年中国对海外
1 石油和天然气的依赖程度将分别达到60%和30%。随着国内经济持续高速增

长和政府大力支持企业走出去, 中国企业成为国际最主要的并购力量之一。 仅 在2012年, 全球最大的十宗并购交易中就有七宗由中国公司完成, 而其中四宗
2 交易发生在资源行业。 中国公司正在积极通过国际化发展, 从海外市场获得

必需的原材料、 资产、 技术和能力。 我们预期中国的海外并购活动将继续在三 个资源领域中快速发展——分别是金属和采矿、 石油和天然气, 以及可替代能 源。 然而, 许多中国公司, 尤其是过去五年占据全球大型并购半壁山河的国有 企业, 在继续追求其国际化战略之时, 试图以很小程度的整合来完成业务组 合。 我们观察到, 中国企业在并购完成后的工作重点主要集中在知识转移和向 总部进行报告方面, 制定一个帮助企业通过运营整合创造商业价值和建立新 能力的整合路线图却远未获得重视。 然而后者通常将决定并购是否将为企业 创造长期价值。 基于长期的客户经验, 埃森哲建议, 志在成为全球行业龙头的中国资源企 业可以遵循五步曲路径实现海外并购的价值。

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巨龙崛起
自2001年中国加入世界贸易组 织以来, 中国企业在跨境收购方面 变得日益活跃。 中国政府积极推进 企业 “走出去” 战略, 推动对外投 资和鼓励中国企业拓展国际市场。 根据汤森路透的数据, 从2002到 2012的十余年间, 中国企业海外并 购经历了高达32%的年均复合增长 率; 仅在2012年, 中国就在海外并
3 购中投入了646亿美元。

较起点增长超过了14倍。 我们统计分 析发现, 从2002年到2012年, 中国企业 在资源领域的海外并购交易数量实现
5 了16%的年均复合增长率。 这些交易

业的海外并购交易得到政府大力的融 资支持。 例如, 中国国家开发银行已累 计融资300亿美元, 鼎力支持中国石油 天然气集团公司 (CNPC) 的国际并购
7 行动。对于这家中国最大的石油生产

中的多数发生在金属和采矿行业, 占 交易数量的71%; 不过在石油和天然气 行业中的交易额更大, 总共占所有交 易金额的66% (参见图表2) 。 中国国有企业一直主导着资源行 业的海外并购。 在过去的11年, 所有已 完成交易中的98.7%都是由这些国有 企业发起的 (参见图表1) 过去, 。 中国 资源企业的海外并购从很大程度上被 视为国家能源安全战略的一部分。 但 近年来能源安全概念已出现了变化, 中国和全球其他经济体逐渐 (并且审 慎地) 认识到, 能源安全并不仅仅意 味着拥有足够的资源, 同时还必须掌 握相关的能力、 技术和资产, 以使其国 内和国外资源的价值最大化。 虽然各 项能力一直是能源安全的组成部分, 但它们从未像今天这般重要。 例如, 埃森哲和世界经济论坛的 联合研究明确显示, 中国积极制定和 推动有关政策和法规, 使中国成为全 球最具吸引力的可再生能源投资市
6 场。 利用并购所获得的各种技术, 中

企业而言, 此举可谓如虎添翼。 中石油 近期投资42亿美元, 收购了莫桑比克 一处海上天然气田的股份, 成功落子 东非市场, 而这只是该公司众多全球 收购行动中的一例。

中国公司追求国际扩张的动因多 种多样。 根据埃森哲和经济学人信息 部 (Economist Intelligent Unit) 联合进 行的一项调查显示, 超过70%的受访 企业表示 “进入全新的市场” “获 和
4 取资源” 是其海外并购的主要原因。

中国企业在全球资源行业的并购占到 了2002至2012年中国企业所有海外并 购交易总值的31%。 这一点都不令人意 外: 这十年中国经济每年增速接近两 位数, 这样的经济发展速度和规模需 要大量矿产、 石油和天然气等资源的 支持。 这是该领域交易出现飙升的关 键因素 (参见图表1) 。 各项数据都有力地印证了这一趋 势。 2002年, 中国资源企业的海外并 购金额只有17亿美元。 此后交易价值 大幅上升, 如今已达到250多亿美元,

国企业可以进一步拓展自己在国内可 再生能源领域的实力。 此外, 国有企

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图表1: 中国资源行业对外并购交易总额, 2002至2012年度 (交易额, 单位: 10亿美元)

注: 所有交易均已完成, 不包括股票分割、 股票交换要约, 以及公开市场回购; 交易价值数字不包括 并购目标的净债务, 以及金额未公开的交易。 资料来源: 汤森路透, 埃森哲分析。

图表2: 按子行业划分的中国资源领域对外收购情况, 2002至2012年度

注: 所有交易均已完成, 不包括股票分割、 股票交换要约, 以及公开市场回购; 交易价值数字不包括 并购目标的净债务, 以及金额未公开的交易。 资料来源: 汤森路透, 埃森哲分析。

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展望海外并购的未来
在可预见的未来, 能源安全仍 将是中国关注的核心问题。 根据十 二五规划, 中国将致力于发展新能 源、 建立完善的基础设施, 以及在 能源组合中— —从化石燃料到核 能, 到可再生能源领域构建新一 代能力。 三个趋势将推动中国企业 在资源行业的全球并购进入新阶 段。 通过收购获得新的能力、 技术 和智力资本:
来自中国企业正将并购作为一种 工具, 以此获得全新的能力、 技术和 智力资本。 这在各个资源行业中都已 相当明显。 以能源领域为例, 近期对 尼克森的兼并便为中海油带来了有关 深水钻探的技术, 考虑到中海油公司 正在努力构建自身在中国南海的深水 作业能力, 这一成果愈发显得至关重 要。 而在采矿业中, 面向世界各地采
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走进北美、 欧洲和非洲:
中国的并购企业正在改变它们的 重点区域。 过去, 中国对外并购交易主 要集中在亚洲。 但近年来, 投资重心 已经转移到了北美、 欧洲和非洲。根 据汤森路透的统计, 截至目前以金额 计算, 北美已成为其投资的首选目的
11 地。 欧洲经济的不稳定对西欧公司

的估值构成了一定压力。 但跟据埃森 哲2012年对450名全球高管进行的调 查, 中国企业领导者普遍地将欧元区 债务局势看做是扩大市场份额的一次
12 机遇, 而非危机。 非洲则仍然是一个

矿业高管进行的一项并购市场调查结 果显示, 20%的受访者认为新的技术 和知识产权将是他们未来12个月中展 开并购活动的主要动机。
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代表着的未来发展潜力的新兴前沿市 场。 东非地区因其天然气贮藏正日益 引起各方关注, 同时赞比亚等国也在 积极吸引中国有色矿业集团等中资国 有矿业公司的投资。

在非传统领域实现增长:
中国的收购者正积极瞄准非传统 领域, 这一趋势不但彰显了中国对于 专业知识多样化的重视, 还说明其国 内能源结构逐步从传统的煤炭开始向 非常规能源转变。 例如, 中石化投入22 亿美元收购了位于加拿大卡尔加里的 日光能源公司 (Daylight Energy) 此举 , 正在帮助该公司建立所需的页岩开发 技术, 以支持中国政府提高国内页岩
10 气产量的既定目标。

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海外并购带来的挑战
跨国兼并和收购的确很难赢 得成功。 埃森哲研究表明, 只有一 半的并购交易能够创造价值, 而 三分之一以上都无法达成预期结
13 果。 这使得对并购后的整合活动

加复杂, 而保留技术人员对于企业而 言至关重要——特别是在石油和天然 气上游领域更是如此。 其次, 如果不悉心加以解决, 文化 差异和管理风格上的分歧有可能在交 易完成后不久便引发冲突。 中国企业 派出的管理团队具有个人奉献精神, 勇于为了国家利益做出个人牺牲, 这往 往会与西方以股东价值为导向的思维 方式有所冲突。 除此以外, 我们通常 还会在这类企业中目睹截然不同的两 种沟通方式、 解决冲突的方法, 以及看 待信息透明的态度, 并由此导致了许 多矛盾。 所有这些因素都将延误决策 时机, 并最终损害从收购中获取价值 的能力。 而避免这些问题的方法之一, 便是聘请当地与中国企业有过合作的

人员。 中国神华能源股份有限公司的 财务总监张克慧女士强调说, “我们 有许多优秀的中国员工驻外工作, 他 们具有良 好的教育背景和丰富的经 验——但我们需要吸引更多的外籍人 才到海外公司中工作。 15 ” 除上述问题外, 很少有国有资源 企业在交易完成时就已绘制好一个明 确的整合路线图。 同时, 对于价值实现 的重视程度也相当有限, 包括没有将 中国总部和被收购公司之间的业务进 行有效整合, 以此实现成本节约。 鉴 于并不存在可重复用于每次收购的一 套整合方法, 企业需要把更多的重点 放在对整合目标和路线图的定义上, 这样才能创造价值并建立各种能力。

进行有效管理显得更为必要。 在埃 森哲和经济学人信息部 (Economist Intelligent Unit) 2012年针对亚洲企 业国际化一项调查中, 我们发现, 管理文化差异、 整合跨国业务以及 建立清晰的组织结构和职责划分 对于跨境并购的成功至关重要。
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中国的行业 龙头们无疑非常清 楚, 这些因素对于跨国并购能否成功 至关重要。 因此在埃森哲和经济学人 信息部的研究中, 难以管理外国员工 和难以吸引和留住人才是大部分中国 公司面临的新挑战 (参见图表3) 然 。 而实践中, 交易完成后的整合阶段有 许多领域仍没有得到重视。 事实上, 大多数中国国有企业似乎依然遵循着 原有策略, 在短期、 甚至中期执行尽可 能少的整合工作, 而是立即着手进行 知识转移并满足总部的汇报要求。 一 些风险正潜藏在这种短期策略之中。 首先, 当任何一家收购企业向被 收购方派出高管团队——通常会包括 首席战略官、 财务总监和人力资源经 理, 原有的本地管理团队可能会感觉 受到了轻视或是排挤。 一旦收购企业 未能认真对待信任管理问题, 不但将 面临疏远本地领导者的风险, 更有甚 者, 会使重要的组织人才迅速离开公 司。 同时, 这样做也可以令两家公司之 间的知识转移和能力建设过程变得更

图表3: 中国企业高管在执行全球扩张战略时面临的最大内部挑战

资料来源: 埃森哲和经济学人信息部2012年亚洲企业国际化调研。

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实现价值最大化的五步曲
基于长期帮助客户进行并购 整合的经验, 埃森哲提出整合五 步曲, 中国资源企业可以据此在海 外并购中实现并购的价值。 当然, 这并不是涵盖全部并购整合内容 的完全攻略。 但企业可将其作为起 点, 由此开始定义和实施整合战 略——认清这一点非常重要。 这些 战略将帮助中国国有企业打造出国 际化的经营模式, 适应进一步通过 并购进行扩张的需要。 1、 与收购目标 (和类型) 相一致的 整合路线图
如果出现整合路线图或框架与收 购目标不一致的情况, 不但可能导致 并购效益无法充分实现, 在某些情况 下, 甚至会令潜在价值丧失殆尽。 同 样重要的则是需要考虑正在进行的交 易类型, 因为这将为整合工作提供必 要的信息。 例如, 兼并一处海上石油平 台只需要国有企业进行很少的整合工 作, 便可将其融入企业的经营模式; 但如果收购标的为上游的油气资源, 通常就不得不完成大量的人员、 流程 和系统整合。 此外, 中国企业还必须围绕整合 路线图和相应的收购目标建立适当的 整合指标。 例如, 当交易目的是确保原 材料供应, 那么整合工作就应当重点 专注于运营成果指标, 如生产连续性 和停机时间最小化。 而如果并购的着 眼点在于能力获得, 则需要企业在提 高技术工艺或技术诀窍等方面加大力 度。 在这样的情况下, 企业应当采用这 样一些相关指标: 保留特定领域技术 专家的数量、 接受新收购公司专有技 术培训的员工数目, 或者是自收购结 束后一些内部流程 (来自收购方或被 收购公司) 是否已得到增强, 等等。 对 成功进度的测算非常重要, 特别是在 交易完后的最初几个月中尤为突出, 因 为这关系到如何对整合过程进行必要 的修正。 整合路线图不但要同时包括短期 和长期安排并涵盖收购最重要的方方 面面, 而且应当在交易完成之前就制 定妥当。 例如, 短期行动可以将焦点放 在业务连续性上, 而中期至长期工作 则专注于技术和能力开发、 智力资本 商业化, 或是完善管理团队, 等等。 所 有这些均应体现在一个明确的整合路 线图当中, 同时必须采用正确的配套 指标以使各项进展保持正轨。

2、 积极致力于人才选择和保留
中国公司正在寻求构建全球化的 资源能力, 因此管理和保留人才便显 得格外重要。 中国收购企业应采取适 当的方法, 最大限度地减少人事磨擦, 充分利用被收购公司的人才来支持区 域战略, 进一步构建自身全球化组织 的各项核心能力。 我们的经验表明, 成功的收购方 都会在交易结束前便实施严密的人才 保留方法, 以保留新收购企业中最为 优秀的人才。 这些成功者建立了细致 入微的计划, 在两个组织之间展开迅 速而有效的知识转移行动。 对于那些 为了获得 “能力” 而进行的并购交易, 这一点尤为重要——因为所收购的资 产往往是无形的, 很有可能随着关键 员工的离开而荡然无存。 各种货币和非货币的激励措施也 经常被用于保留住关键的领导者和员 工, 这对两家企业的整合成功同样至 关重要。 例如, 一家国外的国有石油公 司在收购拥有北海资产的规模较小企 业时, 为了在交易完成后六个月内保 持稳定运行, 针对关键人员的保留推 出了货币性和非货币性举措相结合的

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激励计划。 同时还从总部派出两名高 级领导人, 用以填补被收购公司领导 团队所需的新职位。 他们的主要职责 是与现有的管理团队合作确定公司的 未来战略, 并且使其与集团的整体目 标保持一致。 这一行动有效促进了高 层领导者之间的知识转移, 进而使联 合领导小组随后制定出了非常成功的 整合方案。

行动。 同时, 它还能够确保被收购企 业围绕未来架构组建整合团队, 从而 顺利过渡到全新的运营模式 (参见图 表4) 。 无 论 是 指导 委员会、 合 计 划 整 办公室, 还是整合总监, 这些机构和 人员都将 在转型过程中扮演重要角 色——他们可以设定计划进度, 建立 指导方针以实现关键的阶段成果, 并 且监督整合工作的整体绩效。 成功的 关键在于合理搭配收购方和被收购方 的成员, 从而取得适当平衡。 这有助 于促进协作、 建立团队成员之间的充 分信任, 进而确保双方的专业知识和 能力得到妥善发现和保留。

过去五年, 我们与客户合作开展 了600多项整合计划, 从中获得了非常 丰富的经验。 我们认为, 收购方在选 择派出的领导者时, 应根据其个人的 技能和经验来判断, 考虑是否可以推 动整合目标的实现, 而不是仅看他们 向总部汇报的能力。 对于被收购企业 而言, 如果能选择与中国或其他亚洲 国家合作过的管理者, 无疑将事半功 倍——因为这些人不但能够有效地解 决文化差异问题, 而且可以更为容易 地作为被收购公司和总部之间的联络 人发挥作用。

3、 为整合工作建立强有力的治理 结构
一个强有力的治理结构不但可以 支持整合工作的各项目标, 而且有助中 国企业将战略构想转化为切实的战术

图表4: 整合工作治理结构示例

资料来源: 埃森哲经验。

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4、 使用结构化的方法来识别和解 决文化障碍
正如前面所提到, 文化上的差异 经常都是困扰高管层、 影响并购交易 成功的首要因素。 这些问题可以表现 为多种方式: 语言障碍、 不同的业务开 展方式、 风格迥异的决策模式, 以及 千差万别的其他现象。 上述各种 (或其 他难以枚举的) 矛盾可以造成中国企 业和被收购方之间的理解隔阂, 从而 阻碍整合的速度和进度。 因此, 企业非 常重要的一项任务就是: 在并购过程 中尽早识别文化差异, 并且建立相关 计划确保这类问题不会妨碍整合过程 中的价值实现。 我们的经验表明, 中国企业在收 购西方公司时可以采取一些步骤来尽 量减少文化障碍。 例如, 旨在提高文化 理解程度的培训和研讨会将在整合过 程中发挥极大的帮助作用。 而文化评 估工具也可用于了解两个企业之间的 文化相似性和差异点, 并且将分析工 作深入到各个职能机构和部门内部。 利用从中获得的相关洞见, 企业能够 制定出有效的变革管理措施, 这通常

包括对内的领导能力培训和对外 “路 演” 两部分, 它们都是整合过程中信息 沟通策略的重要组成元素。 最后, 中国资源企业和被收购公 司应共同努力, 清晰阐明并购后的转 型文化应当展现出何种特征, 以及如 何将双方的优势结合在一起, 实现并 购交易的战略目标。 这项工作应该得 到两家企业高级领导层的一致认可, 而如果他们能够参与推动将会更加有 效。

具体而言, 应在交易结束之前就 组建一个专门团队来设置协同目标。 目标应与具体的支持举措密切联系, 同时协同计划的实施应在职能部门层 面进行管理。 而审慎的协同举措和规 划也应该与全面的整合路线图保持一 致。 由于协同管理是一个循环推进的 过程, 管理团队需要在整合工作的实 施中不断完善各种目标。 此外, 我们建 议中国资源企业建立一个强有力的协 同管理流程和财务模型, 对协同效应 的成果和相关费用进行全面跟踪。

5、 保持对实现协同效应的专注
协同效应是大多数并购活动的主 要驱动力。 它可以表现为多种形式: 增 加市场份额、 获得新的能力和技术, 以及节约成本等, 不一而足。 然而, 在 海外并购的种种复杂工作当中, 对协 同性的管理经常没有获得足够重视。 根据我们的经验, 重要的是要建立明 确的协同管理角色和职责, 以此推动 协同因素的识别和实现。 无论是自上 而下的目标分配, 还是自下而上地验 证各种审慎的协同举措, 这项先行任 务都甚为重要。

结束语
海外并购可以为中国资源企业带 来巨大价值。 但基于这样或那样的因 素, 跨境并购是否成功地为企业创造 长期价值却很不确定。 随着中国资源 企业在制定并购策略时更加积极和成 熟, 他们可通过制定发展路线图和强 有力的执行, 创建出可复制的整合流 程, 有效提高确定性, 实现通过国际 化达到价值链提升的战略目标。

10

1

中国石油经济技术研究院, 《2012年 国内外油气行业发展报告》 。

10

J•珀尔 森 和B•哈斯, “中石化集团 收购德文能源公司油气资产权益” , 彭博社, 2012年1月4日。

2

汤 森 路透 (数 据摘自2013年3月31 日) 。
11

汤森 路透 (数据摘自2013年3月31 日) 。

3

同上。 埃森哲和经济学人信息部, “勇闯新 世界: 中国企业海外并购格局” 2010 , 年3月。
12

4

沃尔特•希尔、 詹姆士•斯普劳尔和 玛格丽特•范•文克, “欧元区探索: 规避风险还是把握机遇?” 埃森 , 哲, 2012年, http://www.accenture. com/us-en/Pages/insight-exploringeurozone-take-cover-advantage. aspx。

5

汤森路透 (数据摘自2013年3月31日) ; 埃森哲分析。

6

世界经济论坛和埃森哲, “全新能源 架构: 推动有效转型” 2012年。 ,
13

托马斯•J•赫尔德和瑞恩 • 麦克马努 斯, “谁说并购不能创造价值” 埃森 , 哲展望期刊, 2012年第一期。

7

C•尼尔森, “中国石油企业获得300 亿美 元贷 款 用于收 购” ,纽 约 时 报, 2009年9月9日。
14

埃森哲和经济学人信息部, “实现国 际化价值——亚洲企业高管调查” , 2012年12月。

8

C•朱和M•埃尔曼, “分析: Nexen的 墨西哥湾油田对于中国的深水作业 抱负甚为关键” 路透社, , 2012年12月 13日。
15

埃森哲, “走向全球: 国际扩张中的 挑战 (对中国神华能源股份有限公 司财务总监张克慧女士的访谈) , ” 展望访谈, 2013年4月。

9

金融时报集团并购市场咨询公司会 议, 市场聚焦: 采矿业并购, 2012年3 月。

11

关于作者:
德鲁夫•萨尔达先生 (Dhruv Sarda) 是埃 森哲管理咨询、 战略和可持续发展业务 的董事总经理, 负责领导部门的全球并 购服务业务, 在指导客户进行企业战略 设计和跨境并购方面拥有非常丰富的 经验, 尤为精通资源领域。 萨尔达先生 常驻伦敦。 dhruv.sarda@accenture.com 丁民丞先生是埃森哲大中华区资源事 业部资深董事总经理。 他在电力和能源 行业已积累了超过20年的深厚经验, 是 企业战略、 绩效优化、 变革管理和业务 转型等领域的专家。 丁先生常驻上海。 michael.m.ding@accenture.com 杰弗里•贝里先生 (Jeffrey Berry) 是埃森 哲管理咨询经理, 从事战略和并购咨询 服务, 为北美、 欧洲和亚洲的多家客户 就并购及企业战略提供建议。 他目前常 驻伦敦。 jeffrey.t.berry@accenture.com 作 者 对 爱 德 华 • 比 格 诺 德( E d w a r d Bignold) 郑明燕 、 (Meng Yen Ti) 和陈旭 宇为本文所作的贡献深表感谢。

关于埃森哲:
埃森哲是全球领先的管理咨询、 信息技 术及外包服务机构。 凭借在各个行业领 域积累的丰富经验、 广泛能力以及对全 球最成功企业的深入研究, 埃森哲与客 户携手合作, 帮助其成为卓越绩效的企 业和政府。 《财富》 作为 全球500强企业 之一, 埃森哲全球员工逾261,000名, 为 遍布120多个国家的客户提供服务。 截 至2012年8月31日结束的财政年度, 公司 净收入达279亿美元。 埃森哲在大中华地区开展业务逾20年, 目前拥有一支约8,400人的员工队伍, 分 布在北京、 上海、 大连、 成都、 广州、 香 港和台北。 作为绩效提升专家, 埃森哲 始终专注于本土市场的实践与成功, 致 力实现超凡的客户价值与成果。 埃森哲 帮助客户确定战略、 优化流程、 集成系 统、 引进创新、 提高整体竞争优势, 从而 成就卓越绩效。 详细信息, 敬请访问埃森哲公司主页 www.accenture.com 以及埃森哲大中华 区主页 www.accenture.cn。

© 2013埃森哲版权所有。 埃森哲及其标识与成就卓越绩效 均为埃森哲公司的商标

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