...ARTICLES A Kind Word for Theory X: Or Why So Many Newfangled Management Techniques Quickly Fail Michael P. Bobic Emmanuel College William Eric Davis Community College Southern Nevada ABSTRACT Forty-three years ago, Douglas McGregor’s The Human Side of Enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management (Theory Y), which would be more effective than what he considered then-current management assumptions (Theory X). While McGregor’s Theory Y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, Theory X management still persists in practice. Moreover, many efforts to introduce management initiatives based on Theory Y have failed to reform the workplace or worker attitudes. While most explanations of these failures focus on training, implementation, or sabotage, this article proposes several defects in Theory Y that have contributed to these failures. Theory Y is based upon an incomplete theory of human motivation that erroneously assumes that all people are creative (and want to be creative) in the same way. Important research by Michael Kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of Theory Y and justifies Theory X as an important managerial theory and strategy. Theory X persists not because of circumstances or the nature of particular jobs, but because different people have personalities that respond to Theory X management better than to Theory Y management. But if the times and circumstances change, [a...
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...contend that organisational leadership is an embellished concept in that it is not necessary in attaining organisational performance since there are other internal and external factors that come into play ( Ismail et al,1998; (Bass& Avolio,2002;(Munjis,2011). A number of researches and studies have been carried out to demonstrate that leadership and organisational performance, commitment and innovation go hand in hand (Judge, Bono, Ilies and Gerhardt, 2002; Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Keller, 2006; McGrath and MacMillan, 2000; Meyer and Hepard, 2000; Purcell, Kinnie, Hutchinson and Dickson, 2004; Yukl, 2002). Conversely, some studies for instance, House and Aditya (1997) suggest that is not a key factor in achieving organisational performance, commitment and innovation. Due to the conflicting findings concerning the role of leadership and organisational performance, commitment and innovation, point out there is a need to study the role of leadership comprehensively. House and Aditya (1997), suggests studying the importance of leadership on organisational performance, commitment and innovation is necessary...
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...teaching * Classroom experience and knowledge about learning provide students with a constructive learning environment * Understanding learning * Individual differences, Learning theories, Managing learning in classrooms, Teachers * Constructivist – refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves; each learner individually (and socially) constructs meaning as he or she learns. * Humanist – a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). * Cognitivist – believe that learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. * Behaviourist – believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behaviour. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviourist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioural pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. * Learning Theories * Behaviourism – The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable...
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...1) Discuss how the Mont Pèlerin Conference changed America view of manufacturing and trade. First I will explain what in general the Mont Pèlerin Conference is, which economic view they represented. Moreover I want to deal with people who are allowed and why they are allowed to join this Conference and which goals they pursue. In general the Mont Pèlerin Conference depended on a meeting which was formed by Friedrich von Hayek in 1947 at Mont Pèlerin in Switzerland. He invited 36 people who followed in a strict sense of liberalism, particularly the economic liberalism. Under these people were above all, economist, but, e.g., also philosophers, historians and politicians. Under it were also some Nobel Prize Laureates in economics and peace. Most of the people were Europeans, only two reluctant Americans took part on this meeting. Surprisingly this meeting was most supported from the american free market and libertarian groups. The goal of this conference was to discuss the view and the roll of the liberalism after the Second World War. The scholars gave on the meeting to level-economic and state interventionist's broads attempts a refusal and looked at a restoration of political freedom and free market economy as an inalienable condition of a lasting future protection after the Second World War. Thus the uppermost aim of the Mont Pèlerin Conference was the creation of a free market economy, above all to free trade and and the world peace originating from it. They thought that...
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...Comparative Country Studies Country Factbook Comparing the IT industries of Ireland and Portugal Instructor: Mr. Ritsema Date: 12.03.2015 Group 2.03 Niklas Binter S2555611 Josef Richarz S2535688 Table of Content: 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 2.1 Prime Theories and Approaches 3.2.1 Hofstede´s model of national culture 3.2.2 Porter´s diamond 3.2.3 Porter´s five forces of competition 3.2.4 The PESTEL framework 3.2.5 National Innovation Systems 3.2.6 Varieties of Capitalism Framework 2.2 Data Collection 3. The IT Industry 3.1. Description of the IT-Industry 4. Country Comparison 4.1 Macro- Level Indicators 4.1.1 Geographic Indicators 4.1.2 Demographic Indicators 4.1.3 Macro- Economic Indicators 4.2 Historical Developments relevant to the IT industry 4.3 Socio Cultural Conditions 4.3.1 Cultural Systems 4.3.2 Level of Education 4.3.3 Labor Market Regulations 4.3.4 Protectionism of Intellectual Property 4.3.5 Tax Regulations 4.4 Market/ Industry Conditions 4.4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers and Subsidiaries 4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.4.3 Threats of New Entrants 4.4.4 Competitive Rivalry 4.5 Other Contextual Conditions 4.5.1 Related and Supporting Industries 5. Major Findings of Comparison 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Trends 5.3 Recommendation 1. Introduction In general, factbooks are conducted by...
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...Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3 METHODS OF RESEARCHING 3 METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION 3 II. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 4 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF SEAPRODEX 5 III. ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENT 7 1. THE MAIN ACTIVITIES 7 2. APPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS 7 IV. MANAGING PERFORMANCE TO IMPROVE DECISION-MAKING 9 1. BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY OF SEAPRODEX 9 2. STRATEGY FOMULATION 9 3. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVIES OF SEAPRODEX 10 4. BALANCED SCORECARD IMPLEMENTATION OF SEAPRODEX 10 5. TOOLS TO INFORM DECISION MARKING THROUGH PERFORMANCE 11 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 11 1. REVIEW AND RESULT FINDING 11 2. RECOMMENDATION FOR AREA IMPROVEMENT 12 VI. APPENDICES 15 INVESTIGATION RESULT SUMMARY 23 SEAPRODEX BACKGROUND 23 Performance Management at strategic level 24 Performance Objective 25 VII. REFERENCES 27 I. INTRODUCTION It is realized that the most of manufacturing company is to get competitive advantage in the industry, or to get high quality in products and services. To get these competitive edges and maintain the position in the market, company needs to have an excellent operation management system or strategic performance management within the organization, as supported by Fryer et al. (2009). It is no doubt about the benefits and advantage of the strategic performance management system because De Waal (2007, p. 19) offers his perception of strategic...
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...Empowerment is a concept which is commonly used in management in various organizations. According to Ongori (2009), employee empowerment have benefited many organizations through managing and taking care especially enhancing employee commitment and reducing employee turnover. As the case of the Regency Grand Hotel, the new management introduced the empowerment practice while at the same time expecting the employees to go beyond guidelines and standards to consider guest needs on a case to case basis (McShane & Travaglione 2007). Employees’ empowerment is needed in organization in order to expect employees to be in position to make quick decision and respond quickly to any changes. However, in order to effective and efficient, empowerment is required trust, motivation, decision making and breaking the inner boundaries between manager and employees (Thite 2004). There are internal and external factors which affecting the employee empowerment in the organization. Employee empowerment often fails due to various patterns and attitudes of employees. Most of people would feel uncomfortable and do not want to accept the change in management. Ongori (2009) stated that people may believe they want greater freedom and responsibility, while on the other hand, after years of being restricted, people may be unwilling and unable to take advantage of empowerment. In the case of Regency Grand Hotel, the previous management enforce employee to always work according to the management’s instruction...
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...Trust, Commitment and Value-Creation in Inter-Organizational Customer-Supplier Relationships Ricky Ryssel Siemens Business Services Management Consulting, Carl-Wery-Sraße 18, 81739 München, Germany Tel: +49 (89) 636-48887 E-mail: ricky.ryssel@mch20.sbs.de Thomas Ritter School of Management University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K. Phone: +44 (1225) 32-33 19, E-Mail: t.ritter@bath.ac.uk Hans Georg Gemünden Institute of Technology and Innovation Management Technical University Berlin, HAD 29, Hardenbergstr. 4-5, D - 10623 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 (30) 314-23 796 E-Mail: hans.gemuenden@tim.tu-berlin.de Abstract To strengthen their position in today’s highly competitive and fast paced business environment more and more supplier firms engage in relationships with their customers. These inter-organizational relationships have proven to create value for both parties involved. However, the management of such relationships requires resources and is a complex task. Recent advances in information technology offer new ways of managing inter-organizational relationships. The impact of those intra-organizational and inter-organizational information systems for creating value in business-to-business relationships has not been explored so far. In this paper, a conceptual model about the impact of information system deployment on value-creating functions of inter-organizational buyer-seller relationships is developed. Based on an empirical study with 60 German firms engaged in customer-supplier...
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... in the classroom. They must find a way to facilitate teaching, learning and assessment despite difficult conditions. The gap between curriculum as intention and curriculum as reality confronts teachers regularly. The aim of this essay will address the narrow and broad definitions of the concept curriculum, as well as the official, explicit, implicit, covert and hidden curriculum as they are viewed by different authors. Defining Curriculum Two views on curriculum: Narrow and Broad Many educationists argue that awareness of different interpretations is important in developing a Good understanding of what curriculum is (Booyse & Du plesis, 2014: 4). However they make a point that different approaches, either as a blue print or adaption approach, may be appropriate for different situations. Take a closer look at the various interpretations: Eisner (1985) defines curriculum as a series of planned events that are intended to have educational consequences for one or more learners, whereas Fraser (1993) interprets curriculum as the inter-related totality of aims, learning content, evaluation procedures and teaching-learning activities, opportunities and experiences that guide and implement didactic activities in a planned and justified manner (Booyse & Du Plesis, 2014:3-4). The above are narrower definitions as they focus on the intention...
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...that are held in common by members of an organization (Helfrich et al, 2007). Culture can be characterized as a basic implicit theory of mutual assumptions, invented, discovered, or developed by a group that determine how they think, feel and behave as they assimilate internally and adapt to the external environments of an organization (Schein, 1996). Culture is an important variable that defines an organization and has significant implications on its ability to be effective and efficient. Culture can be a critical barrier to leveraging new knowledge and implementing technical innovation (Helfrich et al, 2007). This paper will first provide an overview and analysis of the cultures and subcultures of two Ontario healthcare organizations - Trillium Health Centre (THC) and Credit Valley Hospital (CVH) in the context of a recent voluntary merger of the two organizations. The paper will then examine the impact of the dominant and sub- organizational cultures on the capability of the two organizations to be more effective, efficient and patient focused, as will the ways in which these cultures create barriers to current change efforts. Finally, the paper will identify recommendations for the merged leadership of the organizations to consider in order mitigate the identified cultural barriers in order to support future change efforts. A Cultural Overview THC and CVH are large community hospitals located within the Mississauga Halton Local Health Network (MH LHIN), serving a population...
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...Glynn Lowth, Malcolm Prowle, Michael Zhang Nottingham Business School The impact of economic recession on business strategy planning in UK companies Research executive summary series Volume 6 | Issue 9 Key findings: The key findings from this research were: • There is very little optimism about the prospects for the UK economy in the short to medium-term. • There is quite a degree of optimism from companies about their own commercial future based on a combination of factors such as: accessing overseas markets, improving the way they do things, better customer relations, product innovation etc. • Businesses recognise the importance of having a robust business strategy to guide them through a recessionary period. However, what was done in response to the recession largely conforms to the emergent theory of strategy formulation discussed within. • Although there have clearly been in-depth discussions and analysis about how existing business strategies might change, the changes made were largely amendments to existing strategies, with changes of emphasis, focus, timing etc. • Most companies seem to be applying many aspects of a retrenchment approach to business strategy (e.g. reduced fixed costs, narrower product offerings, reduced staffing) but there are also some aspects of an investment approach which can be observed. However, the potential for these investment approaches is conditioned by concerns about getting access to capital finance. • Both in terms of liquidity...
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...Bisht et al. Globalization and Health 2012, 8:32 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/8/1/32 REVIEW Open Access Understanding India, globalisation and health care systems: a mapping of research in the social sciences Ramila Bisht1*, Emma Pitchforth2 and Susan F Murray3 Abstract National and transnational health care systems are rapidly evolving with current processes of globalisation. What is the contribution of the social sciences to an understanding of this field? A structured scoping exercise was conducted to identify relevant literature using the lens of India – a ‘rising power’ with a rapidly expanding healthcare economy. A five step search and analysis method was employed in order to capture as wide a range of material as possible. Documents published in English that met criteria for a social science contribution were included for review. Via electronic bibliographic databases, websites and hand searches conducted in India, 113 relevant articles, books and reports were identified. These were classified according to topic area, publication date, disciplinary perspective, genre, and theoretical and methodological approaches. Topic areas were identified initially through an inductive approach, then rationalised into seven broad themes. Transnational consumption of health services; the transnational healthcare workforce; the production, consumption and trade in specific health-related commodities, and transnational diffusion of ideas and knowledge...
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...Tourism Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman Progress in Tourism Management A review of innovation research in tourism Anne-Mette Hjalager University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrsvej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 27 January 2009 Accepted 31 August 2009 Keywords: Innovation Innovation systems Knowledge Clusters Policy a b s t r a c t Over the past two decades, there has been increasing focus on the topic of innovation in tourism. This article reviews the research contributions. Various categories of innovation – product, process, managerial, marketing and institutional – are addressed. Important determinants of innovation are acknowledged, including the role of entrepreneurship, technology push and the existence of territorial industry clusters. Representation of knowledge is also identified as a critical factor for both the occurrence and nature of innovations. The review reveals that there is still only limited systematic and comparable empirical evidence of the level of innovative activities and their impacts and wider implications for destinations and national economies. An agenda for future research is emerging, suggesting that there is quest for both formal quantification and for qualitative studies of the foundations, processes, implications and policies of innovation in tourism. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Throughout history, tourism has been a phenomenon...
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...effort, the interpreters have made great contribution to smooth the communication between people who speak different languages. With their talents and techniques, the interpreters help people to overcome language barriers and serve as a bridge in intercultural communication. It is not until 1980s that the research on interpreting has been carried out in China. Ever since the reform and opening-up policy, research work on translation and interpreting has gained more and more attention from scholars. The number of the publication of articles concerning translation and interpreting has been increasing quickly. However, the study of translation in China still falls behind that in the western countries, and the research on interpreting theories and teaching is still a weak area in translation studies in China. Many of...
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...Running Head: LEARNING THEORIES Research Paper: Learning Theories Name Psychology of Learning Learning Theories From the beginning of life, learning is a natural process and continues through humankind’s lifespan. There seems to be an inherent encoding structure from birth seeking to discover new information that invokes learning which empowers one’s ability to adapt to different patterns of behavior. For years various theories have been introduced to explain how people learn. Learning can and does occur in a variety of methods. People may deem learning as experiences that become embedded into their memory having lasting effects. Others may think of learning as how they acquire new information and their ability to apply memory that has been stored overtime. While learning has often been defined in many ways, the basic element in the learning process is how people acquire knowledge and how it is maintained to produce changes in behavior. Learning is the fundamental nature of human functioning. This reflective paper presents a broad scope of theoretical concepts from Gregory Kimble, B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget. The central focus of this paper is aspects of Albert Bandura’s observational, social learning and social cognitive theories; Bandura’s contributions to psychology; his critics and my personal response to Bandura’s theories. Introduction Many theories throughout the years...
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