...Uses of Lithium Ceramics and glass Lithium oxide is a widely used flux for processing silica, reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes of improved physical properties including low coefficients for thermal expansion.[83] Lithium oxides are a component of ovenware. Worldwide, this is the single largest use for lithium compounds.[82] Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is generally used in this application: upon heating it converts to the oxide.[84] Electrical and electronics In the later years of the 20th century, owing to its high electrochemical potential, lithium became an important component of the electrolyte and of one of the electrodes in batteries. Because of its low atomic mass, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. A typical lithium-ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell, compared with 2.1 volts for lead-acid or 1.5 volts for zinc-carbon cells. Lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable and have a high energy density, should not be confused with lithium batteries, which aredisposable (primary) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode.[85][86] Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium-ion polymer battery, lithium iron phosphate battery, and thenanowire battery. Lubricating greases The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium stearate. Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils...
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...Chemistry Research Assignment Part A – The Production of Materials: 1. Use available evidence to gather and present data from secondary sources and analyse progress in the recent development and use of a named biopolymer. This analysis should name the specific enzyme(s) used or organism used to synthesise the material and an evaluation of the use or potential use of the polymer produced related to its properties. a) Name a biopolymer (eg. Biopol) outlining how it’s produced. Biopol: Made in the 1960s In an American company. This biopolymer is a PHA and is produced industrially by growing it in tanks with bacteria such as Alcaligenes eutrophus along with a carbon based food source. It is then isolated from the tank to be purified by various methods such as dissolving the PHB in trichloromethane and then removing all its waste to create Biopol. b) Construct a table, relating its uses/possible uses to its properties. Uses Properties related Act as a carrier for slowly releasing insecticides and herbicides and fertilizers Biodegradable – able to break down in the natural environment Use as containers for plastics as well as shampoo containers and cosmetics insoluble in water and relatively high tensile strength Medical applications Biocompatibility and biodegradable Non toxic c) Evaluate the importance of this biopolymer now and its potential for use in the future based on part b. Biopol is quite an important biopolymer as a future resource because firstly, there...
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...Efficiency of the Rechargeable Batteries-Lithium Batteries Lai Jee Inn GS42146 ABSTRACT Batteries are playing important role in our life especially in this high technology era. Laptop, mobile phone, camera and otherwise are using battery to make it to function. In order to improve the efficiency the batteries, several methods are discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION In this advanced technology era, batteries have been commonly used by the consumers. We use them in different fields like cars, mobile phone, laptop and other else. (Hiroki Kitamura, 2012).Batteries is divided into two main groups which are primary and secondary batteries. (Clean Up Australia, 2009) Primary batteries are the batteries that normally use in dairy life such as remote control, clock but for this kind of batteries is a non rechargeable battery which means that we only can use it for one time and will be throw away after used. This kind of batteries is actually converting the chemical energy to electrical energy and they are normally known as the alkaline batteries. Secondary batteries are batteries that can be rechargeable and recycle after it cannot be recharge. This batteries mostly use for our mobile phone, laptop and other. Although these two kinds of batteries have it own advantages and disadvantages but consumers still using them. As we know that the materials inside the batteries is harmful and toxicity. Therefore, consumers started to require more advance batteries which have long life span...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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...Their cations (with the exception of lithium) have low charge densities – often leads to good solubility and an ability to stabilize anions that can not be formed along with any other cation Alkali metal physical properties Element Li Na K Rb Cs Density (gcm-3) 0.53 0.97 0.86 1.53 1.87 Melting point (oC) 180 98 64 39 29 ∆Hatm (kJmol-1) 162 108 90 82 78 1 Reactivity towards Bronsted acids The alkali metals react even with weak Bronsted acids such as water – The rate of reaction depends upon the acidity of the medium 2Na + 2H2O 2Na + 2EtOH 2Na + 2NH3 2NaOH + H2 2NaOEt + H2 2NaNH2 + H2 – very slow reaction in absence of catalyst Alkali metals and liquid NH3 Alkali metals react very slowly with liquid ammonia – however, they typically dissolve rapidly in ammonia to form highly colored solutions Na(s) --(ammonia)--> Na(am) + e-(am) – fast 2e-(am) + 2NH3 2NH2- + H2 – slow in absence of catalyst 2 Sodide anions and electrides 2Na(s) + C12H24O6 [Na(C12H24O6)]+Na– complexing or chelating agent is used to stabilize the cation » Na- is the sodide anion. It is the most stable alkalide ion Other complexing agents have been used to form solid salts where e- is the anion – electrides Lithium Lithium is the most reducing of all the alkali metals – but not the most reactive Unlike the other alkali metals it reacts with nitrogen to form a nitride Used in aerospace alloys, greases, batteries and antidepression medication Organometallics of lithium are important 3 Sodium From the...
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...hybrid vehicle Abstract The topic of this research paper is the impact of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the environment and society. The methodologies used to carry out research on this topic include collecting information on HEVs, their components, pollution caused by the manufacturing of their batteries, their economics, and their safety. The conclusions of the report are that HEVs adversely impact the environment and society. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Definition of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Fossil Fuels ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Air Pollution .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1...
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...The Electronic Cigarette By Sergio Gaxiola Composition I Professor Frawley 13 August 2012 The Electronic Cigarette It is estimated that 400,000 deaths will occur this year in the United States from cigarette smoking. This gruesome statistic tells us that with illegal drugs, alcohol, motor vehicle, suicides and murders combined; cigarette smoking is still the number one contributor. In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert was not aware of these kinds of statistics, however, he was on the brink of an invention that would revolutionize the way we smoke cigarettes almost fifty years later. The invention of the Electronic Cigarette [also known as the e-cig] was patented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert, “The present invention relates to a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette and has for an object to provide a safe and harmless means for and method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air; or by inhaling warm medication into the lungs in case of a respiratory ailment under direction of a physician.” (Electronic Cigarettes, 2009) Unfortunately for Herbert, in the early 1960s cigarette smoking was not yet the threat it has become today. People just didn’t see a need to stop smoking. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Tobacco Company had always marketed towards women; smoking was a sexy thing. As one can see from the photograph, the young lady is beautiful, slender and happy. Throughout the middle of the 1960s big Tobacco Company’s began...
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...Nano technology in the automotive industry:- ABSTRACT What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the engineering of materials on the scale of 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nm, a nanometer being 1 billionth of a meter. At this level, the basic physical laws governing macro objects undergo a drastic change. A macro particle is a cluster of atoms arranged together in random order. The formation of the structure is left to nature, and control over the properties of the material is difficult. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, is a bottom-up approach where materials are created by placing individual atoms together. This decreases the randomness in the structural formation, enabling significant control over the properties of the material. Mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and resilience can all be incorporated into one material. Currently, nanotechnology is functioning as an enabling technology. It is being used to enhance the properties of existing materials. This is largely attributed to the fact that the technology has clearly not been understood and there is still much more to nanotechnology than meets the microscopic eye. It is rare for a single technology to have the power to dramatically influence almost every major industry in the world. Nanotechnology falls into this category and offers fundamentally new capabilities to architect a broad array of novel materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale. This technology has the potential to drastically...
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...The Electronic Cigarette, a healthy alternative Tacita Elliott English composition II National American University Abstract The Electronic Cigarette has become a popular in the recent years as a healthy alternative to the tobacco smoker. The newer vapor style electronic cigarettes allow the normal tobacco smoker to have a healthier alternative to smoking cigarettes when trying to acquire their nicotine. Being the newer product out on the market in the refined versions of vapor liquid you can find today, there are many health questions that linger in people’s mind, some of which include but are not limited to, what do the doctors say? Is this FDA approved? How does this compare to the tobacco that is in an everyday cigarette? Is this lifestyle choice a change that I want to do? In this paper you can read several answers to these questions and having that knowledge you can go forward to understand more about how the electronic cigarette can affect you in positive and negative ways. There is a new discovery that is sweeping the nation in the recent years; the healthy substitute for cigarettes, the electronic cigarette. The electronic cigarette or the “e-cigarette” is becoming more and more known throughout the smoker community as a healthier substitute for one who is addicted to nicotine. The electronic cigarette takes out the harmful tar and other harmful aspects of tobacco and delivers the nicotine though a vapor to the smoker. Though smoking in general is bad for your...
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...bahtc phelbotomy Study online at quizlet.com/_5d2h4 1. 1- blood enters the heart 1st order of draw 2- goes to 3- from there to 4 Functions of the Blood Superior & Inferior Vena Cava (V-C) Red topper tube Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Provides nutrients, oxygen, chemical substances and waist removal Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery - and lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicusped Valve Left Ventricle Aorta 18. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) 2. 3. 4. 5. Analyses arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate content in addition to blood PH; * used to determine the effectiveness or respiration stem cells in the bone marrow Universal precautions 19. All blood cells originate from All specimens should be handled with caution, as if they were contaminated with a blood bourne pathogen. an embolism is Any object that can harbor infections agents and/or transmit infection. Aortic valve Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) sample must be run within Arterial blood is used to determine Aseptic 20. 6. 7. 4- then onto 5- and now out to the 6- back into the 7- then onto the 8- moves onto the 9- down to the 10- finally to your hot bod via the A group of test requested as one unit is called a: A Panel is A patient was rushed to the ER because of dehydration due to severe vomiting. The ER physician orders a test for STAT electrolytes. Which of the following tubes would the Phlebotomist use to do the collection? A Plug is 21. a clot that moves inside the vessel it...
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...McKinsey Global Institute May 2013 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy The McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, was established in 1990 to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. Our goal is to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Our “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on four themes: productivity and growth, the evolution of global financial markets, the economic impact of technology and innovation, and urbanization. Recent reports have assessed job creation, resource productivity, cities of the future, and the impact of the Internet. MGI is led by McKinsey & Company directors Richard Dobbs and James Manyika. Yougang Chen, Michael Chui, Susan Lund, and Jaana Remes serve as MGI principals. Project teams are led by a group of senior fellows and include consultants from McKinsey’s offices around the world...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...McKinsey Global Institute May 2013 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy The McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, was established in 1990 to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. Our goal is to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Our “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on four themes: productivity and growth, the evolution of global financial markets, the economic impact of technology and innovation, and urbanization. Recent reports have assessed job creation, resource productivity, cities of the future, and the impact of the Internet. MGI is led by McKinsey & Company directors Richard Dobbs and James Manyika. Yougang Chen, Michael Chui, Susan Lund, and Jaana Remes serve as MGI principals. Project teams are led by a group of senior fellows and include consultants from McKinsey’s offices around the world. These teams draw...
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...J A N U A R Y 2 014 Next-shoring: A CEO’s guide Katy George, Sree Ramaswamy, and Lou Rassey Proximity to demand and innovative supply ecosystems will trump labor costs as technology transforms operations in the years ahead. The problem Demand for manufactured goods in emerging markets is surging and fragmenting as factor costs shift; technological advances, such as more powerful robotics and the Internet of Things, are creating a range of new opportunities for manufacturers to digitize operations. Why it matters Manufacturing strategies built on labor-cost arbitrage are becoming outmoded; the race is on to get ahead of what comes next. What to do about it Place greater emphasis on proximity to both demand and innovation while: • Making location decisions that balance economies of scale against the growing diversity of tastes within and across global markets Building supplier ecosystems that combine technical expertise with local domain and market knowledge Developing the people and skills needed to make the most of technological advances across the organization • • © Bruno Ehrs/Corbis 2 When offshoring entered the popular lexicon, in the 1990s, it became shorthand for efforts to arbitrage labor costs by using lowerwage workers in developing nations. But savvy manufacturing leaders saw it as more: a decisive change in globalization, made possible by a wave of liberalization in countries such as China and India, a steady improvement in the capabilities...
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...THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS Guide to Analysing Companies Guide to Business Modelling Guide to Business Planning Guide to Economic Indicators Guide to the European Union Guide to Financial Markets Guide to Management Ideas Numbers Guide Style Guide Dictionary of Business Dictionary of Economics International Dictionary of Finance Brands and Branding Business Consulting Business Ethics Business Strategy China’s Stockmarket Globalisation Headhunters and How to Use Them Successful Mergers Wall Street Essential Director Essential Economics Essential Finance Essential Internet Essential Investment Essential Negotiation Pocket World in Figures THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD Published by Profile Books Ltd 3a Exmouth House, Pine Street, London ec1r 0jh Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd 2005 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can be accepted by the publishers or compilers for the accuracy of the information presented. Where opinion is expressed it is that of the author and does not necessarily...
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