...4G Fourth-Generation Cellular Communication System AGENDA y y y y y Introduction Evolution of Data Standards WiMAX The Road Ahead Closing Thoughts 4G DEFINITION 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Fourth Generation Cellular Communication (4G) 4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Zero Generation Mobile Systems (0G) The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G). The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels. Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G First Generation Cellular Communication (1G) The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously. 1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued...
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...Paper The adoption of mobile phone: How has it changed us socially? Accepted 7 July , 2013 Augustine Addo Institute of Entrepreneurship and Finance, Department of Entrepreneurship and Finance, Kumasi polytechnic, P. O. Box 845, Kumasi, Ghana. Author Email: augustine_addo@yahoo.co.uk Tel: +233263928024 Mobile phone use has changed from a percieved item of luxury to an every day necessity for many people. This study therefore examined how the adoption of mobile phones has impacted in changing the behaviour and attitude of users. Kumasi Polytechnic was used as the study area. A total of 250 respondents were randomly selected for this study. Using indepedent sample t-test and a descriptive case study in which a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyze the data, the study finds positive evidence of positive influence in mobile adoption in enhancing communication is significant. Mobile phone has changed the way people communicate and live by influencing peoples’ life in a wide scope predicated to change society in a larger and deeper way more than its intended use as communication tool. The adoption of mobile phones have some negative effects such as enhancing crime, diversion of attention, increased social anxiety and capturing obscene audio-visuals and these are significant according to the t-test. It is also significant to note that kidnapping with mobile phone is not common in Ghana as this is affirmed by the t-test. Mobile phone has become...
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...Technology is ever changing in today’s world. Most people are accustomed to the traditional fixed line LAN, but there are others who are always on the go and would like to explore the possibility of cellular networks. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast several attributes of purely fixed line networks vs. having a purely cellular network. Fixed line networks have been and will continue to be a huge industry because the major players provide the backbone. For this reason alone, the company should not expect to pay outrageous prices for equipment. From a security standpoint, fixed line networks are less susceptible to wire sniffing attacks and more secure than cellular networks due to the fact that the hacker would have to gain access to the fixed line network rather than simply intercepting the transmission from a cellular network. While fixed line networks are considered the norm for most companies, they do have limitations. A company which adopts a purely fixed line network will not have the capability to send or receive data unless the user is physically inside the company. This would prove to be a major drawback to companies who have employees who travel to other cities to attend meetings, seminars, etc. Cellular networks are relatively new and are still developing. While employers can expect increased productivity due to employees being able to send and receive data at any time, one important drawback is the fact that the employees need to be in...
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...International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.11, November 2008 MOBILE LEARNING: AN APPLICATION OF MOBILE AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES IN NIGERIAN LEARNING SYSTEM. Boyinbode O. K. and Akinyede R. O. Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria Abstract Mobile learning (M-Learning) is the point where mobile computing and e-learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experiences. Advances in mobile technologies have enhanced M-learning tools at just the right moment to meet the need for more costeffective just in time training options-learning on the go. Electronic Learning offer methods, which decrease the limitations of traditional education but M-learning offers more. This paper discusses the existing devices and technologies appropriate to realize Mobile learning, its advantages over e-learning, and challenges to its adoption of in Nigeria. Keywords: e-Learning, m-learning, mobile computing, SMS, MMS disadvantages lead to search for new and more effective educational methods. E-learning offers new methods for education based on computer internet technology. Mlearning is the intersection of mobile computing and elearning [5]; M-learning has the ability to learn everywhere at every time without permanent physical connection to cable networks. Mobile and Wireless technologies are being used in diverse areas such as travel, education, stock trading, military, package delivery, disaster recovery, and medical emergency...
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...----------------------------------------------------- 12 NOKIA – Market Analysis Consumer Behavior and the Mobile Experience The study included multiple behavioral factors using a sample of over 12000 subjects in India. Surprising to many, the old belief that teenagers don’t access the mobile Internet or buy mobile apps is false. In fact, 45+ year-olds are the fastest growing adopters of these mobile services. Mobile phones and other consumer electronics products impact consumer behavior for business and pleasure. Summary of Latest Mobile Consumer Behavior Results Smart-phones and the phones with fancy feature like music player, camera are changing mobile consumer behavior. The customer mostly found mobile Internet a great thing to use. Minorities who don’t own personal computers own mobile phones for texting, Internet access and taking photos. Mobile devices are their computers. This is similar to mobile phone users in developing nations and continents where the first Internet experience is through a mobile device. Mobile phone and Internet penetration among Gen X, Y and teenagers generations. More teenagers have mobile phones than Internet access. Use of text message is growing faster with older consumers than younger ones Consumers find browsing the mobile...
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...Mobile Commerce Research June 22, 2013 M-commerce and its applicability in Egypt Prepared by Mahmoud Youssef Hany Nemr Mahmoud El Sayed Research Paper Title: Mobile Commerce and its applicability in Egypt 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Mobile commerce features 4. Mobile commerce opportunities 5. Mobile commerce success factors 6. Mobile commerce adoption barriers and challenges 7. Mobile commerce applications 8. Future trends in mobile commerce 9. Conclusion 10. References ABSTRACT F ast−growing ability of wireless devices to handle a wealth of data content as well as voice transmission is opening the door to the creation of new products, services, markets, and revenue streams. According to research projections, mobile commerce will cross $30 billion by end of 2016 growing at 40% compound rate at U.S. only. Globally, consumers are likely to spend $119 billion by 2015 through their mobile phones, which will account for 8% of all ecommerce activity. Mobile commerce is gaining increasing acceptance. The need for mobility is a primary driving force behind mobile banking, mobile entertainment and mobile marketing, and is supported by an ever increasing convergence of computers and mobile telecommunication devices. So this paper is a descriptive study for the overall picture of mobile commerce and its features, opportunities, success factors and challenges and its applicability...
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...Mobile Commerce Research June 22, 2013 M-commerce and its applicability in Egypt Dr. Eman Arafa Prepared by Mahmoud Sayed Hany Hassan Hussein Nemr Mahmoud Mohamed El Sayed Research Paper Title: Mobile Commerce and its applicability in Egypt 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Mobile commerce features 4. Mobile commerce opportunities 5. Mobile commerce success factors 6. Mobile commerce adoption barriers and challenges 7. Mobile commerce applications 8. Future trends in mobile commerce 9. Conclusion 10. References ABSTRACT F ast−growing ability of wireless devices to handle a wealth of data content as well as voice transmission is opening the door to the creation of new products, services, markets, and revenue streams. According to research projections, mobile commerce will cross $30 billion by end of 2016 growing at 40% compound rate at U.S. only. Globally, consumers are likely to spend $119 billion by 2015 through their mobile phones, which will account for 8% of all ecommerce activity. Mobile commerce is gaining increasing acceptance. The need for mobility is a primary driving force behind mobile banking, mobile entertainment and mobile marketing, and is supported by an ever increasing convergence of computers and mobile telecommunication devices. So this paper is a descriptive study for the overall picture of mobile commerce and its features, opportunities, success factors...
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...Cellular Technology and Society Today , Political & Economic ., Health, Psychological & Sociological , Cellular Technology & History , Moral & Sociological DeVry University LAS432 Society, Ethics, and Technology Abstract The following paper will discuss the psychological and sociological impact of cellular technology. Cellular technology has seen rapid growth in technology and in personal use. Texting has now become the dominant means of communication and actual conversation skills are diminishing. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular devices has become a concern and is being studied from many various angles to determine actual health risks from cell phone use. Whether it is for personal or business use, the cell phone has become a permanent fixture in our lives, could have potential health risks, and can become an addiction if necessary steps are not taken to control use and dependency. Cellular Technology and Society Today At any store they are visible. They have their hand plastered to their ear or they are seemingly talking to no one. These are the cellphone users. Hayley Tsukayama, a writer for the Washington post asserts that according to the Pew Internet and Life Project only seventeen percent of Americans still have a land line and ninety percent own a cellphone. (Tsukayama, 2014) The largest contributor to this trend is convenience. Most cellular devices are small and easily portable, allowing the user to move around freely...
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...Analysis of Emerging Technology As the world has globalized over the last 30 years, many people are traveling further and further away from the comforts of modern technology. Tourists and workers are exploring developing nations looking for new adventures and new opportunities. But, as they traveled many miles from their home base, these adventurous persons discovered that the safety net of emergency services and in particular emergency medical services became more and more fragmented. Now, communication technology has helped fill this gap, not only for the distant traveler in far-flung corners of the world, but for residents in developed countries that still face a fragmented infrastructure for summoning emergency medical assistance. Today, automatic call-outs for emergency medical care are being placed by a network of satellite, cellular, WI-FI, and Bluetooth connected telecommunications devices that not only tell you the time, let you make calls, and are micro-sized portable computers in the form of the widely possessed SMART watch, but monitor your vital signs and other data received from any Smart-Prosthetics you may be wearing or have had implanted within your body that will automatically contact your medical provider to record medical information about your real-time health, evaluate those results, and determine next step courses of action for basic medical treatment including summoning emergency medical attention. This network is called the Auto-ER network. The Auto-ER...
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...Obstacles to Implementation of Mobile Payment The unexpected attraction to mobile payments increasingly appears to be the catalyst to finally moving away from the magnetic card payments to a payment system that is more fitting to current digital economies. Despite the new, exciting technology introduced in the mobile payment market, there are still questions regarding whether mobile payments are necessary and worth the change. At least four important challenges for the implementation of mobile payment services with the breadth of impact are addressed as follows: 1. System Interdependency Mobile payments represent a complex business model with several players, whose success depends on joint actions of all the players together. For a successful mobile payment deployment, it is necessary to engage a wide range of stakeholders, including mobile network operators, operators, handset manufacturers, financial institutions including major banks and credit card issuers, commercial retailers and merchant stores, public transit authorities, government agencies, and the customer in the business model. Mobile payments are characterized by a system interdependency challenge. For consumers to demand cell phones with embedded electronic wallets and for the mobile network operators to require this feature from the handset manufacturers, the consumers must know that there exist sufficient merchants’ POS terminals with mobile payments infrastructure. It is, however, unlikely for merchants...
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...The Future of my Favorite Technology Each generation lives in a changing world, and along with change comes innovation. There are everyday conveniences that I take for granted, yet some of them have only been commonplace for the last 15 to 20 years. Most of them were not even dreamed of when my Mother was young. She remembers when they got their first television and I cannot imagine a world without television. I am sure when my daughter gets older; she will have only faint memories of blue-ray discs and i-phones, because something better will have come along by then. As the saying goes, “change is good”, as I always say, “change is inevitable, but not necessarily good”; however, the technological advances of the last 20 years have certainly made my life different from the last generation. What will the future bring next in the world of technology? In an article I read in Reader’s Digest recently, they asked people living in the United States what they would give up: television, cell phone, or the internet. The results showed that 49% would give up television, but if all the people polled had been over 45 years of age they would have chosen the cell phone. These are three pieces of technology that I use every day. I have had a cell phone for the last sixteen years and I do not know what I did before I had one. I could not imagine letting my daughter out of the house without hers. What did parents do before cell phones? As for the television technology, I like the convenience...
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...Digital Media Technologies – COM 538 Masters of Communication in Digital Media University of Washington The Future of VoIP Document Three – The Future Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 How the Internet will change............................................................................................ 3 Converging Technologies, Digital Media Integration & Wireless ......................................... 5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 8 Appendix – Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................ 10 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 11 2 of 11 Created by Joe Hallock – 12/08/2004 The Future of VoIP Document Three – The Future Introduction This paper is the third in a three part series that details the past, present and future of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). The use of VoIP by individual consumers was the beginning of a massive move from traditional telephone systems to a form of new media where voice and other forms of digital media could converge with an already established data network. Major advancements in the technology are the result of business development and adoption. The present cultural...
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...VIII. Predicts Trends and Formulate Strategy IX. Implementation Strategy X. Five Year Expansion Plan XI. Social Media XII. Performance Standards XIII. Potential for Company XIV. I. Executive Summary: Mobile phones and smart phones are growing in popularity all around the world. Mobile technology has become important in the developing world, by allowing it to “shoot ahead” and take advantage of advances in information and communication technologies without land lines. Many development projects are currently underway to bring information services via mobile phone and other devices to emerging societies. (Wei, 2014) So U is a small manufacturing company which creates customize carrying cases for the mobile technology industry. So U converts leather into any type of mobile carrying case that can be universally use to carry any small to large mobile device manufactured under brand names such as Apple, Sony, and T-Mobile; but with the clients own engraved style choice which reflects their life style. Established in 2012 from the basement of my home, my brother and I was able to craft personalized carrying cases from supple leather for small to large portable devices that would be suitable with any name brand cellular electronics. Sale are rising; however there are a few issue of concern with marketing and merchandising, and getting the customize orders out to the customer in an appropriate time frame. We have leased space and increased our workforce...
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...Research http://rer.aera.net Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for Informal Learning Evan T. Straub REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 2009 79: 625 DOI: 10.3102/0034654308325896 The online version of this article can be found at: http://rer.sagepub.com/content/79/2/625 Published on behalf of American Educational Research Association and http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Review of Educational Research can be found at: Email Alerts: http://rer.aera.net/alerts Subscriptions: http://rer.aera.net/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.aera.net/reprints Permissions: http://www.aera.net/permissions Downloaded from http://rer.aera.net at UNIV OF SOUTH FLORIDA on February 10, 2011 Review of Educational Research June 2009, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 625–649 DOI: 10.3102/0034654308325896 © 2009 AERA. http://rer.aera.net Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for Informal Learning Evan T. Straub The Ohio State University How and why individuals adopt innovations has motivated a great deal of research. This article examines individuals’ computing adoption processes through the lenses of three adoption theories: Rogers’s innovation diffusion theory, the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Incorporating all three models, this article suggests technology adoption is a complex, inherently social, developmental...
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...their models of the product. Frequently, unfortunately, the product will reach a maturity stage where little growth will be seen. For example, in the United States, almost every household has at least one color TV set. Some products may also reach a decline stage, usually because the product category is being replaced by something better. For example, typewriters experienced declining sales as more consumers switched to computers or other word processing equipment. The product life cycle is tied to the phenomenon of diffusion of innovation. When a new product comes out, it is likely to first be adopted by consumers who are more innovative than others—they are willing to pay a premium price for the new product and take a risk on unproven technology. It is important to be on the good side of innovators since many other later adopters will tend to rely for advice on the innovators who are thought to be more knowledgeable about new products for advice. At later phases of the PLC, the firm may need to modify its market strategy. For example, facing a saturated market for baking soda in its traditional use, Arm ü Hammer launched a major campaign to get consumers to use the product to deodorize refrigerators. Deodorizing powders to be used before vacuuming were also created. It is sometimes useful to think of products as being either new or existing. Many firms today rely increasingly on new products for a large part of their sales. New products can be new in several ways. They can...
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