...Case Study Solar Systems List of figures Number Page 1. Discovery of Adrenaline 1 2. Meaning and Origin 2 3. Uses 3 4. Bibliography 4 5. Index 5 Chapter 1 adrenaline Adrenaline was the first hormone to be identified. It was first discovered by Takamine from Japan in 1902, and was successfully synthesized in 1904. Adrenaline belongs to a family called biogenic amines, which includes serotonin and histamine, along with others. The compound group it belongs to is the catecholamine group, which also includes Nonadrenaline and dopamine. The term adrenaline is still used widely; however the medical community refers to it as epinephrine. Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland in the body. It is produced in the bodies of both humans and animals....
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...58 PsychSim 5: All Stressed Out PsychSim 5: ALL STRESSED OUT Name: __________________________________________ Section: ________________________ Date: 9/17/12 This activity examines the way that psychologists conceptualize stress, emphasizing that stress is a biopsycho-social process. You will explore the sources of stress in your own life, review your body’s response to stress, and then learn how cognitive appraisal dramatically affects how much stress you actually experience. Checking the Level of Stress in Your Life • What was your “Stress Test” score? ____39________ • Do you think that such a test accurately captures your experience? What other stressors should be included? I think it give you a general idea of the amount of stress your under, also adding something about your children should be included. Stress, Stressors, and Coping • Psychologists differentiate stressors, strain, and stress. What does each of these terms mean? A stressor is an externalsituation or event that triggers coping adjustments in a person. Stress is the process in which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors that we believe to be threatening or challenging, and coping is the cognitive, behavioural, and emotional ways that people handle stressful situations. The General Adaptation Syndrome • Describe Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. Selye argued that every organism has a state of internal...
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...Dehydration Denise Crago Sci 241 October 3, 2010 Matthew Badtke Dehydration Dehydration is defined as a loss or insufficient levels of water and important blood salts like potassium and sodium in your body. Important organs like the kidneys, brain, and heart can not function properly without water and salt. Dehydration is most common in underdeveloped countries, were diseases like cholera and dysentery kill millions every year. Unfortunately infants and small children are the most likely victims. Still, if the right conditions are present like severe vomiting or diarrhea even those in modern countries like the U.S. can become dangerously dehydrated. Water is the single most important element in the world. It is the very basis for all life on Earth. As babies, water accounts 70 to 80% of our body mass. The older we get the more this percentage decreases, eventually balancing at approximately 60 to 65% for men and 50 to 60% for women. The most important organ in the body, our brain, consists of 80% water. The amount of adipose tissue in our bodies determines the natural percentage of this element. Women tend to have more of this fatty tissue thus decreasing the amount of water present. The chemical make up water, hydrogen and oxygen, are crucial to sustaining life because of the weak chemical bonds made with other molecules. This allows water to act as the primary solvent for many bodily functions like digestion. Water is also an incredibly efficient conductor of...
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...two reading passages to practice applying the Active Reading Strategies you have learned. Directions: Complete the activity by reading each passage and answering the questions. Do not forget to spell check and proofread your work. When you have completed this activity, please upload it to the Dropbox for this week. Reading #1: The Body’s Response to Stress Whenever we are surprised by a sudden stressor, such as someone swerving into our lane of traffic, the adrenal glands jump into action. Using the Predicting Strategy | Read the title and first sentence above. Now predict what you think the passage will be about. | Your prediction about the passage:its say about the health and breathing problem rate like over population .its should be more dangerous become a day | Now read the whole paragraph. The Body’s Response to Stress Whenever we are surprised by a sudden stressor, such as someone swerving into our lane of traffic, the adrenal glands jump into action. These two almond-shaped glands sit above the kidneys. They secrete adrenaline as well as other hormones into the bloodstream. As a result, the heart speeds up, breathing rate increases, blood pressure elevates, and the flow of blood to the muscles increases. It is believed that this sudden burst of energy and strength has helped generations of humans survive during adversity. This response is also believed to be one of our most basic survival instincts. It is known as the flight or fight response...
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...not surprised at all. I am a very high strung individual, and I am always in a hurry. I also take things to heart, so at previous jobs when people got upset with me or the company it upset me also. My stress assessment showed me that I am on the verge of major stress problems. It let me know that I need to slow down, and probably could use some quiet time for myself. I could also channel my stress into something productive. Stress impacts our bodies in different ways when we handle stressful situations like work, or good situations like winning an award. Stress effects the body by triggering the fight or flight response which in normal doses can improve performance. (Kotz 2008) When the body becomes stressed the hypothalamus tells the adrenal glands to release adrenaline or cortisol. Once the stress goes away the body releases hormones that tells it to go back to normal. The body also can be affected in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and this happens when your heart rate and breathing rises due to stress. I do have a new perspective on motivation, emotions, and stress. I have had a lot of problems with motivation when I am stressed. I usually do not want to participate in anything, and I get very tired. I find it hard to complete simple...
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...Sources of stress among college students Amina Iftikhar M.Phil Kinnaird College for women Lahore Abstract: The present study is conducted to investigate the sources of stress among college students. The hypothesis “determines what sources of stress are the most prevalent among college students, and to examine the nature of these stressors.” The manifest anxiety scale was used to obtain the scores of male and female students. The sample consists of 100 students 50 males and 50 females from different colleges of Lahore. Data was gathered from Queen Mary College Lahore, Kinnaird College Lahore, Forman Christen College Lahore, and Punjab College Lahore. In Western countries the vast amount of researches has been conducted on this issue. More researches are needed to investigate the nature of theses stressors for college students and which stressors are most prevalent in college lives. However these researches are not applicable in Pakistan due to cultural, economic, and educational variations. The main objective of current research work was to study the sources of stress among college students. The research used to determine the major sources of stress among college students and also find out the most prevalent stressor in college life and study the nature of these stressors. The Taylor manifest anxiety scale was used Anxiety scale was originally designed by Taylor (1895-1953). The scale is used to identify subjects with high and low anxiety level. In order to study the affects...
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...Stress is unavoidable and it is not possible to eliminate it from our lives entirely. Life is full of challenges, and a life without some turmoil is not only impossible but is also undesirable. The hassles, deadlines, frustrations, and demands of modern life have made stress so commonplace that it has become a way of life for many people. In small doses, stress can help people perform under pressure and motivate them to do their best. But it is not desirable to constantly be in an emergency mode as the mind and body would have to ultimately pay the price. Stress is a normal physical response to events that make us feel threatened or upset our balance in some way. When a threat is perceived, our nervous system responds by release a flood of stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones rouse the body for emergency action. As a result, our heart pounds faster, muscles tighten, blood pressure rises, breath quickens, and senses become sharper. These physical changes increases our strength and stamina, speed our reaction time, and enhance our focus, thus preparing us to either fight or flee from the danger at hand. This reaction to a real or imagined danger is called the stress response. The stress response is the body's way of protecting us. When working properly, it helps us to stay focused, energetic and alert. In emergency situations, stress can save our life by giving us extra strength, or for example, spurring us to slam on the brakes to avoid and accident...
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...(Ch.6 page165) The normal bile duct has a length of up to 6 mm. (Ch.7 page 204) The spleen is of variable size and shape. It is normally measures 8 to 13 cm in an adult. (Ch.11 page 358) The normal length of the pancreas is about 15 cm, from head to tail, with the range extending between 12 and 18 cm. The head is the thickest part of the gland, and it measures 2.0 to 3.0 cm. (Ch.8 page 238) The adrenal gland size is usually smaller than 3 cm. It is 3 to 6 cm long and 3 to 6 mm thick and 2 to 4 cm wide. (Ch.12 page 380) The abdominal aorta measures 2 to 3 cm. After it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation into the iliac arteries, it will measure 1.0 to 1.5 cm. (Ch.5 page 104) Textbook of Diagnostic Ultrasonography. Sixth Edition. Sanda L. Hagen-Ansert. Volume One. In Clinical Guide to Ultrasonography, Charlotte Henningsen states that the normal size of the liver is 15 to 20 cm in length. (Ch.2 page 21) The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which measure 11 x 7 x 3 cm. (Ch.5 page 60) The spleen is normally less than 13 cm in length. [Ch.8 page 105) The pancreas is 12 to 15 cm in length. (Ch.4 page 51] There are no measurements for adrenal glands in this book. Lastly the measurement for aorta in the AP diameter is 3 cm or greater in the longitudinal plane. (Ch. 10 page 136) Clinical Guide to Ultrasonography. Charlotte...
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...An adrenalectomy, or adrenal gland removal surgery, is a general surgery offered at Advanced Surgical and Weight Loss Institute. Through the use of his laparoscopic training, Dr. Diego Velarde performs the surgery through dime sized incisions, also known as keyhole surgery, which boasts faster recovery time. For starters, the adrenal glands are two small organs located above each kidney. Their main function is the secretion of hormones, aiding in the regulation of bodily functions such as the immune system, metabolism, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure control. The adrenal glands are removed when they produce too much of a hormone — excess hormone production is a sign of a tumor in the adrenal glands. Tumors in the adrenal gland can...
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...The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and each adrenal gland is essentially two endocrine glands with separate functions (2014, pg 1490). “Addison’s Disease, or adrenocortical insufficiency occurs when adrenal cortex function is inadequate to meet the patients’ need for cortical hormones” (2014). There are three types of cortical hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, they are the glucocorticoids which influence carbohydrate metabolism, the mineralocorticoids that modulate salt and water balance and the androgens that contribute to the expression of sexual characteristics” (2016). Examples of the cortical hormones produced by the adrenal glands are cortisol which is a glucocorticoid, aldosterone which is a mineralocorticoids...
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...Congenital adrenal hyperplasias (CAH) are autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired synthesis of cortisol and accumulation of cortisol precursor. Biosynthesis of this glucocorticoid occurs in the zone fasciculata of the adrenal cortex under the influence of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and requires five functional enzymes in order to convert cholesterol to its final product. Cortisol levels below threshold, result in an blockage of feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion, causing an increase in ACTH and enlargement of the adrenal cortex. Treatment is primarily focused on reducing long term consequences of glucocorticoid deficiency, and normalize synthesis of aldosterone and androgens. CAH is caused by an inherited defect...
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...in the future. The endocrine system is a vital part of coordinating and integrating the many complex reactions that make up the human psyche. Hormones are chemicals released by the endocrine glands. After being released from the endocrine glands, hormones then travel to the rest of the body via the blood stream. Hormones carry messages and help regulate bodily activities. Hormones are activators for different behaviors. Hormones can affect mood, emotional reactions, and learning ability. Changes in hormones can contribute to mental disorders like depression. The pituitary gland, often called the master gland, is located on the underside of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones and has the widest range of effects on bodily functions. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that produces thyroxin and is located just below the larynx. Thyroxin is a hormone that controls the body’s metabolism, how alert or energetic a person is, and how fat or thin that they tend to be. Too much of the hormone thyroxin, and it can result in insomnia, overexcitablity and a reduced attention span. At the other end of the spectrum, a person with too little of the hormone can result in feeling fatigued. Within the thyroid gland are the...
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...This essay will define stress and stressors. It will also explain the how stress can affect an individuals and outline and evaluate the at least two models of stress. It will explore how stress can be measured and outline and evaluate two models of stress and stressors. Stress is a pressure or force exerted on an object according to engineers and physicians (Gross r,Mcilveen r and Cooligan2000). Lazarus and folkman (1984) define stress as “a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological response occurring in a situation where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet” (Grossr,Mcilveen r and Cooligan 2000). There are different views of stress. Stress as a “stimulus” which means it is applied to the person or stressor and it is in the environment. This relates to the engineering model of stress identified by Cox (1978)(blackboard).secondly stress is seen as a “response”, the body identifies stress as a reaction made within the body(Blackboard).Selye 1956 defines stress as “the non-specific response of the body to any demands made upon it” this relates to the physiological model of stress(Blackboard). Finally stress is viewed as an interaction, in this view stress is seen as a transaction between environment and the individual and this relates to the “transactional model of stress” (Blackboard). The ability to cope with stress and the meaning people give to stressors will define the stress experienced (Blackboard).How people react...
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...This system is called the endocrine system. This system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the lymph system, also known as the bloodstream. Glands such as the thyroid and adrenal secrete hormones that affect human behavior. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate the human body’s metabolism. The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as, adrenalin and noradrenalin which can be related to fear and anger. The endocrine system’s secretions of hormones throughout the human body plays a large role on how a human behavior. The Role of the Endocrine System Like the nervous system, the endocrine system goes hand-in-hand in controlling and coordinating the reflexes and reactions of the human body. The endocrine glands create and execute communications throughout the body that are just as important as the nervous system (Coon & Mitterer, p. 74, 2012). Through secretion of chemicals, also known as hormones, the endocrine system secretes these hormones into the human bloodstream. Depending on which hormone is secreted into the bloodstream, can have a large effect on human behavior. There are many hormones that the endocrine system secretes. The secretion of the hormones is accomplished by glands that make up the endocrine system. These glands can secrete hormones that affect human behavior, such as the thyroid gland,...
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...about it myself because I don’t have much knowledge in this disease. I will be discussing the diseases itself along with treatments and prognosis. “Addison’s disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands.” (Staff, 2015) In the top of your kidney’s is where adrenal glands are located and they hormones needed for normal functions of the body. Not enough steroid hormone cortisol and aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands causes Addison’s disease. It does affect only one age group. It can also be life threatening....
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