...MAC Layer on the Performance of ODMRP, Fisheye, AODV and DSR, Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks A. Sravani, G. Srinu, and A.Venkataramana Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc Network is an emerging area. Its standards are defined by IETF. MANET is a self generated, self organized and self handled network consisting of collection of independent nodes. MANETs Presents several desirable properties like dynamic topology, Easy of deployment and robustness, which are qualify them as an attractive topic for the research community. Providing QoS routing is a major issue in MANETs. Media Access Control layer plays crucial role in Ad hoc networks. Several routing protocols have already been proposed for MANETs. This paper describes the impact of MAC layer protocols like 802.11 and CSMA on the various routing protocols like AODV, DSR, ODMRP and Fisheye. Numbers of simulation scenarios were carried out by using Glomosim-2.03. The QoS parameters used are Throughput, Delay and PDR. Simulation results found that AODV performs better in 802.11 and CSMA, DSR and ODMRP performs better in only under 802.11. Keywords— MANET, AODV, DSR, FSR, GloMoSim, ODMRP I. INTRODUCTION Wireless communication networks are basically two types as shown in Fig.1. One is infrastructure based and other one is infrastructure less. Infrastructure based is cellular communications whereas infrastructure less is ad hoc networks. Fig.1 Classification of wireless communication networks A. Cellular Networks ...
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...consolidated in this Master Circular, is furnished in the Appendix. This Master Circular may be referred to for general guidance. The Authorised Persons and the Authorised Dealer Category – I banks may refer to respective circulars/ notifications for detailed information, if so needed. 3. This Master Circular is being updated from time to time as and when the fresh instructions are issued. The date up to which the Master Circular has been updated is suitably indicated. Yours faithfully (B P Kanungo) Principal Chief General Manager 1 Index PART I EXTERNAL COMMERCIAL BORROWINGS (ECB) I.(A) AUTOMATIC ROUTE i) Eligible Borrowers ii) Recognised Lenders iii) Amount and Maturity iv) All-in-cost ceilings v) End-use vi) Payment for Spectrum Allocation vii) End-uses not permitted viii) Guarantees ix) Security x) Parking of ECB proceeds xi) Prepayment xii) Refinancing of an existing ECB xiii) Debt Servicing xiv) Corporates Under Investigation xv) Procedure I.(B) APPROVAL ROUTE i) Eligible Borrowers ii) Recognised Lenders iii) Amount and...
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...calculations were figure out in this work like throughput, Average end-end delay, PDR, NRL and Routing packets in Random way point mobility model. WMN have features such as self configuration, self healing and low cost of equipment. This work specifically aims to study the performance of routing protocols in a wireless mesh network, where static mesh routers and mobile clients participate together to implement networks functionality such as routing and packet forwarding in different mobility scenarios Keywords- Ad hoc Network, Routing Protocols, Wireless Mesh Network, Performance, Throughput, PDR, NRL and Routing packets in Random way point mobility model, Simulation on Network simulator NS-2, AODV,DSR , Routing Overhead. I. INTRODUCTION A Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of wireless mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructures. This kind of network promises many advantages in terms of cost and flexibility compared to network with infrastructures. MANET’s are very suitable for a great...
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...AD FSMO Role Management: Alternate Methods Dear Junior Admin. Well it seems you have a complicated decision on your mind “what tool for the job?” I have decided its best for you to decide on your own which tools you prefer to work with, although I can ease the pain of the decision by providing insight on each of the tools you have at your fingertips. DCDIAG – is a command line tool that analyzes the state of domain controllers in a forest and shows any problems to help with trouble shooting. There are many useful commands with this tool, much too many to include in this simple letter, but there are plenty of locations on line that provide the commands with descriptions for use. NTDSUTIL – is another command line tool that manages facilities for Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) and the lightweight version (AD LDS). This tool can be used for database maintenance of AD DS, control and manage single master operations, and remove metadata left by domain controllers that had been improperly uninstalled. This tool has many commands that would cause this letter to become undesirably long so Google is your best bet to find them with descriptions. MMC Snap-ins – is a graphical interface that hosts administrative tools for managing your networks, special tools can be created here for administrative tasks. It basically allows you to build your own tools with the standard user interface. This tool will probably be your best bet to begin with, but don’t shy...
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...Section A (ECON2/1) Answer all questions on your objective test answer sheet. Use a black ball-point pen. Do not use pencil. Do all rough work in this question paper, not on your objective test answer sheet. Section B (ECON2/2) Answer EITHER Context 1 OR Context 2. Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing. Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is ECON2/2. Information The maximum mark for this paper is 75. There are 25 marks for Section A. Each question carries one mark. No deductions will be made for wrong answers. There are 50 marks for Section B. The marks for questions are shown in brackets. You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice You are advised to spend no more than 25 minutes on Section A and at least 50 minutes on Section B. G/TI/100665/Jun14/E3 ECON2 2 Section A: Objective Test Answer all questions in Section A. Each question carries 1 mark. No deductions will be made for wrong answers. You are advised to spend no more than 25 minutes on Section A. For each question there are four alternative responses, A, B, C and D. When you have selected the response which you think is the best answer to a question, mark this response on your objective test answer sheet. If you wish to change your answer to a question, follow the instructions...
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...[pic] Question 1 Use the AS/AD framework to show the separate effects on GDP, inflation and public sector borrowing on any single national advanced economy of: a. an increase in public infrastructure spending b. an increase in the rate of tax on profits c. a slowdown in the GDP growth of less developed economies. (Make sure that you include clear and appropriate diagrams for this question). Answer a. an increase in public infrastructure spending An increase in public infrastructure spending is part of a fiscal policy in which the government needs to fund by borrowing from the private sector. The Government finances its spending issuing bonds which compete with other private bonds. An excess supply of bonds causes bond prices to fall and interest rate to rise. So in the IS/LM the IS curve shifts up, and GDP will go up because of the extra demand for goods and services. This is reflected in the AD-AS framework in which a government spending increase leads to an increase of AD (AD1 ( AD2) and this is reflected in an increase of level of output from Y1 to Y2 and a price level that increases (P1 ( P2). In this case the stimulus is intensive and it leads to get an aggregate demand which exceeds the full capacity national output. There is an excess of demand for good and services and a possible shortage of input resources. In the meanwhile there will be a derived demand for labour which will lower the unemployment rate, increasing labour...
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...MANET with Infrastructure Support Zhenzhi Qian, Xiaohua Tian, Xi Chen, Wentao Huang and Xinbing Wang Department of Electronic Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Email: {199012315171, xtian, qfbzcx, yelohuang, xwang8}@sjtu.edu.cn ! Abstract—We study the multicast capacity under a network model featuring both node’s mobility and infrastructure support. Combinations between mobility and infrastructure, as well as multicast transmission and infrastructure, have already been showed effective ways to increase it. In this work, we jointly consider the impact of the above three factors on network capacity. We assume that m static base stations and n mobile users are placed in an ad hoc network. A general mobility model is adopted, such that each user moves within a bounded distance from its home-point with an arbitrary pattern. In addition, each mobile node serves as a source of multicast transmission, which results in a total number of n multicast transmissions. We focus on the situations in which base stations actually benefit the capacity improvement, and find that multicast capacity in a mobile hybrid network falls into several regimes. For each regime, reachable upper and lower bounds are derived. Our work contains theoretical analysis of multicast capacity in hybrid networks and provides guidelines for the design of real hybrid system combing cellular and ad hoc networks. 1 Index Terms—Wireless ad hoc network; multicast capacity; mobility; infrastructure; hybrid...
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...the concept of opportunity cost using the above article. Use diagrams to explain what has happened to spending on the environment and how the extra money can be found to improve defence infrastructure. [12 marks] Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative which is foregone when a choice is made. In this case a choice has been made to spend less on areas covered by DEFRA, presumably so that other departments do not have to suffer budget cuts because the Government has less money to spend on public services as a whole. For example, DEFRA has been run on £500M less between 2010 and the present and must save a further £300M. This would mean that the NHS budget, for instance, would not have to be cut. Although DEFRA provides a service and not a product, these changes can still be shown on a PPF diagram such as the one below. Production possibility frontiers show the maximum quantities of different combinations of output of two products, given current resources and the state of technology: DEFRA DEFRA A B A B Spending has reduced from point A to point B on the PPF, whilst spending on the NHS, for example, has not altered. Consequently, the maximum output of DEFRA has reduced, whereas that of the NHS has not. Spending has reduced from point A to point B on the PPF, whilst spending on the NHS, for example, has not altered. Consequently, the maximum output of DEFRA has reduced, whereas that of the NHS has not. NHS NHS If the budget...
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...introductions B. a finely tuned supply chain C. top-rate designers D. loyal customers E. global reach 2. An effective message (e.g., found in any type of promotional activity) must accomplish all of the following except: A. It gains the attention of the receiver of the information B. It stimulates the brand team to implement the marketing mix C. It suggest an appropriate way of satisfying the consumers’ needs D. It achieves understanding between the sender and the receiver of the information E. It stimulates the receiver’s needs 3. Guerilla marketing A. Involves attacks by "commercial terrorists" on the promotional programs of other firms. B. Usually attempts to be funny, maybe even outrageous -- but never offensive. C. Has the problem, because of its very low-key delivery, of often failing to be noticed by consumers. D. Is not under the control of the firm E. Avoids traditional media and uses innovative, low-cost ways to reach a target market. 4. Company sponsored disaster relief projects, such as Duracell Power Relief Trailer, Pepsi Refresh, and Tide Loads of Hope, are all examples of which promotional technique ? A. Publicity B. Direct marketing C. Public relations D. Product placement E. Sales promotions 5. Points plotted along a single demand curve (i.e., various prices/unit of a product multiplied by the various quantity of products sold) represent A. Average revenue B. Total revenue ...
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...4.12.2 WNES Configuration The WNES and CSRES−SCEP infrastructure hosted by JPL will have the following characteristics and configuration: 1. The WNES and CSRES−SCEP components will be deployed on the JPL operation network on a secure VLAN. 2. These services will be deployed at the primary site X. Additional instances of are to be deployed at the X data center to allow for high−availability. 3. One WNES server can only issue certificates to computers member of the same AD forest. Additional WNES servers will need to be deployed if computers are members of more than one AD forest. 4. There is no need to develop a custom DN builder in support of the user and computer certificates. The default WNES DN builder capabilities will be leveraged. The...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview A mobile ad hoc network or MANET is a kind of wireless ad hoc network, which is the infrastructure wireless networks where each user directly communicates without an access point or base station. It is a self-configuring network of mobile routers connected by wireless links with no access point. Nature of mobile device in a network is autonomous. Due to these mobile devices are free to move. In other words, the mobile ad hoc network is infrastructure less wireless network. The Communication in MANET is take place by using multi-hop paths. Nodes in the MANET share the wireless medium and the network topology changes dynamically. In MANET, breaking of communication link is very frequent because the nodes are free to move to anywhere. The density of nodes and the number of nodes are depends on the applications in which we are using MANET. Fig-1 Ad-Hoc Network In figure a simple ad-hoc network shown with 3 nodes. Node1 and node 3 are not within range of each other; however the node 2 can be used to forward packets between node 1and nodes 2. The node 2 will act as a router and these three nodes together form an ad-hoc network. 1.2 MANET Characteristics Distributed operation: The control of the network is distributed among the nodes; there is no central background for the control of operations. The nodes should cooperate with each other and communicate among themselves...
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...structure, its members may be located anywhere in the domain or outside the domain. b. You cannot apply Group Policy settings directly to group objects. c. OUs are containers, whereas groups are not containers. d. There is essentially no difference between OUs and groups. 2. An Active Directory functional level must be low enough to ensure interoperability between domain controllers running different versions of Windows Server. How does the functional level affect the AD forest? a. Higher functional level means more efficient AD communication. b. Higher functional level means few Global Catalog errors. c. Lower functional level means fewer features available. d. Lower functional level means time to upgrade the lowest servers. 3. What is the primary reason for creating different sites on an Active Directory network? a. To create geographical divisions within the Active Directory b. To provide another boundary when applying Group Policy settings (along with domains and OUs) c. To provide a layer of access control between objects in differing sites d. To control the amount of traffic passing over the relatively slow and expensive WAN links between locations 4. What is the simplest way for administrators to upgrade their Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) infrastructure to Windows Server 2012? a. Upgrade all existing down-level domain controllers (DCs) to Windows Server 2012. b. In Server Manager, use the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard ...
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...Research Assignment Part 1 Part 1: 1. Why Windows Server 2008 comes in different versions? What is the significance of each version? Significance of each versions: A. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Foundation) – Is the basic starter server package. B. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Standard) – Is well built, with the average tools and flexibility. C. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Enterprise) – Specialized to meet the needs of very unique applications. D. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Datacenter) – Has a Very large capacity. E. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Web) – For internet applications only. F. Windows Server 2008 R2 (HPC Suite) – It is Customizable to get the most out of the system resources. G. Windows Server 2008 R2 (Itanium Based) – It is the most scalable. Answers: A reason why Windows comes in different versions is that it can satisfy the customer needs. 2. What are the new features or enhancements made to Windows Server 2008? How is Windows Server 2008 different from Windows Server 2003? New features or enhancements made to Window Server 2008: * Powerful hardware * Scaling features * Reduce power consumption * Hyper –V * R2 Service pack 1 * Expand desktop deployment option with VDI The difference between Window server 2008 and Window server 2003 is that it is easier and more efficient server management. 3. Why is 64-bit architecture and advantage? Answer: 64 –bit architecture is actual design of the CPU. Some...
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...Under this cell structure, we design routing protocols to discover the route among any two nodes on-demand. The design a location dissemination technique to maintain node location information used by routing scheme. Also, we propose an efficient MAC protocol that leverages the variation among B-nodes and G-nodes. The rest of this section is organized as under. Subsection III.A presents the cell structure used through multi class routing. Subsection III.B, in describe how to select a B-node in a cell. Subsection III.C presents the multi class routing protocol. Subsection III.D, we address dissemination of node location information. In Subsection III.E, we propose a new MAC protocol. 3.5.1 Cell...
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...haminudin@gmail.com | | | ABSTRACT Every organisation today is looking to implement Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) infrastructure to improve its communication capabilities by providing access anywhere for employees, and more importantly, convenient access for customers and other users. WLAN provides users many benefits such as portability, flexibility, reduced hardware need and lower installation cost. Without a doubt, the benefits of WLAN enhance an organisation’s overall productivity. However, WLAN is not without its own security problems. WLAN infrastructures that are not secured would actually affect the security posture of the LAN environment as well. Having an unsecured WLAN can result in a loss of service, or can be used as a staging area to launch attacks against other networks. The significant challenges faced today in securing wireless LANs are maintaining privacy, data confidentiality, and preventing unauthorized access using proper access control mechanisms. This paper will mainly focus on the wireless access points (APs) as devices that act as a central transmitter and receiver or WLAN radio signals. It will begin by introducing the concept of WLAN. The introductory section gives brief information on the WLAN components and its architecture. In order to examine the WLAN security threats and vulnerabilities, this paper will look at Rogue APs, Ad-Hoc Networks, MAC Spoofing, Honeypot APs and Denial of Service. Keywords: Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN, Wireless...
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