...Nature of Research A. BR defined B. Applied & basic BR C. The scientific method II. Managerial Value of BR A. Identifying problems or opportunities B. Diagnosing & assessing problems or opportunities C. Selecting & implementing a course of action D. Evaluating the course of action III. When is BR Needed? A. Time constraints B. Availability of data C. Nature of the decision D. Benefits vs costs IV. BR In The 21st Century A. Communication technologies B. Global BR Chapter 3: Theory Building I. Introduction A. What is a theory? B. What are the goals of theory? II. Research Concepts, Constructs, Proposition, Variables & Hypotheses A. Research concepts & constructs B. Research proposition & hypotheses III. Understanding Theory A. Verifying theory B. Theory building Chapter 5: The Human Side of BR: Organizational & Ethical Issue I. Introduction II. Ethical issue in BR A. Ethical qs are philosophical qs B. General rights & obligation of concerned parties C. Rights & obligation of the research participant * The obligation to be truthful * Participants’ right to privacy * Active & Passive research * Deception in research designs & the right to be informed * Experiment designs * Descriptive research * Protection from harm D. Rights & obligation of the researcher * Research the isn’t...
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...Research Method Hypothesis and Theory Hypotheses can be developed and tested to recognize the relationships between categories. Silverman (1991:1) defined hypothesis as a ‘testable proposition’. The appearance of an apparent relationship or connection between categories will need to be tested in order to find out whether there is an actual relationship (Saunders, 1997:344). The importance of hypothesis is that it will bring a specific direction and focus to a research study. The theory on the other hand, is usually drawn from the hypothesis. Theories are usually generated from attempts at explaining observations and thus prediction or expectations can be made (Gill, 1991:25). Deduction and Induction There are two methods of establishing what is true or false and of drawing conclusion. These two methods are deduction and induction. Induction is made by empirical evidence based, while deduction is logic based. Through induction, a general conclusion can be made from empirical observation. It goes by the process of assumption to conclusion (Ghauri, 1995:8). From deduction, conclusions are draw through logical reasoning and it is not necessary to be reality. When an observation is made to generate a theory with consistent facts, it is called induction, on the contrary deduction involves the gathering of facts to confirm or disprove hypothesized relationships among variables that have been deduced from proposition or earlier theories (Ghauri, 1995:9). Research method and methodology ...
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...Management decision problem vs. marketing research problem· The decision problem should focus on what needs to be done? · The research problem should aim at providing information which enable the decision maker to take relevant decisions or carry out relevant actions in order to solve the problem · How can you avoid to make wrong specification of the research problem? o Wait until you have explored the decision problem sufficiently before you state your research problem o The typical research failure is to start the research process by making a proposal stating the methods which is to be used to complete the research o A more fruitful way of doing research is to examine the decision maker’s situation carefully in the first place with focus on: · The decision maker (organization) and its environment · Alternative courses of action · The objective of the decision maker · The consequences of alternative actions · Decision Problem: · The problem facing the decision maker (organization) for which the research is intended to provide answers or information · Research Problem: · A statement of the decision problem into research terms ans 1c. Research question vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a tentative statement predicting a particular relationship between two or more variables. If you want to know whether or not your study requires a hypothesis, ask yourself these questions: Are you undertaking a quantitative study? Does your study take an experimental...
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...MANAGEMENT LDP 603: RESEARCH METHODS LECTURER: PROFESSOR GAKUU GROUP 2 ASSIGNMENT PRESENTED BY: NAMES REGISTRATION NUMBER MUSYOKA BENEDETTA NTHENYA : L50/79819/2015 ANN WAMBUI GICHORA : L50/79827/2015 GITOBU MWIRIGI JAMES : L50/79831/2015 MICHENI MERIBA MWENDE : L50/79816/2015 DONALD SAMUEL OLUOCH : L50/79910/2015 NDUNGU ARTHUR GACHERU : L50/79979/2015 CYNTHIA ONYANGO : L50/79888/2015 IDRIS MOHAMUD : L50/79826/2015 NGARIRA WINNIE : L50/79926/2015 MANIU DANSON : L50/80167/2015 QUESTION: Group 2: Differentiate between the various types of research and research classifications. DUE DATE: 3 August 2015 NTRODUCTION Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods. Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations. (Gall, 1996) Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (oxford dictionary) One thing that we have to pay attention to research is that the heart of the research is not on statistics, but the thinking behind the research. How we really want...
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...insights to commercialize. 2-To enable successful innovation, CEOs need to create both an innovation agenda and a culture tolerant of risk.This includes setting expectations for innovation, and developing methods to measure the success of innovation activities. 3- Transforming ideas to novel products, processes and services Effectively transforming ideas to commercially useful applications is not easy, and many innovations fail in this stage of the process. 4- Scaling value creation CEOs can realize value from innovations when they scale to successfully help to create significant revenues or generate substantial savings. Process vs Product innovation Product innovations are embodied in the outputs of an organization—its goods or services. For example, Honda's development of a new hybrid electric vehicle is a product innovation. Process innovations are innovations in the way an organization conducts its business, such as in the techniques of producing or marketing goods or services. Process innovations are often oriented toward improving the effectiveness or efficiency of production by, for example, reducing defect rates or increasing the quantity that may be produced in a given time. For example, a process innovation at a biotechnology firm might entail developing a genetic algorithm that can quickly search a set of disease-related genes to identify a target for therapeutic intervention. In this instance, the process innovation (the genetic algorithm) can speed up the firm's...
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...The four main approaches Types of research Quantitative research Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist/postpositivist paradigm. It usually involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. The process Researchers will have one or more hypotheses. These are the questions that they want to address which include predictions about possible relationships between the things they want to investigate (variables). In order to find answers to these questions, the researchers will also have various instruments and materials (e.g. paper or computer tests, observation check lists etc.) and a clearly defined plan of action. Data is collected by various means following a strict procedure and prepared for statistical analysis. Nowadays, this is carried out with the aid of sophisticated statistical computer packages. The analysis enables the researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables. This could be a simple association (e.g. people who exercise on a daily basis have lower blood pressure) or a causal relationship (e.g. daily exercise actually leads to lower blood pressure). Statistical analysis permits researchers to discover complex causal relationships and to determine to what extent one variable influences another. The results of statistical analyses are presented in journals in a standard way, the end result being a P value...
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...DESIGNING A STUDY TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING * The choice of research method is dictated by the problem statement and goal of the research. Because research goals and problem vary, research methods also vary. Research design can be thought of as the structure of research, the “glue” that holds together all of the elements in a research project. One of the biggest challenges of a nurse researcher is to decide which research design and method to use. * Research Design is the researchers overall plan of how the study will be conducted. The plans contains such details as the type of data to be collected, the techniques or the means to be used to obtain these data, the basis for the choice of the subjects, the manner of determining sample size, the instruments to be used and their validation, and the data analysis scheme which includes the application of the statistical tools for treatment of data. Criteria for choice of Research Design * Logically sound * Comprehensive enough to solve the problem * Reasonably clear & precise * Clearly spelled out * Free from weaknesses Elements to consider in the choice of Research Design * The total population from which to select the study samples * The method of selecting the samples or study respondents * The alternative versions of independent variable under study * The criterion measures evaluating the effects of the independent variables * The statistical treatment of data, using...
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...APPLICATIONS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES OF MANAGEMENT IN ADMINISTRATIVE/ACADEMIC DECISION-MAKING IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN VIRGINIA by Carlos A. Valero Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in Educational Administration APPROVED: ______________________ Don G. Creamer, Chairman __________________________________ ____________________________ Karl T. Hereford _________________________ Stephen R. Parson January, 1997 Blacksburg, Virginia David J. Parks ____________________ John W. Dickey APPLICATIONS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES OF MANAGEMENT IN ADMINISTRATIVE/ACADEMIC DECISION-MAKING IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN VIRGINIA by Carlos A. Valero Educational Administration Don G. Creamer, Chair Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the status and extent to which administrators of colleges and universities in the state of Virginia apply qualitative and quantitative techniques of management in planning, directing, reporting, and controlling activities for enhancing their administrative and academic decision-making capability. The study was directed to the top and operative organizational levels in two categories of administrators (nonacademic and academic) to determine the types of managerial techniques used, degrees of familiarity with these techniques, frequency of use, managerial...
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...Various Treatments for Children with Cerebral Palsy Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V Introduction to Nursing Research Dr. Diana Naser Various Treatments for Children with Cerebral Palsy First Quantitative Study Honkavaara, M., Rintala, P., (2010), The influence of short term, intensive hippotherapy on gait in children with cerebral palsy. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 29- 36. Retrieved from: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a73e5036- 0d8e-4cc4-97c5-ec0c3cbd1e4a%40sessionmgr115&vid=32&hid=104 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short term hippotherapy on functional gait changes in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Participants were two boys (ages 12 and 13) with spastic diplegia and a girl (14 yrs) with athetoid CP. Single-subject (ABA) design was used to determine quantitative changes in functional gait parameters (velocity, stride length, and cadence) following three weeks of hippotherapy. The two boys demonstrated improvement in stride length and gait velocity without sustained improvement in cadence. There was increase in stride length and cadence, but most noticeable improvements in velocity for the girl. The results indicated that it is possible that short-term hippotherapy may improve functional gait in children with cerebral palsy Second Quantitative Study Galli, M., Cimolin, V., Valente, E., Crivellini, M., Ialongo, T., Albertini, G. (2006). Computerized gait analysis...
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...is evident that monetary performance bonuses (moderating variable) provide employees with an initiative to produce more goods/services. This initiative creates efficient and effective production within the relationship thus aiding in overall increased productivity. Dependent Variable Intervening Variable Monetary performance bonus Independent Variable Moderating Variable Work design and remuneration and non-remuneration benefits Productivity levels QUESTION 2 2.1 Why is it important to spend time formulating and clarifying your research topic? Formulating your research topic is the first step taken at achieving success in your research. It is important that a good amount of time is provided to formulate this topic, and that enough research is done. Sufficient information is essential when formulating you research topic. When formulating your topic it is essential that you take into account the requirements of the research, in...
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...UNIVERSITY CAMPUS SUFFOLK Faculty of Health and Science Department of Health Studies BSc (Hons) Diagnostic Radiography BSc (Hons) Radiotherapy and Oncology Research Methods for Radiographers – Proposal Proforma Student Number | | Title or Research question | A small scale study on the effectiveness of phantom for radiographic positioning training- Student’s perspective. | Aim* | To investigate the effectiveness of phantom used by student radiographers for radiographic positioning techniques training. | Objectives* | * To undertake questionnaire to obtain a demographic data of participants. * To evaluate student’s perspective on the use of phantom during radiographic positioning training. * To improve radiography student’s learning experience. | Rationale* | Radiography students at some health institutions have the benefit of using a phantom for their radiographic positioning training. Hands-on learning is an educational method that directly involves the learner, by actively encouraging them to do something in order to learn about it (Online teacher resource). Few studies have been conducted on the use of human patient simulators (HPS) which is a technology for educating healthcare providers at all levels and disciplines (Bremner et al, 2006). The HPS are more or less similar to a radiographic phantom which are also designed to provide invaluable training tools for radiographers and students (rothband.com)Whilst the use of human patient simulators...
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...Medina Oisin Halpin Leyre Santana León Universidad Carlos III Madrid 8.11.2013 Spanish Consumers‘ Perception of Functional Foods – A case study of Puleva Omega-3 Spanish Consumers‘ Perception of Functional Foods – A case study of Puleva Omega-3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Presentation of the Problem 2 1.1.1. Focus of our Study 2 1.2. Purpose of the Thesis 3 1.2.1. Research Question 3 1.3. Clarification of the Main Concepts 3 1.4. Structure of the Thesis 4 2. Methodology and Theory 5 2.1. Methodology 5 2.1.1. Research Design 5 2.2. Method 8 2.3. Research Techniques 8 2.3.1. Laddering 8 2.3.2. Questionnaire 10 3. Potential Conclusions 14 3.1. Recommendations to the Ebro Puleva Company 16 Appendices 17 Appendix 1 – Types of functional food. 17 Appendix 2 – SWOT Analysis of PO-3. 17 Appendix 3 – Purposes of Mixed Methods Research. 18 Appendix 4 – Hypothetical Laddering Interview + MEC 19 Appendix 5 – The Questionnaire Design. 20 Bibliography 32 1. ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Consumers increasingly believe that what they eat directly affects their state of health (Mollet and Rowland, 2002). Foods are no longer intended to only satisfy hunger and provide vital nutrients; they are also called upon to improve the general condition of the body (e.g. pre- and probiotics) and mental...
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... 1 II- lITERATURE REVIEW 3 1- DEFINITION OF WORKPLACE BULLYING 4 2- aNTECEDENTC OF BULLYING 7 3- CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING 9 4- AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS 11 III- rESEARCH DESIGN 14 1- mEASURING iNSTRUMENTS 17 2- sAMPLING TECHNIQUES 19 IV- lIMITATIONS 21 V- fINDINGS 22 1- sURVEY 22 2- sEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 26 VI- coNCLUSIONS...
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...AND DISTANCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES. In collaboration with CENTRE FOR OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING MASTER IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT COURSE: LDP 603: RESEARCH METHODS Authored by: Dr. Christopher Mwangi Gakuu Senior Lecturer, Department of ExtraMural studies, University of Nairobi & Dr. Harriet Jepchumba Kidombo Senior Lecturer, Department of Educational Studies University of Nairobi Page 1 of 240 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE MODULE The Research Methods course is one of the first semester core courses for those learners pursuing the Master in Project Planning and Management course. You are aware that any good decision is based on facts. Facts are based on data. The data must be systematically collected, processed, analysed and presented for use. The best-known way of collecting empirical data is through scientific research methods. This is what this course module is all about. The main aims of this course unit is to: 1. Providing you with the basic information needed to understand the research process. 2. Enable you to use the knowledge to design their own research agenda on an area of personal interest or that of an organization. MODULE STRUCTURE The module is covered in Lectures. Each Lecture focuses on area in research. You will note that in each unit, there is an introduction, unit objectives, contents presented in subtopics, activities, summary and suggestions for further readings. This structure aims ...
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...This part focuses on the research designs, methods, sampling and data collection procedures for the study. 3.1 STUDY SITE This study will be conducted in Mahalapye in the Central District of Botswana. 3.2 STUDY DESIGNS The study utilised the descriptive research design. According to Barbie (2010) descriptive design focuses on describing situations. The descriptive designs in a social research are geared to answer the “what, where, when and how” questions normally asked in research. Furthermore, Bickman and Rog (1998) also suggest that descriptive studies can answer questions such as “what is” or “what was.” This research design was therefore chosen as most of the questions in this study are the “what” questions. For instance the study will...
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