...Concrete + Fly ash Properties of the material Shapes Fly ash consists mainly of hollow spherical shapes which creates a ball bearing effect in the mix, improving workability without increasing water requirements. Fly ash also improves the pump-ability of concrete by making it more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The spherical shape improves the pump-ability by decreasing the friction between the concrete and the pump line. In addition, some fly ashes have been shown to significantly decrease heat generation as the concrete hardens and strengthens. Fly ash, as do all pozzolanic materials, generally provide increased concrete strength gain for much longer periods than mixes with Portland cement only. Durability The biggest reason to use...
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...ESTIMATING THE COST OF COAL-FIRED GENERATION AN APPLICATION OF VISTATM April Anderson Fuels Consulting Project Manager Ken Nowling Project Manager Black & Veatch 11401 Lamar Avenue Overland Park, KS 66207 anderson-higgsaa@bv.com Coal characteristics affect nearly every operational facet of a power plant, including forced outage rate, maintenance costs, auxiliary power requirements, net plant heat rate, emissions, and the ability to meet full load. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the relative economics associated with significant changes in coal quality due to coal cleaning or coal blending. Recognizing the need to predict the total fuel-related cost of coal-fired generation, EPRI commissioned the development of the Coal Quality Impact Model (CQIMTM) a computer program to predict these performance and cost impacts of burning alternate coals at existing power generating facilities. First released in 1989, CQIM represented nearly a decade of effort by Black & Veatch (B&V) and EPRI. CQIM quickly became the industry standard for fuel-related performance and economic analyses. It has been obtained by over 100 EPRI member utilities and has been purchased by non-EPRI U.S. utilities, international utilities, and coal producers. The current version, VistaTM, was released as a commercial product in 2000. Vista represents continual technical improvements over CQIM which expand its applicability to power plants around the world. This paper will describe Vista and provide an example...
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...Liquidity 23 8.2 Solvability 23 8.3 Profitability 24 8.4 Efficiency 24 9. SWOT analysis 25 9.1 SWOT of Ryanair 25 9.1.1 Strengths 26 9.1.2 Weakness 26 9.1.3 Opportunities 26 9.1.3 Threats 26 10. TOWS Analysis 27 11. Alternative courses of action 28 12. Decision and Reasoning 29 9.1 Top 2 Alternatives 29 13. Implementation 30 Literature 31 Figure list 33 Preface The following report is written on behalf of the module Strategic Management, by students of Leisure Management. The case to write this report is “Ryanair” and the strategies that were used to become the biggest airline of the world. Ryanair is the first low-fare airline company of its kind and their unique strategy make it possible for costumers to fly for the lowest prices. The aim of this report is to analyze the current situation of Ryanair and what problems they have to deal with. To do so there were several models used to analyze those situations. The report...
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...1: Mechanical energy: potential energy (object not moving) vs. kinetic energy (object moving) Chemical energy: stored in bonds between atoms in a molecule 2: Electrical energy: results from the motion of electrons Nuclear energy: stored in the nuclei of atoms, it is released by either splitting/joining of atoms 3: Thermal energy: heat = internal energy in substances, the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances Electrical energy: results from the motion of electrons 4: Kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1,000 watt hours, unit of energy. Ex: Using a 60 watt light bulb for 1,000 hours consumes 60 kilowatt hours of electricity. 5: The major resources used for energy globally are oil. In the US they are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. 6: 3 fossil fuels -Coal: Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and pressure (non-renewable) -Oil: Produced by decomposition of deeply buried organic material under high pressures and temperatures for millions of years (non-renewable) -Natural Gas: Produced by decomposition of deeply buried organic material under high pressures and temperatures for millions of years (non-renewable) 7: Net energy= the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of energy resource. Ex: coal, oil, natural gas 8: Second law of thermodynamics- when energy is converted from one form to another, a less useful form 9: oil- used to manufacture paints, medicines, plastics and is used in cars...
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...FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE PROVEN PLANTS by Mr. Jean Tilly ,..Sc. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Dept. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 and Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 33-006 June 1983 - 01110 1, *II 111114111E10, 11 I ,1I IEY9 1 1 1,iiiii1mlonl -2- FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE - SCALE AND PROVEN PLANTS by Jean Tilly Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on May 6, 1983 in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy ABSTRACT Flue Gas Desulfurization is a method of controlling the emission of sulfurs, which causes the acid rain. The following study is based on 26 utilities which burn coal, have a generating capacity of at least 50 Megawatts (MW) and whose Flue Gas Desulfurization devices have been operating for at least 5 years. An analysis is made of the capital and annual costs of these systems using a comparison of four main processes: lime, limestone, dual alkali and sodium carbonate scrubbing. The functional analysis, based on operability, allows a readjustment of the annual costs and a determination of the main reasons for failure. Finally four detailed case studies are analyzed and show the evolution of cost and operability along the years. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Dan Golomb Title: Visiting Scientist -3- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT a I would like to express...
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...Introduction Millions of African smallholders—farmers, herders and fisherfolk—are resource-poor and suffer from food insecurity. Their low incomes mean they are unable to make investments and take on risks. Their agricultural systems are buffeted by sudden, acute shocks caused by natural and man-made hazards—drought, flooding, erosion, conflicts. Long-term trends, in part the result of international markets, national policy decisions and institutional frameworks, often move against them. The food-security problem is not merely an inability to produce enough food to keep pace with population growth. Such a simplistic reckoning fails to take into account the ecological, cultural, social and economic features which are the bedrock of sustainable agriculture. Environmental degradation and a diminishing resource base seriously affect African farmers who depend on rainfed agriculture. As critical watersheds are deforested, water supplies have become unreliable and the climate less predictable. Local actors are seldom consulted when agricultural policies are formulated. Small-scale farmers (especially women) find it hard to get credit, seeds and other inputs, and the information they need to farm their land in a profitable, sustainable way. Some governments still control the prices of key farm outputs, and unscrupulous traders manipulate the prices of others. In addition, political instability is a major obstacle to food security and sustainable agriculture in many countries. Access...
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...The Abstract. Green Washing is “an environmental claim which is unsubstantiated (a fib) or irrelevant (a distraction). Found in advertising, PR or on packaging, and made about people, organizations and products. to preserve and expand their markets by posing as friends of the environment and leaders in the struggle to eradicate poverty the purpose of green washing is to preserve and expand their markets by posing as friends of the environment and leaders in the struggle to eradicate poverty. The history of green washing begins with research of environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986, in an essay regarding the hotel industry’s practice of placing green placards in each room, promoting reuse of guest-towels, ostensibly to “save the environment. Energy sector represents “biomass, coal, electricity, geothermal energy, hydrogen, hydropower, natural gas, nuclear power, petroleum, solar power, and power wind”, companies involved in generating energy. In this research paper, main focus is analyzing major energy industry components such as Petroleum industry, Nuclear power industry and Coal power industry, in order to explore the related Green Washing phenomenon. As an example for green washing, “Australian Federal Government’s Green Washing Campaign of nuclear power as a “clean” energy source and as the primary solution to reduce Australia’s green house emissions”, analyzed in this research. As an example in coal industry “ the clean coal” campaign recognized and analyzed as...
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...CASE STUDY 1 http://www.scribd.com/full/38399959?access_key=key-222j5zlz3s8dd9x2b6pu CASE STUDY 2 http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/99985.html CASE STUDY 3 1) DESCRIBE THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SECTORS. GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW CEMEX CARRIES OUT WORK INVOLVING EACH OF THESE THREE SECTORS There are three main sectors of industry. CEMEX’s business covers all three sectors of industry: * Primary – involves extraction, processing and use of raw materials from the earth * Secondary - manufacturing finished goods and construction activity * Tertiary – providing services to business and consumers, e.g. retail, finance and transport. Primary activities In its primary activities, CEMEX extracts raw materials from the land or at sea. The process of extracting mineral deposits has to fit in with the government’s Regional Minerals Plan. This specifies how much material needs to be extracted to ensure a fair balance across the country. Before extraction can begin, CEMEX must obtain permission from local authorities. Its plans must include sensitive ways of working, restoration and after-care of sites. This ensures the quality of the environment is maintained and improved once extraction is complete. CEMEX’s marine aggregates business involves extracting sand and gravel from the sea bed by dredging. Dredged aggregates are vital for the future development and maintenance of our hospitals, schools, housing and transport...
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...Assignment On “Importance of Garments Washing in Retailing Business” Faculty of Business & Economics Department of Business Administration Program: MBA (Regular) Semester: Summer-2013 Course Code: TAM 512 Course Title: Finishing & Washing with Lab Submitted To: Sumon Mazumder Assistant Professor M.Engg. (BUET), M.Sc. (Textile) B.Sc. Engg. (Textile, DU) Department of Textile Engineering Submitted By: Sabbir Ahmed Majumder Date of Submission: 05.08.2013 Table of content Serial No. | Name of the Topic | Number of Pages | 1. | Fly page | 1 | 2. | Cover page | 2 | 3. | Table of content | 3 | 4. | Objectives of Assignment | 4 | 5. | Abstract & Introduction | 5 | 6. | Garments washing & Retailing business | 6 | 7. | What is the purpose of Garments Washing? | 7 | 8. | Requirements of garments washing | 7-8 | 9. | Effects of garments washing | 8 | 10. | Types of Garments washing | 9 | 11. | Types of what machine used in washing plant | 9-10 | 12. | Enzyme wash | 10-12 | 13. | Stone wash | 12-13 | 14. | Pigment wash | 13-14 | 15. | Acid wash | 14-15 | 16. | Sand Blasting | 15-16 | 17. | What is Whisker? | 17 | 18. | Scraping or Blasting | 18 | 19. | Super White washes | 19 | 20. | Laser finishing | 19-20 | 21. | Tagging & Procedure for Tagging | 20 | 22. | P.P spray & River Washing | 21 | 23. | P.P sponging | 22 | 24. | Grinding & Destroy | 23 | 25. | Chevrons & Different...
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...Grade 10-12 Geography FARMING IN ZAMBIA AND THE SUB-REGION Grade 10-12 Geography Author: C.I. Chilukusha (Mrs) Summary: This lesson plan covers land tenure in Zambia, types of farming, the problems associated with subsistence farming, the pastoral system, commercial farming, impact on the environment, farming in other countries in the sub-region, and an outline of Government measures to develop agriculture in Zambia. ZAMBIA A. LAND TENURE This is the process of acquiring and possessing of land by individuals. There are four types of land tenure in Zambia namely: 1. TRADITIONAL LAND This is land controlled by traditional chiefs on behalf of the people. Individuals or families have the right to use the land but not to sell it. This land is inherited according to existing customary law. 2. FREE HOLD This is reserve land especially on the unproductive land. Mostly used as collateral before independence. 3. STATELAND This is the acquisition and control of land by the president in public interest. This is administered by the ministry of Lands which issues title deeds in collaboration with the council. 4. LEASEHOLD This is the statutory lease of land for a maximum period of 99 years. This also requires the consent of the president. Certificates of title are also issued. B. TYPES OF FARMING TRADITIONAL FARMING This is the farming or growing of crops basically for the family’s’ sustenance. Small portions of land are cleared and the crops are food...
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...waste streams from many industries, including electroplating, metal finishing, metallurgical, tannery, chemical manufacturing, mining and battery manufacturing. This problem has received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the concern that those heavy metals in waste streams can be readily adsorbed by marine animals and directly enter the human food chain, thus presenting a high health risk to consumers (Lin et al., 2000). A number of technologies for treating contaminated effluents have been developed over the years. The most important of these techniques include chemical precipitation, filtration, ion- exchange, reverse osmosis and membrane systems. However, all these techniques have their inherent advantages and limitations in application. In the last few years, adsorption has been shown to be an alternative method for removing dissolved metal ions from liquid wastes (Bayat, 2002). The removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastes using different adsorbents is currently of great interest. However, in order to minimize processing costs, several recent investigations have focused on the use of low cost adsorbents [e.g. agricultural by-products (Samantaroy et al., 1997), waste materials (Namasivayam and Yamuna, 1995:561-578), biosorbents (Ülkϋ and I Haluk, 2001), and clay materials (Harvey and Chantawong, 2001). Adsorbents, mainly clay...
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...to whether it is possible for a company to create value for every segment within the construction industry. The motivation of the thesis is to shed some light on an area, which gets very little attention in marketing literature, which is the B2B commodity industry. The company studied is Cementa, a Cement producer at core, but with the ambition to be a player in every segment throughout the construction industry. They have developed their own model to represent the different segments. The company is considered an interesting and rewarding object for a case study due to this remarkably ambitious goal as well as the company's high market share. The areas of literature which are considered are: ·Supply chains ·Value chain and competitive advantage ·Segmentation ·Networks ·Relationship marketing It is concluded that a lot of the literature supports Cementa's strategy and theories correspond well with Cementa's actions. Hence it seems theoretically possible for a company to...
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...|3.1 Diversity of |Objectives | |Organisms | | |3.1.4 Fungi |State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus. | | |Explain nutrition in fungi. | | |Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast. | | |Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi. | | |Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi. | | |Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. | |3.1.2 + 3.1.5 Handling |1.Discuss and outline the Laboratory Procedures for Micro-organisms | |Micro-organisms |2.State precautions used when working with microorganisms. ...
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...Fixed costs do not vary with the scale of operations, and will be incurred even if the flight is cancelled. Examples of fixed cost are the rental cost of leased planes, which is time- but not operations-sensitive, and general administrative costs such as salaries. Constant costs, which cease if the flight is cancelled but are invariant to the volume of traffic carried, are also high. Examples of constant costs are the subsistence allowance paid to the cabin crew, and landing fees, which do not depend on the number of passengers, but will not be incurred if the flight is cancelled. Variable costs, which vary with the volume of traffic carried, have traditionally been quite low in the airline industry. They include ticket commissions, baggage handling, and cabin amenities including food and beverages, among other passenger-related costs. With the recent spate of cost cutting, where ticket commissions to travel agents have been eliminated by the major airlines (with the exception of Southwest Airlines), a cap of $100 commission on international flights, and drastic reductions in the quantity and quality of meals, variable costs have gone down. To counter the effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, U.S. airlines have reduced fares to lure back lost passengers. As a result, load factors for 2002 are estimated to be around 72 percent, but the breakeven passenger load factor has risen to 81 percent, so losses for 2002 are estimated at $9 billion. (3) Thus there is...
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...Morton, J. 1987. Banana. p. 29–46. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Banana Musa x paridasiaca Description Origin and Distribution Varieties Climate Soil Propagation Culture Harvesting Yield Handling and Packing Controlled Ripening and Storage Pests Diseases Food Uses Animal Feed Other Uses Folklore The word "banana" is a general term embracing a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of the family Musaceae. Some species such as M. Basjoo Sieb. & Zucc. of Japan and M. ornata Roxb., native from Pakistan to Burma, are grown only as ornamental plants or for fiber. M. textilis Nee of the Philippines is grown only for its fiber, prized for strong ropes and also for tissue-thin tea bags. The so-called Abyssinian banana, Ensete ventricosum Cheesman, formerly E. edule Horan, Musa ensete Gmel., is cultivated in Ethiopia for fiber and for the staple foods derived from the young shoot, the base of the stem, and the corm. Most edible-fruited bananas, usually seedless, belong to the species M. acuminata Colla (M. cavendishii Lamb. ex Paxt., M. chinensis Sweet, M. nana Auth. NOT Lour., M. zebrina Van Houtee ex Planch.), or to the hybrid M. X paradisiaca L. (M. X sapientum L.; M. acumianta X M. balbisiana Colla). M. balbisiana Colla of southern Asia and the East Indies, bears a seedy fruit but the plant is valued for its disease-resistance and therefore plays an important role as a ";parent"; in the breeding of edible bananas. ...
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