...The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was the evangelical revival in America during the 18th Century that lasted for thirty years. The Awakening combined unsophisticated mass evangelism with the Enlightenment. In 1842, Joseph Tracey came up with the term “Great Awakening.” This widespread social movement grew because of dissatisfaction in the White American community. The community had a deterministic and formalistic Protestantism style, which denied a lot of people salvation. Basing on the fact that America was a Protestant nation; the Anglican Church purged emotional Christian Faith. Christianity at that time in America was ceremonial. The Great Awakening, following a new commitment that dictated religion in the heart- a personal and emotional Christianity, united the American people. John Edwards, a Congregationalist in western Massachusetts, began a participatory and emotional ministry that purposed to bring more followers to the church. This ministry began in early 1730s. Edwards became a remarkable intellectual personality in America whose main message was love. He believed love was fundamental for any religious experience. Remembered through his encouraging wisdom; one should do Good, live a Godly life and at the same time assist others in attaining the same. Later in the same decade, an Englishman George Whitefield together with John Wesley, carried the evangelical Christianity style to the colonies in the mainland and founded the Methodist Church. Whitefield’s sermons...
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...The museum is located in the Columbia, South Carolina downtown area in a large building that holds many historical items and accommodates large groups of people. The museum’s elevator has a capacity that holds about 75 people, which is larger than the average elevator. There are four floors of historical pieces for viewing. The museum exhibits some of South Carolina most tangible and historical collection of the early 18th, 19th and 20th centuries including an area dedicated to the civic war, African American (slavery) and first discovered equipment such as, various communication equipment, audio, television, and electricity. The African American area exhibits some inspiring cultural displays. During my visit to the South Carolina State Museum on Friday, September 9, 2011, my most memorable African America exhibit was the African America Custom Funeral display. The museum displayed a hearse that African American used to carry a coffin for the decease. The black box hearse had a glass view on both sides revealing a wooden box coffin inside. The Americans used horses to pull the hearse as it move through the funeral procession. The black box hearse is very different from the hearse used in today. Today, a station wagon type vehicle carries the coffin instead of the box frame hearse pulled by horses. Figure 1.1 and 1.2 illustrate the black box hearse displayed at the South Carolina State Museum....
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...1. Throughout the 18th century, many manufacturing processes were improved upon during the Industrial Revolution. For this reason, the inventions ultimately changed the livelihoods of Americans across the United States, making their lives much easier and simpler. One of the most famous inventions that greatly impacted how Americans lived was Howe’s sewing machine, which was later improved upon by Isaac Singer. Because of Singer’s sewing machine, it not only “revolutionized” women’s work, but also allowed women to have more leisure time to themselves. Another invention that influenced how people of the 18th century worked was McCormick’s reaper. Instead of harvesting less than a half of an acre a day, McCormick’s reaper now enabled farmers to...
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...During the 18th and 19th centuries, the United States had imported and sold millions of Africans in the United States, forcing them into slave labor for virtually their entire lives. Although slavery did not end until midway into the 19th century, this failed to stop slaves who ran away, killed their masters, or purchased their freedom. Moreover, the effects from this period in U.S history still has an impact in today’s society. During the late 20th century, a letter from an alleged speech in the early 18th century surfaced claiming responsibility for the many methods and psychological trauma used in slavery. Although the letter is very attentive and thought-provoking, I believe the letter is false because of its use of words in that period of time, lack of information of the author, and lack of evidence to be used in a referential context....
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...Basics The African Burial Ground was discovered in the lower part of Manhattan in New York in May of 1991 when the U.S. General Services Administration began construction of their new three million dollar office building. The Burial Ground encloses an area of roughly five to six acres and as archaeologists continued the excavation of this site around 420 bodies of African men, women, and children were unearthed as well as about 500 documented artifacts. Michael L. Blakey, the director of the project, describes how this site offered scholars and archaeologists “one of the rarest opportunities for reconstructing the lives and conditions experienced by our common ancestors” in his article “The New York African Burial Project: An Examination of Enslaved Lives, A Construction of Ancestral Ties”. The African Burial Ground is an African only cemetery that was used in the late 17th and 18th centuries and was begun when the Dutch controlled the surrounding land they had named New Amsterdam. The Dutch were the first...
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...Slavery persisted in the United States for many years, causing a break between the North and South that led to the Civil War. Slavery was a very bad point in time, because it was unfair and terrible to the African Americans. The article says that,"Slavery was a local issue. It was the social and economic base of plantations of 11 southern states. Slavery had increased due to cotton being very profitable." Slaves increased in many states due to all the cotton being produced in the area. The cotton became very profitable in these years, so the need of slaves went up big time. . "Between the 16th and 19th centuries, an estimated total of 12 million Africans were transported to the Americas," states the article in the first paragraph. 12 million innocent Africans lost their freedom because of our country. That is terrible! Not only did slaves lose their freedom, they also get treated like dogs everyday. The article states,"Despite its brutality and cruelty, the slave system caused little protest until the 18th century." In the 18th century, British and American abolitionist wanted to eliminate slavery and they began working to prohibit the import of slaves in the British colonies and American colonies....
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...BEING AFRICAN AMERICAN Being African American African Americans or who some may refer to as colored, negro, blacks, or even the most derogatory term niggas have had a plight of racism and discrimination since their arrival onto the American soil. African Americans did not migrate from their homes to find new land to explore and/or cultivate but instead were captured by Europeans and taken away from their homelands to a new and unknown land. They were snatched from their homes to be brought to America to work as slaves. In 1619 the first African slave arrives in Virginia to be sold into what would be the dark ages of their existence. Slavery began when the first African slave was brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. European settlers in North America was looking to a cheaper labor source than indentured servants which were poor Europeans. After the initial Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore the British Colony of Jamestown, slavery spread throughout the other American colonies. Historians believe that and estimated 6-7 million slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone (Staff, History.com, 2009). Initially black slaves worked mainly on plantations cropping tobacco, rice, and indigo. Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of taxation guaranteeing the right to repossess any person held to service of labor. In the late 18th century the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for...
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...BEING AFRICAN AMERICAN BEING AFRICAN AMERICAN | | 2014 2014 Being African American African Americans or who some may refer to as colored, negro, blacks, or even the most derogatory term niggas have had a plight of racism and discrimination since their arrival onto the American soil. African Americans did not migrate from their homes to find new land to explore and/or cultivate but instead were captured by Europeans and taken away from their homelands to a new and unknown land. They were snatched from their homes to be brought to America to work as slaves. In 1619 the first African slave arrives in Virginia to be sold into what would be the dark ages of their existence. Slavery began when the first African slave was brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. European settlers in North America was looking to a cheaper labor source than indentured servants which were poor Europeans. After the initial Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore the British Colony of Jamestown, slavery spread throughout the other American colonies. Historians believe that and estimated 6-7 million slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone (Staff, History.com, 2009). Initially black slaves worked mainly on plantations cropping tobacco, rice, and indigo. Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of taxation guaranteeing the right to repossess any person held to service of labor. In the late 18th century the mechanization...
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...for 18 century World Economy, because it was one of the three elements of so-called Triangular trade, a three-way exchange between America, Europe, and Africa. European traders would ship textiles, muskets, and manufactured merchandize to Africa and exchange it for slaves. Then they would take slaves to the West to Americas and exchange them for cotton and tobacco, and sail home. On each side of the triangular trade ships made huge profits plus they carried different valuable merchandize from both African continent and the New World. Thus, Atlantic slave trade was vitally important for 18th century sailors . The origin of Atlantic slave trade – and slave trade in general – is mainly associated with the shortage of labor in the developing New World. Contemporary European population in the Americas was not sufficient to support the plans of development. Even criminals that were sentenced to labor ran away, and could easily blend into white masses forever. Native Americans were not efficient as slaves either, because they were not that numerous and did not have immunity for diseases brought to the New World by Europeans . In addition, native Americans could easily escape because they knew the land well, their home were close, and they knew how to survive in the adjacent territories . But labor requirements kept growing with the expansion of mining, harvesting, and growing. Thus, Europeans turned to African Continent, Guinea in particular, as a free labor source. Africans were...
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...Introduction: In the 18th century, Great Britain was and Empire and was open for trading and commerce. It was the same for the 19th century, with the utilization of the slaves. We are going to talk about the slave trade at the Docklands and the abolition of slavery in Great Britain. Issues: How was the Great Britain Empire working during the 18th century ? What was the role of London in the trade and commerce during the 18th and 19th century ? How was the slaves use in Great Britain ? How did the slave trade end in Great Britain ? Subjects: The British Empire during the 18th century (Aymeric) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 18th (Paul) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 19th (Esther) The slave trade at the Docklands (Freya) London was at the heart of the ‘trade triangle’ that fuelled the slave trade. Traders left here with manufactured goods, such as guns, and exchanged them for slaves in Africa. The slaves were then taken across the Atlantic (the ‘middle passage’) and sold to plantation owners in America and the Caribbean for sugar, tobacco, rum, rice, cotton and tea, all of which were shipped back to London. It’s estimated that 11-12 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic for slavery. During the 1720s alone, nearly 200,000 Africans were transported in British ships. Packed into tight spaces with little food and water, thousands died en route. Built in 1803, Warehouse 1 was the first docklands warehouse...
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...After the emancipation of slaves in 1862, the status of African-Americans in post civil war America up until the beginning of the twentieth century did not go through a great deal of change. Much legislation was passed to help blacks in this period. The Civil Rights act of 1875 prohibited segregation in public facilities and various government amendments gave African-Americans even more guaranteed rights. Even with this government the newly named “freedmen” were still discriminated against by most people and, ironically, they were soon to be restricted and segregated once again under government rulings in important court cases of the era. Reconstruction was intended to give African-Americans the chance for a new and better life. Many of them stayed with their old masters after being freed, while others left in search of opportunity through education as well as land ownership. However this was not exactly an easy task. There were many things standing in their way, primarily white supremacists and the laws and restrictions they placed upon African-Americans. Beginning with the 'black codes' established by President Johnson's reconstruction plan, blacks were required to have a curfew as well as carry identification. Labor contracts established under Johnson's Reconstruction even bound the 'freedmen' to their respective plantations. A few years later, another set of laws known as the “Jim Crow” laws directly undermined the status of blacks by placing unfair restrictions on everything...
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...Joshua Johnson also known as Joshua Johnston was a prominent African American folk artist in the 17th and 18th centuries. He was recognized as the first significant African American portrait painter. Some scholars believe that Johnson was born in the 1760s in the West Indies, and that he was the son of a white man named George Johnson and an unknown enslaved African woman. Though he was a mixed child he still faced the same adversities as any African at birth. He was sold for 25 pounds, but as he grew up, his mixed features dominated, and he was treated less harshly. Johnson was promised his freedom after completing a blacksmith apprenticeship or turning twenty-one, whichever came first. Johnson finished the apprenticeship and was freed in 1782. There is some speculation that Johnson was a slave as a child to Robert Polk. Robert Polk is the brother-in-law of artists Charles Wilson Peale, a man...
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...“NAVIGATION ACTS” TERESA HAMMOCK MR. CREWS US HIS 1111 1 DECEMBER 2013 Teresa Hammock Mr. Crews US History 1111 December 1, 2013 “Navigation Acts” The Navigation Acts were a series of acts passed by the English Parliament during the seventeenth century to protect England’s trade an prevent the American colonies from directly trading with foreign countries or other colonies. The Navigation Acts, in English history, was a name given to certain parliamentary legislations, more properly called the British Acts of Trade. The acts were an outgrowth of mercantilism and followed principles by Tudor and early Stuart trade regulations. Mercantilism was an economic system of the major trading nations during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, based on the premise that national wealth and power were the best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. Mercantilist nations were impressed by the fact that the precious metals, especially gold, were in universal demand as the ready means of obtaining other commodities. The tended to identify money with wealth. As the best means of acquiring bullion, foreign trade was favored above domestic trade, and manufacturing or processing, which provided the goods for foreign trade. State actions were the essential feature of the mercantile system, which was used to accomplish its purpose. Under the mercantilist policy a nation sought to sell more than it bought so as to accumulate bullion. There was a rise in Dutch...
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...man of words. Words which caused uproar back in 1789. The British readers were captivated by his personal experience of being enslaved at age 11, kidnapped from Nigeria, and brought into slavery of a New World in a terror-filled ship. Equiano's tale is viewed as an authoritative description of the villainous Middle Passage, one of the very first narratives from a slave, a story that gave the hatchling abolitionist movement a buzzing moral influence; except it may not be exact. Therein lays the mystery: Because if the gentleman who penned "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African" was not born in Africa, but rather born into slavery in South Carolina -- as Vincent Carretta suggests -- then who was he? Where did he learn to speak fluent Igbo? And how did he obtain such agonizing details about life aboard an 18th-century slave vessel? The air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains. . . . The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. (Equiano, 1789) In that lies the controversy: Carretta's findings, detailed in his biography of Equiano, have ignited a blaze in academic life, for the most part among those who have...
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...During the period 1732-1770 it was thought that the true American identity was based on slavery and liberty between whites and African Americans. It is said that both slavery and liberty were two essential components of their world. It is said that without white liberty, there could not be African American slaves. In two article findings, “Liberty and Slavery in Colonial America: The Case of Georgia, 1732-1770” written by Andrew C. Lannen and “Slave Trading in a New World” written by Leonardo Marques both explore the concepts of black slavery in the 17th Century. Lannen’s article explores the black slavery within the British colony in Georgia. It talks about how the British colony saw liberty and slavery as a major function in Georgia. It also goes into Georgia’s prohibition of slavery prior to the American Revolution. One person in particular was James Oglethorpe and his relationship with the trustees. Marques’ article explores the US slave trading of the D’Wolf family. Based on the article, it shows that the D’Wolf family was the largest slave trading family in the United States history. The article goes into...
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