...Osteoarthritis is one of the most common ailments plaguing humanity. Since these pathological lesions are universal, osteoarthritis can be used to hypothesize behavioral changes in early populations (Bridges, 1992:67; Larsen, 1997:164-166; Waldron, 1995:385; 1992:235). There are multiple reasons for osteoarthritis to occur, and these can include repetitive use of a joint from exercise, activity, work, or even forced labor brought on during colonization. This degenerative disease is found in articulating joints. These are the joints that allow for movement in the body. Chronic breakdown of cartilage is the main cause of osteoarthritis and typically occurs from mechanical stressors, injury, and age. The effects of this breakdown, then...
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...mouth and constipation. The commercial also states that Cymbalta should not be taken by patients that take monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and in patients with uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma. Even with air time being limited, I believe the television advertisement to be truthful however, the focus of the advertisement is on the benefits of the medication and they do not give adequate time to disclose side effects, adverse reactions or contraindications. Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Ariclaim, Xeristar, Yentreve, Duzela,Dulane) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly. It is prescribed for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Duloxetine has also been approved for treatment in osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal pain (Drugs.com, 2013). Duloxetine failed US approval for stress urinary...
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...Kristi Duckett Torts & Personal Injury: PLG-101-1501 Assignment #5 Please write a summary of the facts that has led to this complaint and that are being alleged by the plaintiffs. In this case, action was brought against Merck & Co., Inc. in relation to the drug vioxx also known as rofecoxib. The action taken against Merck was brought forth by plaintiff’s who were injured as a result of taking this drug. The plaintiff’s where the actual ones injured as well as any spouse, child or decedent of a family member who had passed as a result of taking this drug. The drug was believed to relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis. Merck requested on November 23, 1998 that they be allowed to market the drug for human use. Around the 20th of May 1999 the Food and Drug Administration approved the drug to treat and manage acute pain. Vioxx was released and the warning label for the drug was approved by the FDA, claiming that there was a risk of gastrointestinal effects with a risk of GI ulceration, bleeding and perforation. Studies a little later on the drug showed that the drug significantly raised the risk of hypertension and stroke. Merck knew the results of this study but failed to publish the study accurately, therefore failing to warn consumers of the risk. Merck continued to do well and profit extensively by withholding the information that they had. Throughout the following years Merck continued to deny the effects that vioxx had on consumers and ignored many independent...
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...Interesting Facts About Hip Arthritis Or, Did You Know These Facts About Hip Arthritis Or, Some Facts About Hip Arthritis Summary: Nowadays, hip arthritis has become a common problem for many people, especially the ones who are over the age of 50. Arthritis is a joint problem that can affect any joint in the body such as the hips. It’s important to visit an experienced hip specialist to get proper treatment. Main Content: As our age progresses, we start developing different types of health issues. One such health problem is known as hip arthritis. Do you know that an individual experiencing arthritis will experience the ill effects of a condition known as osteoarthritis? This is a typical type of hip arthritis that’s additionally known as wear & tear arthritis and once in a while even degenerative joint illness. This is a type of joint pain that...
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...Ethics Essay By Christopher Matthews Business Law 210 May 14th, 2012 Professor Scott Bergstedt Stance on Merck/ Overview: It is the view of the author to discuss in detail why and how Merck caused gross negligence in its marketing and labeling practices. During this discussion, I will outline several instances where Merck has plead guilty to numerous law suits spanning from the United States to Great Britain (UK). In addition, I will define ethics and based on ethical business practices and attempt to identify what Merck may have done to prevent such unethical and in some cases immoral behavior. Brief History of case: In 2004, Vioxx (Rofecoxib), an anti inflammatory, pain-reliving medication, to treat such conditions as osteoarthritis and acute pain had been recalled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Several reasons include illegal marketing and label practices, concealment of known side effects, intentionally misleading the general public, medical professionals and government officials. “Vioxx was taken by more than 80 million people worldwide before it was recalled in 2004 (Independent 2010). Merck, Sharpe & Dohme (Merck), Vioxx’s manufacturer vigorously denied any wrong doing and from 1994 thru 2011, several multi-national law suits were sought pertaining to the overall liability and health hazards that Merck had placed on the general public. United States v. Merck: In late November of 2011, the US Department of Justice...
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...-1- SUMMARY Ultimately, my client was parked at a residential area when he was struck at high velocity by your insured. The police report revealed your insured neglected to merge with approaching traffic. My client racked up over $20,000 in medical bills with a forecast of $23,000 in future medical expenses. The pain specialist estimated Maximum Medical Improvement at twelve months. -2- BACKGROUND This accident took place on January 4, 2018 at a residential location in Greensville on the corner of Brimstone Avenue and Boulder Street. Browsing social media, my client was viciously struck from his left by your insured travelling at 25 mph, thrusting my client’s car rightward forcing him to knock down a mailbox.[ Please see attached car accident photo exhibits (Exhibit A, photo 4); Also see police report (Exhibit F)...
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...Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend appropriate therapy. 9. Recommend appropriate analgesic therapy for older patients with osteoarthritis. 10. Discuss risks and benefits of medication classes used to treat rheumatoid arthritis...
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...Topic: Pfizer’s approach to segmentation using Lipitor as an example. What is market Segmentation? Segmentation is a process of processing a large homogenous market into clearly defined identifiable segments with a main aim of designing a marketing mix to match target customers expectations. The basic factors that affect market segmentation are: [1] a) Clear identification of segment b) Determining the effective size of segment c) Promotion of the product to segments d) Using appropriate policies and resources of firm There are few main basic strategies that influence pharmaceutical customer segmentation. They are: a) Demographic ( age, income, sex etc) b) Socio-economic ( social class, stage in family life cycle) c) Geographic factors d) Psychological factors (lifestyle, personality traits) Other factors include perceptual, brand loyalty patterns and medical condition. [2] Segmentation of market is one of the crucial elements of marketing strategy. Criteria depend mainly on nature of market, therefore creating a problem in deciding the actual method. Maslow hierarchy of needs also explains about satisfying the customer needs in a vertical arranged pyramid with primary psychological needs at the bottom step and with self-actualization needs at highest step with safety needs, belonging needs and esteem needs as intermediate steps in the hierarchy. For my research, I have chosen Pfizer and will explain its...
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...University of Maryland Case Study Analysis Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta Case Study AMBA 650 Section 1131 Kelvin Harris January 24, 2012 Executive Summary Eli Lilly and Company resounding success was the arrival of Prozac in 1988. By mid-1988, a new anti-depressant team was formed to find and develop a drug that would be the successor to Prozac. The strategic issues and problems they faced were developing a new drug to replace Prozac, meeting the company budget constraints to perform clinical trials, and finally launch the new drug by mid-2001. The analysis and evaluation revealed that the pharmaceutical industry is changing fast and it usually takes a long time and millions of dollars to develop a new drug. The recommendation for Eli Lilly is to take the lead in developing the new drug Cymbalta, invest a stable share of the company revenue, seek the FDA approval for the development of Cymbalta before going to market, and not change their market plan from the FDA approved Cymbalta dosage of 20 mg twice daily. Introduction Eli Lilly and Company was founded by Colonel Eli Lilly, Lilly’s namesake, in 1876 when he purchased a laboratory on Pearl Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. Eli Lilly was a pharmacist who had served in the Union Army during the Civil War. The company success included creating the process for applying gelatin-coating to pills for easier swallowing and the introduction of Iletin which was the first mass-produced insulin. Iletin...
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...Case 25: Pfizer Porsha Erwin Angel Harvey Curtis Hubbard DeMontrez Johnson Michael Kitchens China Thomas 1 Table of Contents History……………………………………………………………………………..Page 3 Summary…………………………………………………………………………..Page 3 General Environment Analysis……………………………..……………………Page 5 Industry Environment Analysis………………………………………………….Page 6 EFE Matrix………………………………………………………………………..Page 9 Internal Competencies …………………………………………………………...Page 10 IFE Matrix………………………………………………………………………...Page 12 2 History of Pfizer Pfizer Inc. is a research pharmaceutical company. Charles Pfizer started the company in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1849. During World War II, Pfizer became concretely established as one of the United State’s top drug companies by producing the antibiotic penicillin for soldiers out at war aboard. By the 1950's, Pfizer began to establish headquarters in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and England. This gave Pfizer a platform to be able to compete globally. Expanding aboard is a powerful concept that most companies during this time did not consider. In 2000, Pfizer merged with Warner-Lambert in order to acquire full rights to Liptor. Lipitor is a popular drug used to lower cholesterol levels in the body. In 2002, Pfizer decided to participate in another merger with Pharmacia. This strategic action lead Pfizer to become the world's largest pharmaceutical devoted solely to healthcare. Of course we all know that this was not the only reason why Pfizer...
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...NHPA | Summary | Why selected (all selected for similar reasons; finical impact on health care system) | Determinants as risk factors | Health promotion Program | CardiovascularHealth | Refers to maintaining healthy functioning of the heart and blood vessels. CVD encompasses all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels (including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) caused mainly by blood supply to the heart, brain and legs. | -To improve cardiovascular health by reducing CVD.-CVD is leading cause of premature death and second leading cause of burden of disease.- CVD is also largely preventable and places a large economic burden on the health care system. | 1. biological: cholesterol levels, age, sex and genetics. high blood pressure-indicates that the heart is already working harder and under pressure, which can lead to stroke and kidney disease.Body weight- excess body weight places greater strain on heart and increases hypertension and cholesterol levels.2. Behavioural: physical activity, tobacco smoking poor nutrition-diets high in saturated fat such as cholesterol can contribute to overweight and obesity. Low intake of fruit and vegetables can contribute to increased snacking on high fat and high sugar foods, increasing obesity, which heightens risk of CVD.Physical enviro: air quality (tobacco smoke) Access to recreational facilities-if lacking access, they might not exercise as much as otherwise might. Heightens risk of CVD...
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...Addressing the issue of Childhood Obesity The issue of childhood obesity in the United States is growing at an alarming rate. Childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past thirty years. Statistics show that childhood obesity has increased from 6.5% in 1980 to 19.6% in 2008 in children ages six to eleven as stated on the CDC web site (Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion). Currently in the United States one of three children and teens are obese or overweight as stated in the American Heart Association web site. Definition of Obesity is, Obesity is the result of caloric imbalance (too few calories expended for the amount of calories consumed). In order to standardize calculations of obesity the Institute of Medicine asked the federal government in 2005 to develop guide lines for using BMI (body mass index) in schools. The BMI is the ratio of weight to height squared. BMI is used to access weight status because it is can easily be measure and it also correlates with the amount of body fat. Guidance is provided on specific safeguards that need to be addressed before schools decide to collect BMI information, stated on the CDC web site. This information is needed for schools to compare results with other schools for specific age groups. Age and sex specific charts are used to calculate BMI in children and teens using the child’s height and weight then matching there BMI to their age and sex specific chart. If a child is in the ninety-five...
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...Community Emergency Preparedness and Response Paper In this paper the subjects to discuss are newspaper articles and scenarios given in season two, episode five of Pearson Health Science Neighborhood in the course materials section of University of Phoenix student Website. A fire began in the Neighborhood community and the residents developed respiratory problems related to the smoke. The fire is not contained even after five days (Pearson health science, 2011). The community needs an emergency preparedness and response plan. Local, state, and national public health agencies such as the Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and local and state EMS should have participated in this emergency situation. Summary of event Neighborhood is a community located near a forest and along the bank of the river with a population of 64, 200 residents. A forest fire has been raging for five days and is nearing the town of Neighborhood, destroying numerous acres of land. Firefighters are battling to obtain control of the forest fire, whereas the health care workers are battling to keep the patients breathing. The seniors are coming to the senior center clinic with breathing problems, and the hospital is overcrowded with patients with breathing issues. The hospital has shortage of staffs and the quality of care is law. The city officials are urging the citizens to stay indoors and not to go out unless it is necessary because winds are blowing the smoke toward the town...
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...Community Emergency Preparedness and Response In addition to a population of approximately 64, 200 residents, the Neighborhood Community is situated near a forest and along the river bank. This community is currently experiencing a forest fire that has lasted for the past five days while destroying huge acres of land and is nearing its town. The efforts to fight the fire are characterized by the battles of firefighters to control the forest fire, health care workers trying to keep patients breathing, and city officials asking citizens to stay indoors. The forest fire in Neighborhood Community is an example of the need for a community to effectively to prepare and respond to emergencies. Summary of the Events As a community located near a forest and along the river bank, Neighborhood community is hugely affected by the dangerous forest fire destroying several acres of land. The smoky condition of the air from the forest fire is affecting residents with pre-existing lung problems suffering the most. As health care professionals are doing all they can to help keep patients breathing, the firefighters are fighting to gain control of the forest fire. The residents are urged to stay indoors by the city officials unless it is associated with the winds blowing the smoke toward the town. Moreover, these officials have also notified the residents that they will inform them of a new plan if the fire advances toward the town. Some of the major areas that are affected by this...
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...Restorative Care Training for the Certified Nursing Assistant Trainer Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Making the Most of the Training Making the Most of the Lesson Plans Making the Most of the Activities Trainer Preparation Welcome Module Activity T1 Welcome to the training Activity T2 Common Rules to Follow Activity T3 Successful Completion Activity T4 You will learn Trainer Preparation Module one Module one Trainer Preparation Module two Module two Trainer Preparation Module three Module three Trainer Preparation Module four Module four Appendix A Feeding Assistance Appendix B Fall Prevention Page T3 Page T3 Page T3 Page T4 Page T5 Page T7 Page T7 Page T8 Page T8 Page 7a Page 8 Page 27a Page 28 Page 35a Page 37 Page 104a Page 105 Page 114 Page 123 T2 Restorative Care; Training for the Certified Nursing Assistant Introduction Welcome to the program Restorative Care. This is the trainer manual used by trainers to teach nurse assistants and home health aides about caring for the person with Restorative issues. This manual accompanies the student manual, Restorative Care. This training is activity based. Participants are encouraged to share in the training process, to talk about relevant experiences if they choose and to ask questions. Making the Most of the Training Program Use this training manual as a guide for training individually or in groups. If you train on an individual basis it will be more effective to brainstorm with them than to use the...
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