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Age in Humans

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Submitted By drprasad03
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AGE

From Ossification Activity of the Bones

Areas X-Rayed to Determine Age

• Wrist & hand – children • Elbow, shoulder, pelvis and knee – Adult • Skull, vertebrae and sternum – Old person

• AT BIRTH
Lower end of femur, ½ cm in diameter
Talus – 7th month (1U)
Calcaneum – 5th month (1U)
Cuboid – Upper end of tibia & head of humerus

• WRIST
Number of carpal bone indicate age in years between 2-6yrs.
Pisiform ossifies – 10-12yrs

Ossification of Carpal Bones

Hand x-ray 3mo age

One carpal bone is ossified

Hand X-ray 3 Yrs

3 carpal bones are ossified

Hand X-ray 6 Yrs

6 carpal bones are ossified

7 carpal bones are seen up to the age of 9 Yrs.

Hand X-ray 11 Yrs

Appearance of pisiform is important
A dense rim is fully developed around the primary center at the age of 11-12 Yrs.

Elbow joint X-ray 1 Yr

Appear in medial epicondyle of humerus ( 4yrs (F) – 6yrs (M)

Appear in olecranon ( 8–10yrs

Lateral epicondyle of humerus united with trochlea & capitulum ( 13-14yrs

All epiphyses at elbow (except medial epi.) join respective shaft 13-14yrs (F) 16-18yrs (M)

Elbow joint X-ray 9 Yrs

Primary center for lateral epicondyle appears at 9-12 Yrs

All the centers are open at the age of 11-12 Yrs.

Elbow joint X-ray 14 Yrs

Fusion occurs from 13 Yrs - Starts from: - Lateral epicondyle 13 Yrs - Radius 14 Yrs - Olecranon process 14 Yrs - Medial epicondyle 15 Yrs - Complete ossification occurs at the age of 16 Yrs

Wrist joint X-ray

Wrist joint X-ray 15 Yrs

Both distal ends of radius and ulna are open at the age of 15 Yrs
Fusion starts after 15 years
Complete fusion occurs at17 years

Wrist joint X-ray – Fusion

Female Male

Radius 16-16½ 17
Ulna 17 17½-18

Wrist joint X-ray – Fusion

Female Male

Radius 16-16½ 17
Ulna 17 17½-18

By 15-16yrs • Epiphyses of calcaneum join the bone • Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum fused • Olecranon united to ulna, corocoid process to scapula

By 16-18yrs • All epiphyses at elbow (except medial epicondyle), head of femur & lower end of tibia – shaft.

By 18-20yrs • All epiphyses at wrist, knee, crest of illum, lateral end of clavicle – united.

By 22yrs • The inner (secondary) epiphyses of clavicle fused.

X-ray Clavicle – Sternal End

Entire epiphysis is developed at 19 years

Complete fusion occurs:

Female Male
20-21 Yrs 22 Yrs

Age determination in adults over 25yrs

After the age of 25yrs, age estimation is uncertain.
- Its difficult after full, permanent eruption + fusion of all centers of ossification of long bones.
-The ossification of cartilage in the hyoid
-Fusion of greater horns of the hyoid to the body
-Manubrium + xyphistermun with body of the sternum
-Lipping of vertebrae
All occur b/w 40-60yrs. May be suggestive of advancing age.

Symphyseal surface in estimation of Age

• Below 20yrs Symphyseal surfaces show even appearance • b/w 20-30yrs Looks markedly ridged • b/w 25-35yrs The billowing disappears • b/w 35-45yrs Articular surfaces smooth, oval • b/w 45-50yrs Narrow beaded rims • Above 50yrs Shows erosion with breaking down of ventral margins.

Sternum

X-ray Sternum

X-ray Sternum

Sacrum

5 sacral vertebraes remain separated by cartilage until puberty.

Onset of puberty ( ossification of inter-vertebral disc starts from below upward

Fusion of sacral segment ( 20-25yrs completed

Skull suture in estimation of age is not reliable

The closure of sutures usually occurs as follows :- • Fontanelle
Posterior F. closes b/w birth-1.5 months Anterior F. closes by the 2nd yr Postero-lateral F. closes within short period after birth Antero-lateral F. closes within 6 month after birth.

• Metopic suture 2-8yrs b/w frontal bones

• Basi-occiput fuse with basi-sphenoid 18-20yrs (F) 20-22yrs (M)

Closure of Sutures

-Begins on the inner aspect by 5-10yrs earlier than outer aspect.
- Early in males
- In order – sagittal, lambdoid, coronal.

a) Post 1/3 sagittal suture ( 30-40yrs b) Ant. 1/3 sagittal + lower ½ of coronal ( 40-50yrs c) Middle 1/3 sagittal + upper ½ of coronal ( 50-60yrs d) Lambdoid suture ( start closure 25-30yr maximum closure 55yrs

Future Developments

Finger Prints (Galton’s method Dactylography)

Principle:

1. Skin of the balls of finger & thumb part of palm & sole of feet are covered with ridges & grooves having characteristic patterns

2. Each individual has its own constant pattern from birth till death

Peculiarities of this method (advantages)

1. It is considered as the surest sign of identification because prints are present since birth & remain permanent till death until hands are totally destroyed
2. Individualized character

3. No special instrument/ trained person is required for taking prints

4. Records can be kept easily for comparison at any time

5. The print can be faxed from one place to another throughout the world

6. The examiner needs simple training, simple (magnifying lens) for their recognition, classification & matching

7. Computerization of the record is easy

Classification main patters

1. Arch Less common 2. Loop Most common open to ulner side open to radial side 3. Whorl Less than loop 4. Composite less common
Each ridge is further classified into - Core - Island - Delta

There are two methods of taking finger impressions.
1. Plain
2. Rolled

PLAIN:

Is obtained by lightly pressing the inked surface of finger or thumb upon plain paper with out any turning movement.

ROLLED IMPRESSION:

Is obtained by first inking the bulb surface of finger or thumb between the nail boundaries and then rolling the finger or thumb on the paper from one side to the other.
As Rolled impression covers a larger area, it is preferred. While taking thumb impression left thumb in MALES and ‘right thumb in FEMALES is use.

VARIOUS PATTERNS SEEN IN FINGER PRINTS ARE: 1. Arches 5% 2. Loops 60% 3. Whorls ) 4. Composite or compound) 35%

ARCHES:
In arches the ridges run from one side to the other without making back turn.

LOOPS:
Or pocket formation. Here ridges either sway towards the thumb or little finger.
The loops which have a down ward slop towards thumb from little fingers side are known as RADIAL LOOPS. The loops which have a downward slop towards little finger are known as ULNAR LOOPS.

WHORL:

When the ridges run in a circular form around the central core.
An Ideal whorl consists of 3 things.
A Central Core.
Intersecting Ridges.
Two Deltas which fall in the same straight plain.
A Delta is formed when a single ridge bifurcates or by abrupt divergence of two ridges running side by side.

A RECURRENT WHORL:
Is one, which makes a circle in one direction and other in opposite direction.

COMDOUND OR COMPOSITE:
Means all the above three patterns is Arches, Loops and whorls are found mixed in the same impression.

Method of taking impression

1. Clean with sprit then dry 2. Take impression on an ordinary paper 3. Take impression of all the fingers (ten finger) 4. Record personal data on back of paper 5. Finger prints of person suffering from contagious disease like leprosy should not be recorded 6. Obscure prints can be made prominent by using chemical (AGNO3, Iodide) 7. In dead (skin is hard, shriveled) first apply olive oil, then inject paraffin 8. Use rolling method for recording

Impression instead of plain method

Medico-legal importance
Surest & easy method of identification especially for i) Habitual criminals ii) Absconders iii) Cases of impersonation iv) People lost their memory v) Decomposed bodies vi) Mass disaster

Poroscopy

Devised by Mr. Edmond Locard
Principle:-
Sweat glands opening (pores) of the finger ridges varies in size, shape & position but are constant for a given individual. Number of pores varies 9-18 pores /mm
Medico-legal importance - Method of identification
Especially
When finger prints are not visible, fragmentary, blurred

PORTRIAT PARLEY SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION:

In this system the front view and side views of photographs of faces of all international criminals are supplied to all international Airports and sea ports so that a suspected criminal may not escape from suspected country.

FOOT PRINTS:

The impression of a foot or shoes left on ground at the site of crime may help in identifying a criminal. In other countries, at the time of birth, foot print of the new born is taken so as to prevent exchange of children and is kept in record.
In most of the countries foot prints of Air force personal are taken because in case of crash as body is mutilated foot is often preserved because of long and thick shoes.

[pic]

DNA FINGER PRINTS

USE FULL IN

1.FOR IDENTIFICATION IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS INVOLVING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE SUCH AS BLOOD, SEMEN OR HAIR

2. IN CASE OF DISPUTED PATERNITY

DEVELOPED BY DR. ALEC JEFFREYS A BRITISH RESEARCHER

VALUE 100% ACCURATE

PRINCIPLE

IN EVERY ONE’S D.N.A CHAIN THERE ARE BREAKS (CALLED STUTTERS) WHICH APPEAR IN A REPETITIVE PATTERN THROUGHOUT THE DNA MOLECULES. THESE PORTIONS OF MEOLECULES CONTAINING STUTTERS CAN B ISOLATED
AFTER A CHEMICAL TREATMENT OBSERVATIONS ARE COMPARED WITH A SUSPECTED SAMPLE (CONTROL)

PROCEDURE

1. DNA IS EXTRACTED & PURIFIED FROM THE SAMPLE AFTER A LABORATORY PROSESS 2. DNA IS CUT APAPRT WITH A RESTRICTION ENZYMES THAT FRAGMENTS THE DNA DOUBLE STRANDS AT SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES. 3. FRAGMENTED PORTIONS ARE TRANSFERRED TO A NYLON MEMBRANE WHERE THE PROBES ARE ADDED. 4. THE PROBES ATTACH THEMSELVES TO SPECEFIC INVISIBLE BANDS OF REPETATIVE DNA 5. THE MEMBRANE IS EXPOSED TO AN X-RAY FILM RESULTING IN DNA FINGER PRINTING 6. ON X-RAY FILM IT LOOKS LIKE A BAR CODE (BANDS) 7. THE BANDS ARE ANALYSED AND COMPARED TO ESTABLISH POPSITIVE IDENTITY

ADVANTAGES

1. METHODE IS SUPERIOR TO OTHER METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION BECAUSE METHOD IS OBJECTIVE 2. SMALL AMOUNT OF SAMPLE (TISSUE) IS REQUIRED 1-2 DROPS OF BLOOD 10 HAIR ROOTS TRACE OF SEMEN 3. TEST CAN BE PERFORMED ON OLDER SAMPLES 4. LESS TIME CONSUMING 5. COMPARISOION OF FETAL TISSUE AND SUSPECTED FATHER 6. DISADVANTAGES 7. IDENTICAL TWINS HAVE IDENTICAL PATTERNS

CHEILOSCOPY (LIP PRINTS)

INTRODUCED BY JAPANESE
PRINCIPLE:
WRINKLES, CRACKS, CERVICES OF LIPS ARE PERMANNAT & INDIVIDUALIZED CHARACTERSTICS
VALUE:
ACCURATE USEFUL IN LIVING AND AIR CRASH ACCIDENT VICTIMS
DISADVANTAGES
PRINTS MATCH IN IDENTICAL TWINS

SPEECH SPECTROGRAM (IDENTIFICTATION FROM VIOCE)

INVENTED BY:-MR. LAWERENCE G KERSTA (NEW JERCY 1963)
PRINCIPLE:
METHOD IS TO RECORD AND COMPARE THE SPEECH PATTERN OF CHOSEEN WORDS & PHRASES UTTERED BY A PERSON ON DIFFERENT OCCASION

METHOD:-
THE SPEECH PITCH & INTENSITIES AT INTERVALS OF FRACTION OF SECONDS ARE RECORDED AND COMPARING THE RESULTANT SPECTROGRAM OF SAME WORDS WHEN RECORDED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (A TELEPHONE CALL OR VOICE OF SUSPECT)

SUPERIMPOSITION PHOTGRAPHY

SKULL OF DECESED’S X-RAYED IN DIFFERENT VIEW
FRONTA & LATERAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE DECESED WHEN HE WAS ALIVE ARE ENLAGED TO THE SIZE OF RADIOGRAPHS
THE POSITIVE OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND NEGATIVES OF RADIOGRAPHS ARE TECHNICALLY SUPER IMPOSED TO SEE IF THEY TALLY IN CONTOUR OF THE FACE & SKULL
IF THE RADIOGRAPH & PHOTOGRAPHS BELONG TO SAME PERSON ALL SURFACES, CONOURES,ORIFICES WILL MATCH

FRONTAL SINUS PATTERN

CONISDERED AS SUREST METHOD IS AN INDIVIDUALIZED CHARACTER COMPARISION OF X-RAY FRONTAL SINUSES TAKEN DURING LIFE AND AFTER DEATH IS DONE

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

AN EXTREMELY SENSITIVE METHOD TO DETERMINE QUANTITY OF ELEMENT PRESENT IN A MINUTE LEVEL IN A GIVEN SAMPLE
THE ELEMENTS ARE DETECTED FROM HAIRS, NAILS, BLOOD & COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS VALUES, OF A SUSPECT

PRECIPITIN TEST (RING TEST)

USE:
TO DETERMINE THE SOUCE / SPECIES OF SOME BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.
SPECIMEN BONE
COMONLY BLOOD (FRAGMENTRY REMAINS)
STUDIED HAIRS SKIN & SOFT TISSUES SEMEN

TECHNIQUE

1. TAKE FILTERED ISOTONIC SALING EXTRACT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE EXAMINED IN A TEST TUBE 2. THEN PUT A DROP OF SPECIFIC ANTISRA IN THE TUBE 3. A CLOUDY PRECIPITATE AT THE LINE OF CONTACT WILL BE OBSERVED IF TEST IS POSITIVE

TRACE EVIDENCE

TRACE MEANING • TO SKETCH, MARK OUT • COPY • FOLLOW THE TRACK OR PATH OF SOME ONE • TRACK LEFT BY PERSON • VISIBLE SIGNS OF WHAT HAS EXISTED OR HAPPENED • SMALL AMOUNT

TRACE EVIDENCE

DEFINITION:-
ANY MATERIAL (IRRESPECTIVE OF ITS QUANTITY, WHICH HELPS IN IDENTIFICATION OBJECTIVELY, OR GIVE CLUES ABOUT CRIME OR CONNECT THE CRIMINAL WITH CRIME

LOCARD’S PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE

1. EVERY CONTACT LEAVES A TRACE 2. THE NATURE / CHARACTER OF TRACE MUST BE CONFIRMED BY CAMPARING IT WITH A CONTROL, TO GIVE IT AN EVIDENTIAL VALUE

IMPORTANT MESSAGE:-
TRANSFER OF TRACE MAY BE AND IS OFTEN TWO WAY PROCESS

CLASSIFICATION

THANK YOU

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...national policy which promotes anti-discriminatory practice. There are several national policies and legislations in place to make sure that individual’s are not discriminated against due to their circumstances. One of these is the Age Discrimination Act 2006. Age discrimination, or ‘ageism’, is defined by personnel today as “any prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of age”. When we talk of age discrimination in a work place, this is generally where someone has missed out on the opportunity to get a job on the grounds of their age, whether they are thought of as too old or too young. The Age Discrimination Act 2006 requires that all employment practices are based on skills and competences, rather than the age of the person. Not only does this policy have rules regarding getting employed, it has rules that must be followed when the employee is working. So, if an individual feels that they are being treated differently because of their age, they are able to make a complaint against that staff member/colleague and/or sue them. A strength of the Age Discrimination act is that when employers are looking for new staff members, they will employ staff based on how suited they are to the job. Sometimes, when employers don’t think that someone of an older age will be the best for the job, this can be a mistake. In some cases, the applicant who is slightly older might be better for the job as it might mean that they have more skills to offer for the job. In a health and social care...

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Impacts of Human Life Expectancy

...Impact of Human Life Expectancy Increases in life expectancy in the world’s human population has measurable effects on the environment. Since recorded history, the age that people die has expanded to approximately 75 years, on average. Most experts believe that this is due to social reforms and technology, rather than evolution. People did not start evolving to increased life expectancies; rather they became more efficient at using medicines, disease prevention, processing food and energy sources and this had an increasing effect in simply living longer. Sex, age, geographic location, demographic groups, time period and wealth certainly are factors when calculating life expectancy. In the middle ages, a child living past the age of five could potentially live well beyond a projected age of 25 years. This depended greatly on surviving birth or disease and if they happened to be a member of higher social class, having access to better or a higher abundance of food. Statistics for women actually surviving child-birth are much higher in recent history than 200 years ago, Simply because we are better suited medically to overcome the problems they experienced. Geographic and economic status are another big part of the increases. Developed nations have significant increases when compared to many lesser developed nations. The World Health Organization shows no real large increases in life expectancies in many nations in Africa and the Mid-East...

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