...sector. Considered an integral part in the country’s economy, the agriculture sector accounts a significant portion of the total employment, which ranged from 45-50% during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this failure of comprehensive agrarian reform and in pronouncing these mistakes, did other countries experience who also employed land reforms if they experienced similar dilemmas. We argue that deeply seated class structures have inevitably played a role in this development policy outcome, particularly elite groups and landlords who have established themselves in the political...
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...Harsh conditions, death, poverty, the overall unsentimental nature of life, and definition of an identity are all are subjects explored by writers Lucille Clifton and John Crowe Ransom in their writings. Although the two poets came from very different lives, the unique search for identity and meaning in life unites the two writer's poems in their expression of life. John Crowe Ransom a very distinguished gentleman born as the third child to a Methodist minister was raised in a very literate family. At age fifteen Ransom enrolled in Tennessee's esteemed Vanderbilt University where he later became a founding member of the group of writers known as the fugitives. Favoring poetic modernism in the early 1900's, The fugitives focus was on philosophy, american pragmatisim and the loss of a "southern identity and culture" due to the industrialization of the time period. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1909 Ransom went on to become an English teacher, Rhodes Scholar and later the headof the english department at Vnderbilt. Allthe while Ransom gained notoriety with scholars for his candid and unique way of examining emotional situations with little eotional pull or bias. With rootsin psychology, Ransom's poetry examines the ironic and unsentimental nature of life. Much like Ransom, poet Lucille Clifton often explored the rigityof the world, however Clifton's insight and ability to write about such rigity come from her impoverished and unprivilaged upbringing. Born in 1936 to father...
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...Report and analyze the article in regard to the implications of Agrarian reform and land distribution in Brazil. February 8, 2012 The history of land reform in Brazil to this day remains one of the major unsolved problem since the colonial era. Indeed, during the 18th century, Brazil, a Portuguese colony still has not experienced the social movements that democratizing access to land and that have changed the face of Europe, as presented today. In the 19th century, the specter that spreads across Europe and served to accelerate social progress has not crossed the Atlantic Ocean and affects Brazil with its large concentration of land but unevenly distributed among populations. While, unlike the United States, which, during the colonization of the territories of northern and central-west, settled the problem of access to land, the colonization of land in Brazil have continued to follow the old latifundium model, dominated by the old rural oligarchy. The 1930 revolution that overthrew the old coffee-based oligarchy , has deeply encourages the process of industrialization...
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...AS MORE than a hundred peasants from Bukidnon continue their march to Malacañang to own the land they have been fighting for, a leader of a tribal group thinks the protesting peasants should also go beyond the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (Carper) campaign. Datu Jomorito Goaynon, chairman of the lumad group Kalumbay, said the marching peasants must not rely on Carper alone to fight for their lands, but also lobby for the approval of the Genuine Agrarian Reform Bill (Garb). Garb, or House Bill 374, is a legislation that Goaynon hopes would offer peasants a far better alternative than what Carper has to offer. uthored by members of the progressive party-list representatives, Garb is still pending at the House of Representatives, while Carper, also known as Republic Act 9700, is set to expire on June 30, 2014. While farmer-groups like Task Force Mapalad (TFM) and Alliance of Land Rights Movement in Mindanao (Alarm-Mindanao) have initiated the march for a cause for the second time to remind the government of their demands, Goaynon said, "They should also set their sights on Garb since Carper’s timeframe is almost at its end." The problem with Carper, he said, is that there are loopholes agri corporations or huge land owners can tweak to their advantage and to the detriment of the peasants. “Their cause is reasonable since they only want to have land they can call their own, but I think Carper may not be the best answer to that,” Goaynon told Sun...
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...Case Digest, How to Write by Diory Rabajante on Sunday, April 4, 2010 Under: tips A case digest or a case brief is a written summary of the case. A case sometimes involves several issues. Digesting the same would help the student in separating one issue from another and understanding how the Court resolved the issues in the case. The student does not need to discuss all the issues decided in the case in his case digest. He only needs to focus on the relevant issue or the issue related to the subject that he is taking. A case digest may also serve as a useful study aid for class discussions and exams. A student who has a case digest does not need to go back to the case in order to remember what he has read. Format of the Case Digest I. Caption. This includes the title of the case, the date it was decided, and citation. Include also the petitioner, respondent, and the ponente. II. Facts. There is no need to include all the facts. Just include those that are relevant to the subject. III. Issues. Include only those that are relevant. Issues are usually framed in the form of questions that are answerable by "yes" or "no," for example, "Is the contract void?" Sometimes, students frame the question by starting it with the word "whether," for example, "Whether the contract is void" or "Whether or not the contract is void." The answer to the question has to be answered in the ruling. IV. Ruling. This usually starts with a "yes" or a "no." This is the answer to the question/s...
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...The Difference between Agrarian Reform and Land Reform Agrarian Reform • Compromises of land reform and development of complimentary institutional frameworks such as administrative agencies of the national government rural education and social welfare institution • It means remedying not only the defects in the distribution and use of land but also and especially, the accompanying human relations regarding lands, including economic, social and political relations. • Deals with general agricultural practice like introducing crop rotation or mechanization. • Making better use of farm lands, either it be adding animals or taking them off Land Reform • Refers to the full range of measures that may or should be taken to improve or remedy the respect to the farmer's right in the land they till. • Refers to all sets of activities and measures defined as an integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of defects in the agrarian structure. • Land reform deals with apportionment of lands usually transferring lands from upper class to lower class. • Deals in who is allotted to control the land, generally this type of refom takes away from good users to many users. • Is concerned with rights in land, and their character strength and distribution. • Refers to the improvement of the farmers relationship to the land that they cultivate. However,it is not only the life of the farmer to till the land, but they were also...
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...AGRARIAN REFORM CURRENT ANG HISTORICAL PROBLEMS BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AGRARIAN REFORM * Historically, agrarian-related remedies extended by past regimes and administrators proved to be totally unable to fulfill the promise of alleviating the quality of life of the landless peasants. * The land laws have invariably contained provisions that enabled powerful landowners to circumvent the law, or even use the law to sustain and further strengthen their positions in power. 1. Pre-Spanish Era - Land was not unequally distributed before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. - The notion of private property was unknown then. - The community (barangay) owned the land. 2. Spanish Period (1521-1898) - One of the major initial policies of the governorship of Legazpi was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as part of public domain regardless of local customs. - As such, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal civilian and military as rewards. * In effect, communal ownership of land gradually and slowly took the backseat. * Private ownership of land was introduced. * With this arrangement, every municipal resident was given his choice of the land for cultivation, free from tax. * Large tracts of uncultivated lands not circumscribed within a given municipality were granted by the Spanish monarch to deserving Spaniards. * This kind of ownership became known as the encomienda...
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...Q3) Separatist and secessionist movements have been a common and persistent feature in post-colonial Southeast Asia. Using specific examples provide an argument as to why you think this is the case. The balance of armed conflicts has shifted towards those which take place predominantly within states. The growing number of separatist and secessionist movements in Southeast Asia has become an increasing threat to political stability in the region and have been a major source of disruption in post-colonial times. The region has both the highest incidence of ethnic conflict and the highest number of independent ethno-political groups, with most internal conflicts based around communal, religious or ethnic issues (Reilly 2002, 8). This essay will argue that separatism is a result of a collective sense of grievance from social, economic, ethnic or political marginalisation. It will present the case studies of West Papua and the GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) movement in Aceh, Indonesia to demonstrate this marginalisation and its relation to national coherency in the terms of perceptions of identity and inclusion within national discourse. Firstly, this essay will discuss the modernisation and democratisation of the region and the role it plays in marginalisation. It will then explore the marginalisation in West Papua and Aceh and compare the effect on both separatist movements. The region of Southeast Asia is in the midst of significant economic, social and political change. From...
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...During the Gilded Age period, the United States experienced countless advancements in manufacturing and industrialization by the building of factories and railroad expansions. While America’s economy and manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture and the farmers who practiced agriculture were slowly being left behind. What once employed more than half of the United State’s population at 59.3% diminished to only 33.3% in a span of fifty years. By the end of 1899, manufacturing occupied half of the population, in addition to the growing numbers of the population involved in mining and construction. (Document 7) Due to the decrease of profits and increase in taxes held against them, farmers gained an increasing amount of discontent and resent towards...
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...politics in Italy, in which larger, permanent parties form and attempt to form a non-coalition government. The liberals were unable to adapt and unite to form a single party which would have allowed them to maintain power in the new system. This combined with the Socialist and Catholic refusal to join coalitions with the liberals resulted in discontent with the democratic parliamentary system in Italy, ‘paving the way’ for the rise of Fascism. However the problems with Italian politics were present long before the First World War, as the already mentioned trasformismo politics between different liberal factions made it very difficult for a government to last for an extended period of time. Furthermore a North-South divide existed in Italy and expanded as the North industrialised quicker than the more rural and agrarian south. This divide meant that many Italians felt as though Italy wasn’t truly united. The Vatican also created problems early on in Liberal Italy’s history, as the Pope instructed Italian Catholics not to participate in the Liberal State, as a vast majority of the population of Italy were catholic, this resulted in discontent very early on. The foreign policy of liberal Italy, which aimed to acquire a significant portion of Africa for an overseas empire and national prestige would result in embarrassing defeats against native forces at the Battle of...
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...SUDDEN DECLINE OF CHINA´S GROWTH After Second World War, the communist party started the installation of a planned economy in China, led by Mao Zedong. In order to transform rapidly the country from an agrarian economy to a communist society through fast industrialization and collectivization of the lands, the communist party led an economical and social campaign from 1958 to 1961 called the Great Leap Forward. The collectivization and prohibition of private farming led to The Great Chinese Famine which killed more than thirty million Chinese from starvation, but also from persecution of the party against those who weren´t abiding by the rules and also 1 to 3 million people committed suicide. The Great Leap Forward has met economic regression and Mao were criticized and then marginalized in the Communist Party and new politicians more moderated as Deng Xiaoping started to raise more power. After Mao´s death in 1976, reformists of the Communist Party started a new program of economic reforms led by Deng Xiaoping. The program called “Socialism with Chinese characteristics” started in 1978. These reforms included capitalism market principles and have been carried out in two stages. The first stage in the late 70´s and early 80´s, the agriculture has been decollectivized, and Xiaoping allowed farmers to keep the land's output after paying a share to the state. This move increased agricultural production, increased the living standards of hundreds of millions of farmers and stimulated...
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...oppressive acts. They had the power to veto, meaning to forbid any unjust act of the magistrate, and also, they were made inviolable, meaning they couldn’t be arrested. Both tribunes were assisted by two aediles, also from the plebeians. By having meetings as a permanent assembly, the plebeians got a position in the state that they had never held before. This assembly could create resolutions and it was called by the tribunes. Furthermore, even if Sp. Cassius proposed the first agrarian law in order to make a more just distribution of land, his efforts were in vain because the patricians used their influences to prevent its passage. After 50 years and not so many changes, it was clear to the plebeians that they had to be equal before the law, in order to diminish the land conflict. However, given that the patricians were opposed to the publication of the law to the whole people, ten more years passed without any right change. Some concessions were made, so that the plebeians could reduce their discontent, however, they weren’t satisfied. Therefore, more effort had to be added so that little by little the law could be published to the people, the plebeians could understand it and then, act or react upon it....
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...Question 2 10 / 10 pts In the early 1900's, inflated currency actually came to the country through an increase in the gold supply. Earlier, William Jennings Bryan had sought inflation by ____________. selling Federal Treasury Bonds at a discounted rate. increasing the amount of silver coinage and silver-backed paper money. decreasing the amount of gold in circulation. increasing government expenditures to stimulate the economy. reducing the prime interest rate to stimulate investments. Question 3 10 / 10 pts In the Ocala Demands, the Populists demanded the abolishment of the national government. True False Question 4 10 / 10 pts Complete the following progression: AGRARIAN DISCONTENT; the GRANGE ASSOCIATIONS; FARMERS' ALLIANCES; _____________. Coxey's Army The Populist Party the Grange associations the election of Rutherford Hayes as President unionization Question 5 10 / 10 pts Which of the following terms is not compatible with the other terms on the list? economic stimulus package "bailouts" to troubled farmers or businesses "hands off" governmental attitude monopoly regulation welfare provisions Question 6 10 / 10 pts Your railroad line has made a fortune through questionable practices such as rebates, rate discrimination, and...
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...The Sources of Japanese Militarism Source: J.B. Crowley, “A New Deal for Japan and Asia: One Road to Pearl Harbor” (1970)1 Introduction While the events of Pearl Harbor (1941) became “a date which will live in infamy” for the Americans, it is doubted by many if the attack was to be expected due to the rigid U.S. policy toward Japan. Crowley argues that by not acting against the 1931 Japanese intervention in Manchuria the U.S. “condemned itself to Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War”. In the perspective of the Vietnam War the aspects of Asian nationalism, the heritage of colonialism, communist ideology & national movement emerged. America’s role in Asia should be reassessed, and a better understanding of Asian racism and nationalism is needed. In this perspective Pearl Harbor will be seen as a by-product of Asian nationalism and as a conflict between an Asian country and the Occidental nationalism. As he assumes for the Japanese Pearl Harbor portrayed “a blow against the efforts of the Occidental powers to strangle Japan”. He quotes Tokutomi Sohō’s comment on the Imperial Declaration of War: “We must show the races of East Asia that order, tranquillity, peace... can be gained only by eradicating... [the Anglo-Saxons] ...and by making Nippon the leader of East Asia.” The essay of Crowley aims to help the better understanding of nationalism, colonialism, communism and imperialism in the Asian setting. The post-WW1 situation 1 Besides this essay, I relayed on the Wikipedia...
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...Within the context of the period 1801-1917, to what extent was the fall of Tsarism a consequence of significant social development in Russian society? Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication on 2nd March 1917 marked the end of Tsarism’s iron grip on Russia and the subsequent revolution was the clearest possible sign of political and social upheaval. Finally, its people had tired of their nation’s own backwardness and were looking for improvements to an archaic system which they had endured for hundreds of years. Seldom does a revolution succeed without violence being an integral part of its development, and the Russian revolution was no exception. However, there are economic and political factors that helped contribute to the outbreak of this civil disobedience, which must be considered. Underpinning these issues is the stark difference in the social dynamics of Russia between the early 19th century and the early 20th century. The social dichotomy that had presented itself was one that no other European power had experienced. Russia was the only European super-power to still employ serfdom by the time of its termination, for its roots had been deeply embedded in Russian culture. Historian Jonathon Bromley believes the longevity of serfdom was because it “served the economic interests of the nobility and the political interests of the Tsarist state.” This implies that the economic policy and political foundations of the country were predicated on its social structure; therefore social stability...
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