...CASE 45 AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival Worldwide, more than 2 million people died of AIDS in 2009, and more than 33 million are estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS. BRAZIL Half a million Brazilians are infected with the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and millions more are at high risk of contracting the incurable ailment, a federal study reported. The Health Ministry study is Brazil’s first official attempt to seek an estimate of the number of residents infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many had doubted the government’s prior number of 94,997. The report by the National Program for Transmissible Diseases/AIDS said 27 million Brazilians are at high risk to contract AIDS, and another 36 million are considered to be at a medium risk. It said Brazil could have 7.5 million AIDS victims in the next decade. “If we are going to combat this epidemic, we have to do it now,” said Pedro Chequer, a Health Ministry official. Chequer said the Health Ministry would spend $300 million next year, distributing medicine and 250 million condoms and bringing AIDS awareness campaigns to the urban slums, where the disease is most rampant. Last month, Brazil became one of the few countries to offer a promising AIDS drug free to those who need it. The drug can cost as much as $12,000 a year per patient. AIDS cases in Brazil have risen so dramatically for married women that the state of São Paulo decided that it must attack a basic cultural practice in Latin...
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...suffering from AIDS globally, especially in Brazil and India. In Brazil, almost half a million are affected with AIDS and millions more at high risk on acquiring it. This is due to the machistic society, where married man having marital affairs and woman not asking their husbands to use condoms because of fear of getting beaten and losing support. Also, the price of Condoms is expensive in Brazil compared to other countries. In India, 5 million are already infected with HIV 6 years after the first detection, which makes this country spreading the virus faster than in any country. But AIDS is not the primary concern due to other health problems. And some Indian states deny the existence within their areas. Tamil Nadu was the first stat is introduce AIDS education and awareness. The London International Group (LIG) is well known in its latex and thin-film barrier technology, which is used in Durex condoms. Durex is the only global condom brand and protecting its position by “feeling is everything”. LIG entered Japan with a joint venture with Okamoto Industries and promoting the Durex Avanti condoms, which is stronger than latex and can be made thinner and can make the experience more natural. Identification of the Problems 1. Brazil • Brazilians don’t like condoms, and females are afraid of getting beaten or loose support if they told their husbands to use it. • Due to Brazil being a Catholic country, the church doesn’t tolerate the use of condoms. • The price...
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...CASE 45 AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival Plus, Latin-style machismo leaves women with little bargaining power. Only 14 percent of Brazilian heterosexual men used condoms last year, according to AIDSCAP, an AIDS prevention program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development. In other studies, many women said they would not ask their partner to use a condom, even if they knew he was sleeping with others. “Women are afraid of asking their men to have safe sex, afraid of getting beaten, afraid of losing their economic support,” says Guido Carlos Levi, a director at the health department at Emilio Ribas Hospital. “This is not Mexico, but we’re quite a machoistic society here.” The frequency with which Latin men stray from monogamous relationships has compounded the problem. In studies conducted in Cuba by the Pan American Health Organization, 49 percent of men and 14 percent of women in stable relationships admitted they had had an affair in the past year. In light of statistics showing AIDS as the number one killer of women of childbearing age in São Paulo state, public health offi cials launched a campaign promoting the female condom. The hope is that it will help women—especially poor women—protect themselves and their children. But the female condom seemed unlikely to spark a latex revolution when it hit city stores. The price is $2.50 apiece—more than three times the price of most male condoms. The Family Health Association is asking the government...
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...The AIDS virus is spreading rapidly throughout India and Brazil. Due to the differences in culture and political policies, these two countries are attacking the AIDS epidemic problem in two totally different ways. | 1. Brazil plans to spend hundreds of millions of dollars for teaching public AIDS awareness mainly to married women and Carnival goers. * Inefficient and a waste of money- Brazilian men apparently refuse to wear condoms for protection because they are expensive to buy and the men do not like to wear them. * A woman asking her mate to use a condom is considered an insult to a Brazilian male. * Even their sexual partner is sleeping around, these women are afraid of confronting their partners because they are afraid of being beaten, or losing their economic support. 2. The ministry should buy more of the female version. The female condom was highly approved by the women who tested it, so the expense for purchasing and distributing them would be more effective. * This version is three times the cost of male condoms; they would not be able to buy as many. | In comparison, India has chosen a different approach in its efforts to expand AIDS awareness in their country. 1. Instead of just targeting high-risks groups, Tamil Nadu uses its AIDS education program to reach the overall population. * This differs significantly from the Brazilian strategy that primarily targets married women and Carnival goers. 2. Tamil Nadu is attempting to use established forms...
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...face the greatest burden because they must find ways to earn income while caring for their family. The diagnosis of AIDS/HIV is just another burden on top of their strenuous life. Of the 37 million people living with HIV/AIDS, an overwhelming 95 percent live in developing countries. Within those countries, AIDS is becoming a greater threat in rural areas than in cities. The epidemic is spreading with alarming speed into the remotest villages, cutting food production and threatening the very life of rural communities. This will then bleed into threatening the city and then the country itself. This disease has caused more death than war itself around the world. The article concentrates on Brazil and the different ways they are addressing their issues of HIV/AIDs. They are doing a good job stretching their budget to meet the need for condoms, informational meetings, plays, and movies, and supplying medicine for infected people in their country. As a country Brazil is trying very hard to address the situation of the deadly disease and trying to make sure their people know the consequence of not using protection in and out of wedlock. These informative meetings are very important to attempt to decrease the number of infected people in each country and the supply of condoms with the appropriate funds. DUREX is a great company that is globally known for their condom distribution and is trying to expand their acceptance into certain countries. DUREX needs to continue their positive...
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...AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival 1. Comment on the Brazilian and Indian governments’ strategies for the prevention of AIDS via the marketing of condoms. I think the Brazilian government’s strategies is good, because they are allowing the prevention of contract AIDS, because they are getting closer to a big part of Brazilian people that could be in high risk of contracting or that are already infected with the incurable ailment; however, its necessary that the government makes another strategy for an attack in an effective way. That’s why I think it is necessary to make programs of sexual education to all the Brazilian population especially in the poor sector and the youth, which are the most vulnerable ones. Unlike the Brazilian strategies, the Indian government is making a good campaign according to their culture and religious believes. It would be a very good strategy to look at the open minded cities to bring them AIDS education from high schools to universities and the rest of the society and in this way start to create a responsible conscious about sexually transmitted diseases. 2. How is the AIDS problem different in the United States compared with Brazil and India? The AIDS problem in the United States compared with Brazil is smaller because the culture in this country allows that the women can freely ask their sexual partner to use protection. Brazilian women can’t do this because of the Latin-Style machismo that makes them feel afraid and overpowered by their...
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...conception, the use of condom also prevents the spread of AIDS. For this reason, people are encouraged to use condoms during sexual relations. Indirectly, the condom encourages sex outside marriage. In my opinion, I personally think that the Ministry of Health should not organize a “Use Condom” campaign. This is because the priority and the main concern should be focused more on the practical and efficient ways in how to prevent HIV and AIDS instead of encourage people to use condoms which don’t seem enough to stop the spread of AIDS. Although condom can help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV and AIDS, but somehow it provides less protection against certain STD especially involved skin to skin contact, which including human papillomavirus or known as HPV like genital warts, syphilis and genital herpes. Using condom during sexual intercourse will reduce the risk of HIV and AIDS infection, but it doesn’t provide 100% protection against the diseases infection. There are still some rare cases in which some people were infected with HIV although they were using condom during sexual activities. The objective of the “Use Condom” campaign seem like only focus on the use of condoms which sending the wrong message that it’s fine to do any illicit sexual activities as long as using condom and will not get infected with these diseases. Not only that, there are still many ways to get infected with HIV and AIDS other than sexual activities. HIV and AIDS can get transmitted...
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...quickly comes to the opinion that the Education Minister is delaying the process in hopes for a bribe. The local school officials are eager for the food supplies and assure Sarah that they can distribute the food on their own with or without the Minister’s approval. Sarah sends an email to the executive committee in London requesting instructions on what she should do. The food has to be supplied within the next several days before the monsoons come. ROLE PLAY. You are members of the executive committee. What should Sarah do? CASE #2. Combatting AIDS can be fun—or not? Jessica Eager is a young American working with a group of international interns in the President Clinton AIDS-Awareness Campaign—a US-based educational NGO operating in Africa—that has sent the team out after a slide-show introduction to African culture and instructions to be creative. She thinks she has the perfect approach to getting the word out about condom use to young people in the village of Northern Nigeria....
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...[pic] What is Withdrawal? The withdrawal method of contraception, also known as coitus interruptus, is the practice of withdrawing the penis from vagina away from a woman’s external genitals before ejaculation to prevent pregnancy. How to use withdrawal Contraception method? • The male sexual partner should withdraw his penis from the female partner's vagina when he feels like he is about to ejaculate • Ensure that his penis is away from the woman's external genital area before ejaculating • Urinating helps wash away any sperm which may remain in his penis, so after ejaculation, the man should urinate before having sex again • Emergency contraceptives should be used if the method fails How withdrawal methods work? It prevents sperm coming into contact with an oocyte and therefore prevents fertilization by preventing sperm entering the woman’s uterus. Benefits of Withdrawal Contraceptive • It has no side effects • It is available to all couples as a primary or backup method • It is priceless • It may encourage couples to communicate and promotes male responsibility for contraceptive protection • It help males to manage premature ejaculation Limitations of Withdrawal Contraception • It is one of the least effective contraceptive methods • High levels of self control is...
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...MICRO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ON KOHINOOR CONDOMS A Term Paper submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Credits in Micro Economics by Abhilasha Bhatt (M02/12) Subha Mookherjee (M40/12) Varun Yadav (M46/12) Veluguri VKVSC Kumar (M47/12) Kaustav Saha(F03/12) Under the guidance of Dr. Amarendu Nandy to the DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT RANCHI RANCHI – 834008, JHARKAND Acknowledgement This work has been carried out during 2011-2012 at the Economics Department of Indian Institute of Management, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Amarendu Nandy for making it possible for us to analyze the micro economic factors relevant in a condom industry, for his help and advice during this work, and for his contribution and support. We would also like to thank all the people and medical store owners who volunteered for the survey. Preface For the last few decades, the number of sexually transmitted diseases has increased- the most dangerous of them being AIDS. It is important to be aware of the ways of combating such problems. One of the ways to prevent the spread of STDs is by the use of condoms. The project aims to study the microeconomic environment around Kohinoor (Condom). The analysis covers economic and non-economic factors influencing demand, product differentiation, effect of policies and consumer preferences for the product. We have rolled out online surveys and conducted field surveys for data...
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...Sexual Education: Who Cares And Why The range of beliefs on sex education is extremely broad and multi-sided. Religious, cultural, gender, and social factors intermix, affecting the way that these different groups believe and act. Most people take a conservative or moderate view on most points of the debate, and liberal views on other points. Very few reside at either extreme. The groups at each extreme are the ones to look at because they make it their goal to make people see their point of view, giving shape to the overall view of the subject. The amount of division near each extreme makes it very difficult to find a view with which the whole group can be happy. Christian religions divide when it comes to how the Bible should be interpreted and what is right and wrong. Within each sect of religion, cultures, genders, and classes divide as to what is right and wrong and how children should be taught. Children from each class and culture grow up in different environments, affecting what and how they learn, inside and outside of school. People in one religion can have similar beliefs as those held by someone in another religion, but the religious differences make it difficult for them to unite in support of the belief. Religion is the most notorious for associating sex with marriage. The Catholic Church stands the most firm on the idea sex should be confined to marriage. The Church says contraception blocks the presence of God in the sexual act and is therefore wrong....
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...Harris Making Sex Education Mandatory in High Schools 1 Harris It is imperative to support the provision of high quality sexual education in schools. Sexual education in high school continues to be a controversial subject in today’s society. It is wishful thinking to assume that young adults do not engage in sexual activity. Many students become sexually active during high school (McKay and Bissel 48). Canadian guidelines describe sexual health education “the process of equipping individuals, couples, families and communities with the information, motivation, and behavioral skills needed to enhance sexual health and avoid negative outcomes” (McKay and Bissel 53). Parents and teachers are the key source of guidance and support for teenagers in regards to sexuality and sexual behavior (McKay and Bissel 50). Comprehensive sexual health education should be mandatory in high school as it can provide students with accurate information from trained professionals regarding pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) and HIV. Both abstinence-focused and comprehensive sexual education programs agree on the fact that abstinence is the safest method for preventing unwanted pregnancy and STI’s. Those in favor of abstinence-focused programs argue that comprehensive sexual health education programs encourage youth to engage in sexual behavior. Abstinencefocused programs stand behind the notion that one should refrain from sexual activity before marriage (Silva 471). Various...
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...Abstinence vs Condom Distributiom Sexual education was introduced to the American public school system in 1913. The superintendent of schools, Ella Flagg Young promoted the teaching of sexual education and implemented sex hygiene lectures in the Chicago, IL School system (Allen 17). The goal then was to reduce social problems such as venereal disease and prostitution by educating the public about sex. Now, in the beginning of the twenty-first century, goals are different, but the conflicting opinions on sexual education are still going on strong. Health promotion goals for teenagers include postponement of sexual activity until psycho social maturity and consistent use of condoms by those who do engage in sexual intercourse (Dillion 35). Most people agree with these goals to a certain degree. However, the tension arises when methods of meeting these goals are discussed. The following report explains some of the biggest issues dwelling around how the public schools should teach sexual education. The two ma! in options discussed are teaching abstinence and condom distribution. Throughout the US, school districts and states are basing their policies around these two ideas. The importance of this issue is very significant. Over last century, our statistics for teen health and sexuality problems have been getting worse and worse. The decision that we make now will decide if we: 1.educate and inspire our youth and the sexual health status of our youth improves for...
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...|There are many ways to get information. The most common research methods are: literature searches, talking with people, focus groups, personal interviews, | |telephone surveys, mail surveys, email surveys, and internet surveys. | |A literature search involves reviewing all readily available materials. These materials can include internal company information, relevant trade | |publications, newspapers, magazines, annual reports, company literature, on-line data bases, and any other published materials. It is a very inexpensive | |method of gathering information, although it often does not yield timely information. Literature searches over the web are the fastest, while library | |literature searches can take between one and eight weeks. | |Talking with people is a good way to get information during the initial stages of a research project. It can be used to gather information that is not | |publicly available, or that is too new to be found in the literature. Examples might include meetings with prospects, customers, suppliers, and other types | |of business conversations at trade shows, seminars, and association meetings. Although often valuable, the information has questionable validity because it | |is highly subjective and might not be representative of the...
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...Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers 3rd Edition Sexual health education in the schools: Questions & Answers (3rd edition) A resource with answers to your questions about sexual health education in our schools This resource document was prepared by Alexander McKay, Ph.D, Research Coordinator, and Mary Bissell, Ph.D., Information Services Coordinator, Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIECCAN) contEntS IntroductIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 QuEStIonS: 1. Sexual health and Canadian youth: How are we doing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Why do we need sexual health education in the schools?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Do parents want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Do young people want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. What values are taught in school-based sexual health education?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Does providing youth with sexual health education lead to earlier or more frequent sexual activity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Is there...
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