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Albert Einsteins Relativitätstheorie

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INHALTVERZEICHNIS:

-Albert Einstein
-Relativitätstheorie
-Zeitdilatation
-Lichtuhr
-Relativitätstheorie in einem Diagramm
-Vergangenheit,Gegenwart und Zukunft
-Raumzeit

Albert Einstein

Die wichtigsten Punkte von seinem Leben

Er begründete mit der Entwicklung der Speziellen (1905) und der Allgemeinen (1915) Relativitätstheorie ein neues physikalisches Weltbild. Die Relativitätstheorie bringt Raum und Zeit in Zusammenhang mit der Gravitation und besagt, dass die Zeit in verschiedenen Initialsystemen keine konstante Größe ist. Den Nobelpreis für Physik 1921 erhielt Albert Einstein allerdings nicht für diese bahnbrechende Erkenntnis, sondern für seine Beiträge zur Quantentheorie. Einstein war in München aufgewachsen und hatte in Zürich studiert. Nach der Veröffentlichung seiner ersten Arbeiten erhielt er 1905 einen Ruf an die Züricher Universität. 1914 ging er als außerordentlicher Professor nach Berlin. Einstein nahm auch aus seinem zutiefst pazifistischen Standpunkt heraus Stellung zu Fragen der Politik. 1933 emigrierte er aus dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Reich. 1939 gehörte er zu den Initiatoren der US-Atomrüstung, weil er glaubte, die Deutschen verfügten bereits über die Atombombe. 1941 nahm der die Staatsbürgerschaft der USA an. Nach 1945 warnte er vor der Vernichtungskraft der Kernwaffen.

Relativitätsthorie

Die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie (SRT) besagt, dass bestimmte Aspekte der Realität vom Bewegungszustand des Beobachters abhängen. Es gibt nach der SRT nicht nur eine Realität, sondern unendlich viele verschiedene, weil es unendlich viele Geschwindigkeiten gibt, mit denen sich ein Beobachter bewegen kann.

Am bekanntesten ist, dass Längen und Zeiten anders wahrgenommen werden, wenn man sich schnell bewegt. Misst beispielsweise ein ruhender Beobachter, dass ein Körper eine Länge von 6,0 m aufweist, dann würde ein Beobachter, der sich mit 60 Prozent der Lichtgeschwindigkeit bewegt, nur eine Länge von 4,8 m messen. Wie stark die wahrgenomme Länge verkürzt ist, hängt von der Geschwindigkeit des Beobachters ab. Je höher die Geschwindigkeit ist, desto größer ist die Längenkontraktion.

Die Theorie zeigt, dass auch viele weitere Größen keinen absoluten Charakter besitzen, sondern sich ändern, wenn sich der Bewegungszustand des Beobachters ändert. Zu diesen Größen zählen zum Beispiel die Kraft, die elektrische Feldstärke und die Masse eines Körpers. Weil viele physikalische Größen nach der Theorie keinen absoluten, sondern einen relativen Charakter haben, spricht man von der Relativitätstheorie.

Das "spezielle" an der Theorie besteht darin, dass sie nur in Abwesenheit von Gravitationsfeldern gilt. Treten Gravitationsfelder auf, muss die sogenannte Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (ART) verwendet werden, die auf der SRT aufbaut, aber mathematisch sehr viel anspruchsvoller ist.

Einstein selbst formulierte das Relativitätsprinzip damals so:
"Die Gesetze, nach denen sich die Zustände der physikalischen Systeme ändern, sind unabhängig davon, auf welches von zwei relativ zueinander in gleichförmiger Translationsbewegung befindlichen Koordinatensystemen diese Zustandsänderungen bezogen werden."

Etwas einfacher kann man sagen:
In jedem unbeschleunigten Laborraum gelten dieselben Naturgesetze.

Zeitdilatation:

Bei der Zeitdilatation (Dilatation bedeutet ausbreiten) handelt es sich um ein Phänomen der Relativitätstheorie. Befindet sich ein Beobachter im Zustand der gleichförmigen Bewegung geht nach der speziellen Relativitätstheorie jede relativ zu ihm bewegte Uhr aus seiner Sicht langsamer. Diesem Phänomen unterliegen allerdings nicht nur Uhren, sondern die Zeit im bewegten System selbst und damit jeder beliebige Vorgang. Die Zeitdilatation ist umso stärker, je größer die Relativgeschwindigkeit der Uhr ist. Um dieses Phänomen zu beobachten, braucht man natürlich Geschwindigkeit näher zur Lichtgeschwindigkeit.

Lichtuhr:

Für eine einfache Erklärung dieses Faktors kann das Konzept der Lichtuhr herangezogen werden. Eine Lichtuhr besteht aus zwei Spiegeln im Abstand d, die einen kurzen Lichtblitz hin und her reflektieren. Dieses Gedankenexperiment wurde erstmals 1909 von Gilbert Newton Lewis und Richard C. Tolman besprochen

Die Wegstrecke vom unteren bis zum oberen Spiegel ist jedoch für das Photon der bewegten Lichtuhr länger als für das der ruhenden Lichtuhr, und daher entsteht eine größere Zeitspanne, bis es vom einen zum anderen Spiegel gelangt.

Die bewegte Lichtuhr hat eine längere Periodendauer als die ruhende. Das bedeutet, dass der Vorgang, wenn er von einem bewegten System aus beobachtet wird, langsamer ist als im Ruhsystem der Lichtuhr.

Man kann die Zeitdilatation mit den Worten "Bewegte Uhren gehen langsamer" zusammenfassen.

Betrachten wir die Bewegung des Photons vom unteren bis zum oberen Spiegel. Alle Längen, die in dieser Situation auftreten, sind in der folgenden Abbildung angegeben:

Die Dauer des Prozesses im Ruhsystem der Lichtuhr wird mit ∆tRuh bezeichnet. Der Abstand der beiden Spiegel ist daher c ∆tRuh, da c die Geschwindigkeit des Photons ist.

Vom bewegten System aus betrachtet, passiert während desselben Prozesses ein Zeitintervall, das wir zunächst nicht kennen und mit ∆tbew bezeichnen. Der vom Photon zurückgelegte Weg hat daher die Länge c ∆tbew. Als Abstand der beiden Spiegel übernehmen wir den im Ruhsystem ermittelten Wert c ∆tRuh. Während des Prozesses ist der obere Spiegel um die Strecke v ∆tbew vorgerückt (da sich die Lichtuhr in diesem System mit der Geschwindigkeit v nach rechts bewegt). Insgesamt bilden diese drei Längen ein rechtwinkeliges Dreieck.

Dabei wendet man den Satz des Pytagoras, um die Größe zu finden:

(c ∆tRuh )2 + (v ∆tbew )2 = (c ∆tbew )2

als Ergebnis: ∆tbew = ∆tRuh (1 − v2/c2 )−1/2 Das ist die Formel für die Zeitdilatation

Lichtgeschwindigkeit als eine Grenze:

Nach diesem Formel erhält man zusätzlich die folgende Aussage, dass es keinen Sinn macht, wenn eine Geschwindigkeit v eingesetzt wird, die größer oder gleich c ist.

Also können Geschwindigkeiten, die größer sind als c, für alle Objekte,dabie sind die Photonen eine Ausnahme, nicht auftreten. Daraus folgt auch, dass es kein Signal gibt, das Informationen schneller als das Licht übertragen kann.

Für die Bewegung eines Körpers, der eine nichtverschwindende Masse besitzt, gilt immer (in Bezug auf jedes Inertialsystem) v < c.
Ein Photon bewegt sich immer (in Bezug auf jedes Inertialsystem) mit v = c.

Relativitätstheorie in einem Diagramm

Der Mathematiker und Physiker Albert Einsteins Forschung und dadurch seine Relativitätstheorie zeigt, dass sich Gegenstände nicht schneller als das Licht bewegen können.
Die Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes beträgt etwa 300.000 km/s im Vakuum. Insgesamt ist das Licht das schnellste.

Im folgenden Diagramm wird die Weltlinie g eines Lichtsignals dargestellt, dass sich in Richtung der X1-Achse ausbreitet.

Die Zeit wird auf der t-Achse in Sekunden gemessen und ist die Entfernung auf der X1-Achse in “Lichtsekunde”. Dabei ist eine Lichtsekunde die Strecke, die das Licht in seiner ekund zurücklegt.

Die Gerade g stellt die Weltlinie des Lichtsignals dar. Das Diagramm bekennzeichnet, dass die Weltlinie, die unter Gerade g verläuft, schneller als das Licht ist. Dies ist aber nicht möglich. Zum kann man sagen, dass Bewegungen oberhalb der Weltlinie g liegen müssen.

Vergangenheit,Gegenwart und Zukunft

Linien, ob Kurven oder Geraden innerhalb der Raumzeit nennt man Weltlinien. Eine Weltlinie repräsentiert also den Weg eines Teilchens oder von etwas anderem (z.B. einem Menschen) durch die vierdimensionale Raumzeit.

Hier sind die Weltlinien von Lichtsignalen dargestellt, die einen Doppelkegel bilden. Da kein Ereignis “schneller” sein kann als das Licht, befinder sich alle möglichen Ereignisse (einen Punkt in einem Raum-Zeit-Diagramm bezeichnet man auch als “Ereignis” ), die von A erreicht werden können, innerhalb des oberen Kegels. Also spricht man vom oberen Kegel auch als “Zukunft” von A. Dabei stellt das Untere die Vergangenheit von A.

Ein Teilchen, welches sich unterhalb der Lichtgeschwindigkeit bewegt, kann also jede Weltlinie innerhalb des Zukunftskegels als auch des Vergangenheitskegels einnehmen. Man nennt diese Bereiche auch zeitartig, weil die Zeit in jedem Moment des Teilchens eine Rolle spielt. Den Bereich außerhalb der Kegel bezeichnet man als Gegenwart. die Zeit ist hier imaginär.

Eingezeichnet sind jetzt die Weltlinien von Photonen, sie steigen in einem Winkel von 45° an. Größer kann dieser Winkel niemals werden, sonst hätten die Teilchen mehr als Lichtgeschwindigkeit! Alles, was rechts oder links dieser Weltlinien liegt, bleibt für immer unerreichbar. Diesen Bereich bezeichnen wir einfach als "Irgendwo".

+deswegen kann die Weltlinie eines Photons nicht so verläufen.

Raumzeit: Die Raumzeit oder das Raum-Zeit-Kontinuum bezeichnet in der Relativitätstheorie die Vereinigung von Raum und Zeit in einer einheitlichen vierdimensionalen Struktur, in welcher die räumlichen und zeitlichen Koordinaten bei Transformationen in andere Bezugssysteme miteinander vermischt werden können.

Zwar lässt sich ein absolut gültiger Abstandsbegriff für Raumzeitpunkte (Ereignisse) definieren, jedoch ist es vom Bewegungszustand des Beobachters und der Anwesenheit von Masse bzw. Energie (z. B. in Feldern) abhängig, was davon als räumlicher und zeitlicher Abstand erscheint. Mathematisch wird die Raumzeit mit Hilfe einer pseudo-riemannschen Mannigfaltigkeit beschrieben.

Beispiel: man werft einen Ball genau senkrecht nach oben. Man vernachlässigt die Schwerkraft, so dass der Ball mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit fliegt. In einem Raum-Zeit-Diagramm sieht das dann so aus:

Dabei ist die rote Linie die “Weltlinie” des Balles, also die Linie aller Raumzeitpunkte, an denen er sich aufgehalten hat.

Quellen:

-http://www.einstein-online.info/einsteiger/spezRT
-Ramona Liesenfeld , 2001, Raum und Zeit, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH,
-http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/astrowissen/lexdt_r02.html
-http://homepage.univie.ac.at/franz.embacher/SRT/Geometrie.html
-http://www.physicsnet.at/SRT/Skriptum/raumzeit.html

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...William Schutz Born December 19, 1925 in Chicago Died November 9, 2002 in Muir Beach, California * He taught at many different schools. He taught at Harvard, UCLA in the 1950’s, Tufts University, University of California, Berkley, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He wrote the following Theory’s; FIRO: which deals with Inclusion, Control, and Affection. These dynamics were used to assess group dynamics. FIRO-B, deals with a measurement instrument with scales. FIRO-Element B, deals with Affection and Openness Scales. FIRO-Element F, comes from Feelings. FIRO-Element S:”) “ "Underlying the behavior of openness is the feeling of being likable or unlikeable, lovable or unlovable. I find you likable if I like myself in your presence, if you create an atmosphere within which I like myself.” He wrote the following books: FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York, NY: Rinehart (1958) Joy. Expanding Human Awareness (1967) Here comes Everybody Harper & Row (1971) Elements of Encounter (1973) Body Fantasy (1976) Leaders of Schools (1977) Profound Simplicity. New York, NY: Bantam (1979) The Truth Option. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press (1984) Joy: Twenty Years Later. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press (1989) "Beyond FIRO-B—Three New Theory Derived Measures—Element B: Behavior, Element F: Feelings, Element S: Self." Psychological Reports, June, 70, 915-937 (1992) The Human Element: Productivity, Self-Esteem and the Bottom Line. San Francisco...

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