...they find that she has tachycardia (an abnormally rapid heart rate), pale gums and nail beds, and her tongue is swollen. Her physician diagnosed her with anemia due to iron deficiency and an oral iron supplement was prescribed. Below are some questions with the explanation of why this might have happened. 1. Describe the structure of a molecule of hemoglobin and explain the role played by iron in the transport of oxygen. Found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules throughout the body and are responsible for making the red blood cells red. Made up of red heme pigment bound the protein globin it makes up the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains and a non-protein heme group, which is an assembly of cyclic ring structures surrounding an iron ion that is surrounded by a nitrogen atom. A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen. Leading to a change in oxidation state for iron from +2 to +3 the iron atom of each heme group can bind to diatomic oxygen. It delivers oxygen easily when it exhibits a relaxed state that will release the oxygen and it will reduce the iron atoms from +3 to +2. It becomes easier for oxygen to increase when more oxygen bind to the heme groups. 2. How is iron stored...
Words: 2288 - Pages: 10
...The Management of Hypertension Allison A. Torbert, Pharm.D. Roberta M. Skoronski, Pharm.D. Clinical Instructors UW School of Pharmacy Objectives • Explain the classification and goals of therapy in the treatment of hypertension based on JNC VI recommendations • Describe nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment approaches • Recognize patients with hypertension and comorbid conditions in order to optimize therapy • Develop an approach to manage hypertensive patients Prevalence • Approximately 50-60 million Americans have HTN defined as: systolic BP (SBP) 140 mm Hg or > diastolic BP (DBP) 90 mm Hg or > • • • • Incidence increases with age Blacks > whites Men > women Greater in less educated, lower socioeconomic groups hard disk\course\728-721\htn.ppt 1 Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults Age 18 & Older* Category Optimal+ Normal High-normal Hypertension++ Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Systolic (mm Hg) < 120 < 130 130-139 140-159 160-179 > 180 & & & & & & Diastolic (mm Hg) < 80 < 85 85-89 90-99 100-109 > 110 *Not taking antiHTN drugs & not acutely ill. When SBP & DBP fall into different categories, highest classification should be used. Isolated systolic HTN defined as SBP > 140 and DBP < 90 and staged appropriately. In addition to classifying accordingly, clinicians should specify presence or absence of target organ disease & additional risk factors + Optimal BP with respect to CV risk is < 120/80; unusually low BP’s should be evaluated...
Words: 3107 - Pages: 13
...Content A fraternity (Latin frater : "brother") is a brotherhood, although the term sometimes connotes a distinct or formal organization and sometimes a secret society. A fraternity (or fraternal organization) is an organized society of men associated together in an environment of companionship and brotherhood; dedicated to the intellectual, physical, and social development of its members. History There are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient Greece and in the Mithraic Mysteries of ancient Rome. Analogous institutions developed in the late medieval period called confraternities, which were lay organizations allied to the Catholic Church. Some were groups of men and women who were endeavoring to ally themselves more closely with the prayer and activity of the Church; Others were groups of tradesmen, which are more commonly referred to as guilds. These later confraternities evolved into purely secular fraternal societies, while the ones with religious goals continue to be the format of the modern Third Orders affiliated with the mendicant orders. The development of modern fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the United States, where the freedom to associate outside governmental regulation is expressly sanctioned in law. There have been hundreds of fraternal organizations in the United States, and at the beginning of the 20th century the number of memberships equaled the number of adult males. (Due to multiple memberships, probably only 50%...
Words: 13768 - Pages: 56
...treatment • Determining recurrent cancer Useful markers used to determine recurrent cancer • Prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) – prostate cancer • Human Chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) for gestational trophoblastic tumors and some germ cell cancers • Alpha-feto protein – germ cell cancers • CA 125 – for epithelial ovarian cancer • Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) for colon & rectal cancers • CA-15 – 3 – for breast cancer Two groups 1. Cancer specific markers 2. Tissue specific markers 1. Cancer specific markers • Related to the presence of cancerous tissues • Useful in follow-up of treated patients & progress of the disease • Examples are : CEA , CA 19-9 , CA 125 2. Tissue specific markers • Related to tissues which have developed cancers • May not be related to tumors & maybe elevated when no cancer is present • Examples are : PSA , beta-HCG , AFP, • AFP-L3 , thyroglobulin Specimen for detection • Blood • Urine • Fluids • Biopsy Reporting : ng/mL , U /mL ( units / milliliter ) Specific tumor markers • AFP – alpha-feto protein • B2M – beta -2- microglobulin • Beta – HCG • BTA – Bladder tumor antigen • CA 15-3 • CA 27.29 • CA 125 • CA 72 -4 • CA 19-9 • Calcitonin • CEA –Carcinoembryonic antigen • Cga – chromagnin A...
Words: 1477 - Pages: 6
...Oh brave new world ,That has such women in it. “Men and women are not equal in Brave New World.” They have really different roles in society.They are different not only based on sex,but also on location and the situation at hand.In situation or places of power,such as the workplace,men are represented as mentally and physiologically superior to women.Which includes most situation,however women do maintain a higher standing when relating to social roles.When it comes to sexual situations,they both seem to hold the same standing.Every one belongs to every one else. At the beginning of the Novel when the Director gives his new students a tour of the Hatchery,it is made immediately clear that the students are all boys.This is the first of many hints that women occupy positions of inferior power and status in the World State.The book start out with a tour in order to show that women are...
Words: 777 - Pages: 4
...Museum of industry and Agriculture. In 1903, Curie won part of the Nobel Prize in Physics, and in 1911 she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Marie Curie’s achievements are even more remarkable when one notes that all of them were accomplished in a time when women were not welcomed in the field of science. Curie was liked by her friends and her colleagues, for she...
Words: 1589 - Pages: 7
...driven, top down hierarchical and authoritarian. More advanced military systems require discipline, control and following orders without questions. In the battle of the sexes, I observed and believe that women are better leaders than men. For recent studies show that women have certain characteristics that make them better leaders--though men still hold the majority of these positions. In the world of small business, there are more men than women bosses. However, two recent studies show that women may make for better leaders. According to a survey conducted by Chris Bart, professor of strategic management at the DeGroote School of Business at McMaster University, and Gregory McQueen, a McMaster graduate and senior executive associate dean at Still University’s School of Osteopathic Medicine, women actually run better performing businesses than men. Zeneger Folkman, a company that studies leadership, found that women rated higher than men on 12 out of 16 attributes tested. After analyzing 7,280 of their clients' performance evaluations, they found two traits where women outscored men significantly: taking initiative and driving results. And here are the five ways that women are more effective bosses than men: (1) Better communicators –women are better listeners than men, and this is exactly the skill that is most critical for managing employees and customers. According to Dr. Susan Sherwood,...
Words: 648 - Pages: 3
...The different types of EEG waves that researchers usually study are called the alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Alpha waves are observed when the person is awake. These kinds of waves have high amplitudes and are fast. As the person begins to fall asleep, theta waves begin being observed as this is the first stage of deep sleep. Theta waves are much slower than alpha waves. Once the person moves onto the second stage, EEG waves begin to increase in amplitude and frequency, which then transitions the person to stage 3 and 4 as the person begins to pass through the delta waves. Compared to young adults, the elderly do not have as much delta waves because they do not go through as much sleep as young adults do, which explains why elderly people tend to wake up earlier than most. 1d. The circadian rhythm is known to act as an internal biological clock, which controls sleep patterns and follows a 24 hour pattern throughout the day. A change in body temperature also...
Words: 708 - Pages: 3
...beneficial natural products that include plant sterols, essential fatty acids and important minerals. The analysis of the anecdotal evidence suggested that the product is effective in achieving an increase in muscles mass and density. The anecdotal evidence also suggested that the product has additional effects such as improved mood. The examination of the biochemical basis of the Natural Sterol Complex function indicated that the binding of the phytosterols contained in the product work to the estrogen receptors elicits responses that lead to the promotion of the muscle growth through the signaling of mTOR complex 1. The examples of the ingredients that were shown to actively participate in mTOR complex 1 signaling include kola nuts, lecithin and Beta Stosterols which are the main ingredients of the product. The clinical evidence further confirmed the effectiveness of the ingredients that make up the Natural Sterol Complex. Several studies indicated that the Sterol components of the product have the ability to increase the muscle mass, reduce the amount of body fat and increase the body stamina. However, studies involving Methoxyisoflavone, suggested that the product lacks the ability to increase the muscle mass. Based on the consistency of the anecdotal, biochemical and clinical evidence there is high likelihood that the claim made about the efficacy of the product is true. Anecdotal Evidence Based on the reviews from the website that sells Natural Sterol Complex, the product has been...
Words: 2442 - Pages: 10
...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are...
Words: 4567 - Pages: 19
...Select one: a. Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center. b. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution. Incorrect c. The t distributions are skewed to the left. d. The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2. e. As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable. Feedback The correct answer is: The t distributions are skewed to the left. Question 2 Incorrect Mark 0 out of 1 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples? Select one: a. Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus b. Test of the average incomes of magazine subscribers of Southern Living verses Better Homes and Gardens c. Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors Incorrect d. Test of whether a change occurred in the likelihood of heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish e. Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group Feedback The correct answer is: Test of the average incomes of magazine subscribers of Southern Living verses Better Homes and Gardens Question 3 Correct Mark 1 out of 1 Not...
Words: 14737 - Pages: 59
...In the earlier part of the twentieth century, black and white Americans had profoundly different views on the future of black people in America. Most white people believed black Americans were an inferior race capable of little more than manual labor and entitled to only the most basic legal rights. Washington’s speech was very influential to both races. He believed economic acceptance would lead to political and social acceptance. He was labeled as the spokesman for African American by white people. Washington was the operator of the Tuskegee machine. He had supporter as well as he had oppositions. One of his opposers was William Monroe Trotter, he referred to Washington as “the great traitor” the Benedict Arnold of the Negro race and pope Washington. He was the cause of the Boston riot. W.E.B. Du Bois gave Washington some opposition as well. Following the Boston riot, Du Bois published “The souls of black folk”. It contained the first formal attack on Washington and his leadership. He states “One hesistates, therefore, to criticize a life which, beginning with so little has done so much. And yet to the time is come when one may speak in all sincerity and utter courtesy of the mistakes and short comings of Mr. Washington’s career, as well as the triumphs.” He agreed with Washington on some issues but disagreed with him on the more significant ones; like failing to stand up for political and civil rights, higher education; and his willingness to compromise with the...
Words: 1312 - Pages: 6
...Responses of others 2. Hereditary factors 3. Environmental conditions Chapter 15 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18mos) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (18mos-3yrs) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) = when you develop conscience 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-30) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-65) 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65-death) Boundary = limits Honesty = basic to assertive behavior Communication must occur to be considered assertive behavior Passive-aggression: uses actions instead of words to convey their message & their actions express covert aggression. Relaxation: moves from beta-activity to alpha-activity causing increase in - creativity, - memory, - and ability to...
Words: 738 - Pages: 3
...To: Mr Sheikh Abdul Muhaimin Bin Sheikh Abdul Majid Managing Director of Solution Medic Sdn. Bhd. From: Mrs Janet Lim Ah Moi Business Development Manager of Solution Medic Sdn. Bhd. Subject: BUSINESS TRIP REPORT TO SEARCH FOR NEW SUPPLEMENTS SUPPLIERS Solution Medic Sdn Bhd is an established company since 1992. We started as a retail pharmacy and expanded to producing our own healthcare and beauty products. We offers innovative products, programs and activities that are designed to benefit consumers, trade partners and the community that we operate in. We carry more than 300 types of health food and natural toiletries that are imported exclusively by us. So to look for enthusiastic and energetic product and partners me with a group of two other representatives from our company have traveled to USA started on 1st Jun 2011 and ended at 15 Jun 2011. Beside me, Mrs Stacey Yong, Pharmacist and Mr Mohd Ikmal Bin Mohd Rashid, Accountant are came along with me to the trip. “Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai said obesity is becoming the major health issue with the number of obese people almost tripling in the past 15 years from four per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2010. And since obesity is the gateway to other chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, heart and kidney problems, he said the risk of more Malaysians developing these diseases will become greater in future ”- Wed, Feb 10.2010 New Straits Times. From this statement, we tried to...
Words: 3420 - Pages: 14
...A Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is a dystopian novel of the early 1930s, gives a new definition to a functioning society. Throughout this novel, characters are not allowed to have an individual thought process, as they thought it could be dangerous to society. As you read, Bernard is the only character born in the "New World" that does not fit within societal norms, no matter what he tries to do. In the book, you can see that Bernard is not the only socially outcast person, as John the Savage, Linda's son, is too. Literary perspectives such as social class, gender, and feminist that are main supplements to this story. This dystopian society is separate from the outside lands or known as "savage lands." The "new world" is based on conditioning...
Words: 403 - Pages: 2