...At the beginning of this quarter, we decided to buy a circuit we could build on our own to practice soldering. We bought the flashing LED sweetheart and while building the circuit we realized that it was an astable multivibrator. An Astable multivibrator switches between two states without stopping by using their output signal to recharge the input signal. This works because of a transistor or amplifier that amplifies the output signal and forwards the charge to the input. In most astable multivibrators there are two capacitors in between the input and output terminals, one is fully charged and the other is fully discharged, which allows voltage levels to be stepped up or down. As the charged capacitor discharges and transfers its energy to the second capacitor, the second capacitor recharges and prepares to discharge the energy back to the input. This allows the astable multivibrator to switch between a high state and a low state on a continuous cycle. Astable multivibrators are used in radio equipment to receive and transmit radio signals. Astable multivibrators are also used in Morse code generators, timers, and systems that require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analog circuits. Some advantages of astable multivibrators is that they continuously switch between one state and another. This allows them to power themselves and perform work at a fast rate without influence from any outside forces or events. Astable multivibrators are also inexpensive to produce...
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...Instructions: Complete the three parts—Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 of Lab 1. When you have completed each part, answer the questions and transcribe/transfer the test results recorded in the lab manual’s tables to the tables provided. ------------------------------------------------- Part 1—Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier Theory: 1. What type of bias is used in the common-emitter amplifier shown in Figure 3-1(a)? * Voltage Divider 2. Explain the reason(s) why the AC equivalent circuit appears as it does in Figure 3-1(b). * When an AC input signal is applied to the amplifier, the capacitors will act as shorts. This is why we call this Figure the “AC Equivalent”. 3. What values must be calculated to determine the DC operating parameters? * VB * VE * IE * VC * VCE * VCC 4. What information can be obtained by determining the DC load line of an amplifier? * We use the DC load line to graph all possible current and voltage characteristics of a biased transistor. This includes any measurements that are between saturation and cutoff, including the Q-point. 5. What values must be calculated to determine the AC operating parameters? * Vin = Vb * r’ e * Ve * Av * Vout = Vc * Rin(total) * Rac 6. What information can be obtained by determining the AC load line of an amplifier? * We use the AC load line to graph the maximum/minimum current...
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...Advanced Internship Research Paper, 1 ADVANCED INTERNSHIP RESEARCH PAPER Prepared by Beth Ellis A course paper presented to Programs for Business Administration In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree Advanced Internship Franklin Pierce College November, 2007 Advanced Internship Research Paper, 2 Table of Contents Organization.........................................................................................................................3 Description of Organization............................................................................................3 Description of Products...................................................................................................3 Organization Philosophy and Practices ..........................................................................5 Organizational Structure .................................................................................................6 Human Resource Management .......................................................................................7 Analysis of Target Markets.............................................................................................8 Analysis of Marketing Mix...........................................................................................10 Financial Statements and Analysis of Financial Data...................................................12 Summary of Firm’s Strengths and Weaknesses................
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...RADIO and all its glory Michael A DePiro Walters Introduction to the Entertainment Industry - Online Professor Kip Roddenberry 11/27/2012 One of the most common forms of media, and one of the first ever-electronic mediums, radio has come a long ways over the years. First was a simple experiment to demonstrate transmission of frequency energy. Today a way of life for millions of people everyday, in 1892 the first ever radio was in the making, but it would not be till the early 1900’s that the first ever voice over would hit the airwaves. By 1904 radio was in full swing. By the 1930’s Radio sets were in homes across the world. “IT'S difficult to imagine a time before radio. From families gathered around huge radio sets in 1930s lounge rooms, to the blast from a car radio tuned into rock stations 40 years later, the ''wireless'' has had a profound effect on our lives.” (Thom, 2007) Radio is enjoyed by millions of people everyday, it’s hard to tell which demographic works best. The best way for me to refer to Radio is in my own professional role in the industry. I currently work as the Program Director for Forever Broadcasting, the largest radio station in Pennsylvania. From my research and constant contact with Abatron it appears that more women tend to listen to the radio than men. This demographic is shown in all of our stations, and Abatron reports that the demographic of women listeners is high in most states. The typical target customer is another hard one to pin...
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...Preface This document provides us an insight to the radio industry in in present form in India and compares two of the most renowned radio channels (one a privately held entity and another being run by the government). About Radio Industry in India There are a total of 232 FM channels, private and government owned in India. The Current size of the radio industry (2009-10) is estimated at over US$ 170.87 million. According to a PwC study, the radio industry is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 per cent over 2009-13, reaching US$ 391.15 million. In terms of its share of the advertising pie, it is projected that the radio advertising industry will be able to increase its share from 3.8 per cent to 5.2 per cent between 2009 and 2013. The government earned US$ 11.05 million from private radio channels during 2008-09. Radio Mirchi, along with its alliances, is number one in the Indian private FM radio industry, with a 46.5million listenership according to Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2009. The Metro Market Phenomenon 18% of all private FM stations are in Metro markets. Metro markets contribute maximum revenue to the industry, however there is no room for expansion as these markets already have maximum number of permitted stations in operations and are witnessing fierce competition. Competitive analysis We look at two of the major players in this space; one a private network and the other a govt. held entity to understand the difference between their respective...
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...AN EMPRICAL STUDY ON FM RADIO ADVERSITING Advertising of products and services is the route to rope in more customers and improve a company’s image. Radio is an effective, low-cost medium for advertising a company’s products. FM radio has today enabled advertisers to reach out to the audiences cost-effectively. In July 2005, the union cabinet approved the second phase of FM broadcasting in private sector, in which more emphasis was given to the growth of services than generating revenue for the government. The government has allowed foreign companies to venture into setting up of private FM stations within in the present ceiling of 20% foreign capital. Now the Government expects to take a final view in two to three months on the third phase of expansion of FM radio and about 806 radio licences are expected to be issued and the Government plans to take FM radio to about 283 towns. (News from business line New Delhi, March 28 by Mr. Rajiv Takru, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting) Currently, as for as advertising is concerned only one –and – a- half % of total advertising spending can be attributed to radio. In other countries around the world, the average ranges from 5-15%.In srilanka, for example, 21% of total advertising expenditure is spent on radio. This shows the vast potential of the radio as a medium of advertising it is said that radio covers almost 89% of country in terms of area and 97% in terms of population. However, this medium...
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...Riviera Radio, that is a one of the successful station in Monaco, is not smoothly from the beginning. It established by Princess Grace’s ideal and her friends from 1950’s. They want to offer a radio place for the Anglophone community. In the initial period, it provided to transmit music, and permanent residents, and advertisements to the Anglophone community in the initial Riviera. Nevertheless, it had met several problems. At first, a variety of people, jobs, and lifestyle: The signal from Italian across Monaco to French and there are over 120 nationalities in there, how can it cater for everyone's flavors? Another problem is advertisers: for RR(Riviera Radio), the most important part of money is for advertisers. It needed to find ways to disinter more clients and advertisers. Paul Kavanagh was given this mission in 2003. Besides, he thought the core value of RR is “Anglo”. In addition, he went to RR to be best friend of their clients. In order to fulfill his mission, he offers three orientations for RR. First, the female listeners were decreasing to 40% of total listeners in 2006, so he decided to add one woman, Elizabeth Lewis, with Peter and Rob who are hosts too in the noontime. Furthermore, he provided both female voices to the prime time slot in order to retrieve their female clients. Another orientation is that he tried to increase the listeners of Russian because he found that Russian consumption is a huge part of the industry's revenue Monaco. The last is about the...
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...As Generations Evolve, So Does Our Media In today’s day in age we are constantly flooded with information and news that is being almost shoved at us from all different angles. From radio, newspapers, television, magazines and the Internet we are always engaged in some sort of media. As technology has progressed we have also been able to access news and information anywhere in the world. With our tablets, laptops, and smartphones media is at the tips of our fingers and always available for us, which is much different then how it used to be. From the censorship of the media to the constant use of new media, the differences from the media in America’s history and today’s are vast. Every generation has to adjust to the media type that is current for their time, however with the constant progression of technology we are affected by the content of the media as well and the delivery system. Conferring with someone from an older generation helps fully understand how the media has changed and the different perspectives about it. My mother, Ellen Ferretti, was born on July 15, 1956 and grew up in Fort Lee, New Jersey, right across river from New York City. Even though she was born in the 50’s she still has a reference of information about the media during her childhood and teen years. Growing up she recalled always having newspapers, magazines, and the radio as a source of media. Her parents read the newspaper as a source of information and current events, locally...
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...began in Alpine, New Jersey right on the top of the New Jersey Palisades. This was where Major Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio built Alpine Tower, also known as “Armstrong Tower” in 1937. As the discoverer of frequency modulation “FM” in 1933, Armstrong spent many years experimenting on this discovery while working for RCA. Armstrong went through several legal battles throughout his thirteen years of FM discovery and research (and following his death). On April 10, 1938 Armstrong broadcasted for the first time on FM radio, from his experimental call sign W2XMN. The FM radio was discovered after RCA’s former president David Sarnoff asked Armstrong to provide “a little black box” that could eliminate the static that plagued AM (amplitude modulation) broadcasting (FYBush). Ten years later, Armstrong discovered how to change the radio waves frequency. After Armstrong’s discovery and when David Sarnoff realized how great his discovery was. “This is not an ordinary invention," Sarnoff declared, “This is a revolution." (Amplifier) Sarnoff gave Armstrong RCA’s experimental television laboratory on top of the Empire State Building. Eventually, Sarnoff felt threatened by this discovery. RCA was slowly working on commercial television, and they did not want to spend extra money replacing radio equipment once Armstrong’s FM technology was accepted by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). Armstrong was asked to remove his equipment from the laboratory and was told that...
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...1) Summarize the case study and indicate two problems the company is facing (not more than 2 pages). Radio used to be an information centre for listeners. As time passes by, the functions of radio has gradually changing. It is not serve only as an information centre but also as medium of entertainment and centre of learning. We can even say that the main role of radio for present time is mostly for entertainment. Nowadays, in the case of innovative many new technologies have been developed, one of the oldest forms of media in the whole wide world has been impacted and it is the radio. Not only radio per se, other kinds of ‘traditional’ media such as newspaper and magazine are also impacted by their ad revenues and it is predicted to be keep on declining. In context of Indonesia solely, there are already 1,178 in total number of radio stations. With so many established radio stations, the medium has become more disintegrated. There is a very high competition between radio stations in providing the best of them of them to the listeners. In Indonesia, a few radio stations are incorporated under one management group. One of them is Masima Group which encompassed of Delta FM, Prambors and Female Radio. Compared to other radio stations, one of problems encountered by Delta FM is because of its unstable personality. In 1994, the targeted listeners for Delta FM are aged between 40-50 years old, who were described as “elegant and intellectual”. Thus during that time, the radio focused...
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...wasn’t the thought of the way Rose-Ann had planned for me that gave such a sad darkness-it was because she was my mother” (64). In the story Rose-Ann was pressuring Sleena to do what she and her friend, Sadie, do for a living. Selina refused and repeatedly told her that she would not and never want to sell herself like that. From there she realized what her mother really thought of her. Sleena’s tone seems discouraged that her own mother completely despises and dislikes her. This must be incredibly difficult having no father and a mother who dislikes her Selena is pretty much on her own with things. I think this also shows how strong she is with dealing with this and how she faces these situations. “Gordon sounded fed up with Paul. “Maybe I am that. I think I can take the consequences I don't want Selina upset’ I was proud Gordon didn’t want me upset” (115). In the story Gordon and Selina were at the park on a sunny afternoon. They realized it was too hot to be out and Gordon took Selina to her apartment. Selina met Gordon's brother, Paul, and from there they talked privately while Selina could hear what they were both saying. Selina’s tone seemed pleasant as she said she was proud that Gordon didn’t want to hurt her. Which is a good way to react because it can show that he really does genuinely care about Selina. “He had gone. He had been shamefully, and like a mad dog, chased away. I knew God-that (and this was my greatest pain of all) I knew Gordon would keep me from falling...
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...Rising from the ashes- FM Radio When all advertisers & media planners had written off radio, small change in government of India guidelines put it back into the picture. With latest songs and fresh radio presenters, it became the next big thing. One can say that FM Radio in India rose from its ashes. But soon this wave passed away & it became just another media available on the block. This article is written in the view to analyse what went wrong, and how radio companies can make a come-back in the world of advertising by focussing on its strengths and lastly tips for advertisers on how to use this medium to its fullest. Various inputs from primary & secondary research have been compiled to address the issues in detail. Because rural & semi-urban consumers are very different in India, we would like to focus on the FM radio in major metros in this article. Why are we talking about FM radio? * FM Radio in India has the highest reach ranging ~ 90% & outnumbers the no. of TV sets in the country by 3:1. But only account for a very small pie of the 9000cr market of advertising spends. It is only about 3% according to an Arthur Anderson’s survey. While globally, spends on radio ranges from 4% to 12%, with United States & Canada at high end of 12%. So it makes us believe that there is some merit in the medium that we are not utilizing to the best of its potential. * Also, it is to be noted that this vast reach is not just because vast rural...
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...Comparative analysis of Radio Mirchi 98.3 & Fever 104 FM Objective: To perform a comparative analysis of two Private FM stations in India. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of both the stations. Abstract: This research is on the Comparative analysis between two private FM radio stations Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM and Fever 104 FM. The analysis is on the basis of their programming style, Programme schedule, audience preference, the Strengths and weaknesses of both the channels. Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM: Introduction: Radio Mirchi’s holding company Entertainment Network (India) Limited (ENIL) was incorporated in 1999. After successfully bidding for licenses in the Phase I auction in 2000, ENIL launched its first station in Indore on October 4, 2001. In the space of 24 months, Radio Mirchi made its presence felt in seven cities; along the way it also became the only private FM brand in all the four metros. Radio Mirchi was also the first off the mark to launch a station from the lot of cities included in Phase II. In quick succession it launched Bangalore, Hyderabad and Jaipur in early 2006 and completed the final rollout of the remaining 22 stations recently. Programming Style: The programming content of radio mirchi principally revolves around contemporary film music. It’s a fun-filled package of pure energy hosted by turbo charged radio jockeys, who also host interviews with celebrities and engage listeners in lively conversation. Reasons...
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...Research Article FM RADIO REVOLUTION IN PAKISTAN A case study - By Dr. Ahsan Akhtar Naz* Abstract Introduction Pakistani society is shifting towards change. Media is playing a vital role in this social change. In this regard, FM channels are being considered as more effective medium. These channels are running under the control of Pakistani Government. Now, these are spreading far and wide from metropolitans to towns. Due to this mass acceptance, these channels are acting as leverage of media revolution. The government regulatory authority PEMRA is regulating these channels. PEMRA has issued many licenses to cross media groups, businessmen, advertising agencies, public universities, etc. This analysis is about the popularity of these channels and examines the quality of different programs. This covers maximally the quality of different programs. Covering maximum aspects of FM radio channels in Pakistan as well as focusing on the freedom of information and public right to know. Some details of PEMRA's efficiency in four years have also been discussed. The relevant bodies can improve the role of these FM channels. A task is also added for previous, about FM channels in Lahore . Introduction Social scientists are feeling that Pakistani society is converting into information society, gradually. The majority of Pakistani population is economically poor .The governments have not paid proper attention towards education. As a result, they can't gain education properly. Despite...
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...requieren de un elemento físico, entre el transmisor y el receptor, como un par de cables metálicos, un cable coaxial, o un cable de fibra óptica. En los sistemas de radio digital, el medio de transmisión es el espacio libre o la atmósfera de la Tierra. En un sistema de transmisión digital, la información de la fuente original puede ser en forma digital o analógica. Si está en forma analógica, tiene que convertirse a pulsos digitales, antes de la transmisión y convertirse de nuevo a la forma analógica, en el extremo de recepción. En un sistema de radio digital, la señal de entrada modulada y la sedal de salida demodulada, son pulsos digitales. Radio digital Los elementos que distinguen un sistema de radio digital de un sistema de radio AM, FM, o PM, es que en un sistema de radio digital, las señales de modulación y demodulación son pulsos digitales, en lugar de formas de ondas analógicas. E1 radio digital utiliza portadoras analógicas, al igual que los sistemas convencionales. En esencia, hay tres técnicas de modulación digital que se suelen utilizar en sistemas de radio digital: transmisión (modulación) por desplazamiento de frecuencia (FSK), transmisión por desplazamiento de fase (PSK), y modulación de amplitud en cuadratura (QAM). TRANSMISIÓN POR DESPLAZAMIENTO DE FRECUENCIA (FSK) El FSK binario es una Forma de modulación angular de amplitud constante, similar a la modulación en frecuencia...
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