...Accredited Undergraduate Courses AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY The Australian National University University of Canberra NEW SOUTH WALES Australian Catholic University Australian Institute of Higher Education Avondale College Charles Sturt University Kings Own Institute Macquarie University Southern Cross University Top Education Institute The University of New England The University of New South Wales The University of Newcastle The University of Sydney University of Technology, Sydney University of Western Sydney University of Wollongong Williams Business College NORTHERN TERRITORY Charles Darwin University QUEENSLAND Australian Catholic University Bond University Central Queensland University Christian Heritage College Griffith University James Cook University Queensland University of Technology The University of Queensland The University of Southern Queensland University of the Sunshine Coast SOUTH AUSTRALIA Flinders University Kaplan Business School The University of Adelaide University of South Australia Open Universities (conferred by Uni of SA) TASMANIA University of Tasmania VICTORIA Australian Catholic University Cambridge International College Carrick Higher Education Deakin University Holmes Institute Holmesglen Institute of TAFE La Trobe University Melbourne Institute of Technology Monash University Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE RMIT University Swinburne University of Technology The University of Ballarat The University of Melbourne Victoria University WESTERN AUSTRALIA...
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...Abstract Business combination is an accounting theory bringing together separate entities or businesses as if it is one operating entity. The theory behind business combination is that the acquiring entity has control of one or more businesses, whilst those entities still retained their normal operation and report its financial information as a reporting unit. The objective of the accounting standard is to specify the financial reporting by an entity when it undertakes a business combination. The proposed accounting standards addresses the accounting principles and method that is relevant for reporting acquisition of business entities. When an entity acquired another entity as a business combination it should account for the business acquired at its fair value at the acquisition date. Financial accounting standard board propose in their statement of accounting standard that financial reporting of all business enterprises shall recognize this standard except “formation of a joint venture, transactions or events between entities under common control, combinations between non-for-profit organizations, or acquisitions of a for profit business by a non-for-profit organization” (FASB). Accounting standards are written policy documents issued by expert accounting body or by government or other regulatory body covering the aspects of recognition, treatment, measurement, presentation and disclosure of accounting transactions and events in the financial. The objective of...
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...Tax accounting – the official reporting of income and expenses so a taxpayer’s taxable income for a particular period can be determined - The rules for determining when a business must recognize income and when it may deduct expense are referred to as the taxpayers method of accounting 301 Tax Accounting Distinguished from Financial Accounting - two sets of books because two different governing bodies Financial accounting – intended to provide useful information about a business so that management, owners, potential investors, creditors and other interested parties can make well informed investment, credit and other decisions - must prepare according to GAAP - accrual method – events reported in the accounting period in which they are earned or incurred rather than when its paid or received Tax accounting records – focuses on items of income and expense that are important for determining taxable income For external (financial) reporting – GAAP allows a business to choose among various acceptable accounting methods - management interested in making business look successful and thriving Tax accounting – goal is to pay least amount of taxes as legally possible Accounting Periods – pg. 89 - tax year – period of time taxpayers use to calculate taxable income o may or may not be the same as the annual accounting period used for financial reporting purposes o no constitutional requirement that income be calculated on an annual basis 305 Permissible Methods of Accounting...
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...Importance of Cost Accounting? ACC310: Cost Accounting I (BBJ1220A) Instructor: Ashley Harper Melissa Little June 18, 2012 This paper seeks to explain the practices and principles of cost accounting and their overall effectiveness in assisting a company in minimizing costs where possible and optimizing the return on the costs that are necessary. Every year, no matter the overall state of the economy, businesses both old and new experience huge successes and huge failures. Every business has the potential and the intention to capitalize on profits and to become perpetually successful. What is the difference between the businesses that are able to do this and those that fail? What do successful businesses do to capitalize on and expand their profits? Many things contribute to successful business enterprises, but the bedrock principle of every successful business venture is honest accounting practices. Accounting is the information system which assesses an organization’s undertakings, computes the figures into reports, and imparts the outcome to an influencer. Accounting is a general, all-encompassing term that can mean many things to many people, so there are a few sub-categories that have been created to delineate specific areas or specialties within the accounting world itself. These are the areas of management accounting and cost accounting. Management accounting refers to the practice of gathering and analyzing accounting information in order...
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...Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Different types of businesses use different accounting methods, small businesses tend to use the cash-basis of accounting, whereas the accrual method is a requirement for large business with revenue more than 5 million. Uniformity of accounting information is important when making decisions for or about a business. A hierarchy of sources provides structure for the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Along with the hierarchy of sources, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) identify qualitative characteristics to distinguish between useful and inferior information and to ensure accounting information assists in decision making. Qualities of Accounting Information There are internal and external users of accounting information for decision-making. Internal users are managers within a company that use the information to plan, organize, and run the business, “These include marketing managers, production supervisors, finance directors, and company officers” (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 6, 2007). External users can be investors, “make decisions to buy, hold, or sell stock,” creditors, “suppliers and bankers use accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money” (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 6, 2007). External users also include taxing authorities, customers, labor unions, and regulatory agencies. For decision makers to make decisions using the information, they have...
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...basis versus Accrual basis of accounting The cash basis of accounting, sometimes called cash accounting, is still used by some small companies whose business activity is uniform throughout the year--receiving and disbursing roughly the same amount of cash each month. Many individuals also use cash accounting.( Edmonds, McNair, Milam, and Olds, Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2002) In the cash basis of accounting, the business records are "cash in" (deposits to the bank account) called cash receipts, and "cash out" (checks) called cash disbursements. Cash receipts - Cash disbursement = Cash flow. Each month's cash flow is added to the preceding month's cash balance yielding the current month’s cash balance. The cash basis of accounting is more likely to be used by service businesses than by retail or manufacturing businesses. Service businesses usually do not need equipment and can sell a service they perform with nothing more than their own hands and minds. Think of people who are lawyers, writers, public relations and advertising personnel, and accountants. There are two problems with cash accounting: 1) A business has difficulty in determining if it is earning a profit unless it is a small service business that does not own any property or equipment and does not have a number of contracts in progress, and 2) A business cannot keep track of any asset except cash. The cash basis of accounting does a poor job of matching revenues...
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...Cost Accounting David Norris Western Governors University Accounting doesn’t have the best reputation but for as long as there has been money, there has been a need for accounting. Long gone are the days of the smoke filled room piled floor to ceiling with the leger books of the entrepreneur. Using state of the art technology and creative techniques, today’s accounting is a vital component of the corporate world helping to build financial foundations that encourage long term growth and profitability. Cost accounting is the managerial financial budgeting tool of the accounting domain that deals specifically with cost and production. Cost accounting assists companies to understand the cost of product versus service and this helps to prepare bids and proposals and assembles information for planning and control which are needed to evaluate performance. Any business can use cost accounting but it is most effective with corporations that manufacture mass produced products and have a large employee base. Cost accounting is also becoming a valuable asset within the medical industry. In the ultra-competitive market of health care, hospitals are using price strategies, one of the new methods used in accounting, to entice customers and keep patients happy. Cost accounting techniques have developed as quickly as industry has in the 21st century. Basic accounting has become antiquated as new, creative approaches to financial stability emerge. Methods such...
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...basis versus Accrual basis of accounting The cash basis of accounting, sometimes called cash accounting, is still used by some small companies whose business activity is uniform throughout the year--receiving and disbursing roughly the same amount of cash each month. Many individuals also use cash accounting.( Edmonds, McNair, Milam, and Olds, Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2002) In the cash basis of accounting, the business records are "cash in" (deposits to the bank account) called cash receipts, and "cash out" (checks) called cash disbursements. Cash receipts - Cash disbursement = Cash flow. Each month's cash flow is added to the preceding month's cash balance yielding the current month’s cash balance. The cash basis of accounting is more likely to be used by service businesses than by retail or manufacturing businesses. Service businesses usually do not need equipment and can sell a service they perform with nothing more than their own hands and minds. Think of people who are lawyers, writers, public relations and advertising personnel, and accountants. There are two problems with cash accounting: 1) A business has difficulty in determining if it is earning a profit unless it is a small service business that does not own any property or equipment and does not have a number of contracts in progress, and 2) A business cannot keep track of any asset except cash. The cash basis of accounting does a poor job of matching revenues...
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...Cash vs Accrual Under the cash basis of accounting… 1. Revenues are reported on the income statement in the period in which the cash is received from customers. 2. Expenses are reported on the income statement when the cash is paid out. Under the accrual basis of accounting… 1. Revenues are reported on the income statement when they are earned—which often occurs before the cash is received from the customers. 2. Expenses are reported on the income statement in the period when they occur or when they expire—which is often in a period different from when the payment is made. The accrual basis of accounting provides a better picture of a company’s profits during an accounting period. The reason is that the income statement prepared under the accrual basis will report all of the revenues actually earned during the period and all of the expenses incurred in order to earn the revenues. The accrual basis of accounting also provides a better picture of a company’s financial position at a moment or point in time. The reason is that all assets that were earned are reported and all liabilities that were incurred will be reported. The accrual basis of accounting is required because of the matching principle. The main difference between accrual and cash basis accounting is the timing of when revenue and expenses are recognized. The cash method is most used by small businesses and for personal finances. The cash method accounts for revenue only when the money is...
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...Advantages The direct write-off method is simple, and can be used by individuals that maintain a company's set of books yet have no extensive accounting education. Unlike the allowance method that estimates probable losses using various ratios and factors, the direct method is based on an actual amount which may be more superior to the small business owner. Disadvantages Since the direct write-off method records the loss only when the account is determined uncollectible, it may result in a loss from a prior period being charged against unrelated income in a future period. This may result in the distortion of a company's true profit of a given period, and does not comply with GAAP matching principle, which requires expenses to be matched with their associated revenues within the same period.Advantages The direct write-off method is simple, and can be used by individuals that maintain a company's set of books yet have no extensive accounting education. Unlike the allowance method that estimates probable losses using various ratios and factors, the direct method is based on an actual amount which may be more superior to the small business owner. Disadvantages Since the direct write-off method records the loss only when the account is determined uncollectible, it may result in a loss from a prior period being charged against unrelated income in a future period. This may result in the distortion of a company's true profit of a given period, and does not comply with GAAP matching...
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...Accounting Practices 1 Accounting Practices and Entries Axia College of University of Phoenix Angela Sherrell HCA/270 July 4, 2010 Accounting Practices 2 Business owners view companies as similar to human beings. As people visit their doctors regularly to help maintain their physical health, business owners have to monitor their business’s health on a regular basis. Accounting, which is defined as “the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information about an organization for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgments,” is one monitoring method (University of Phoenix, 2010). There are three types of accounting that can be used: accrual, cash flow, and fund accounting. This paper will cover how entries are made in each system, the accounting of inventory in each, how depreciation is handled by each, where each is strongest and weakest, and the organizations that utilize each type. Economic activities are related to financial events that are considered in accrual accounting. That is, revenues and expenses are recognized. Whether revenues are received in cash or not, they are realized. Expenses that the business incurs are matched up to associated revenues whether they are paid in cash or not. In accrual accounting, a company’s cash inflow and outflow are not indicated in standard balance sheets and income statements. Instead, a separate statement of cash flow is given (Accounting Methods, 2009). In the cash accounting...
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...Principles of Accounting I Professor Student Name Date Cash vs. accrual: Is there a difference in recognizing transactions? Cash and accrual based accounting are two ways use to record revenue or expense transactions. However, there is a difference in recognizing cash and accrual accounting transactions. Moreover, in cash basis accounting, a transaction is recognized when the money changes hands. Therefore, cash receipts are treated as revenue and payments are treated as an expense. However, in accrual basis accounting, it records the effect of each transaction as it occurs. Revenues are recorded when they are earned and expenses are recorded when occur. Furthermore, in accrual accounting it does not matter when the money is received for the sale or when the expense was paid. Therefore, A business that keeps its financial records ("books") on the cash basis (or method) records revenue when received and expenses when paid. Its simple, and the income statements reflect the true cash inflow and outflow of the business. The downside is the financials may not truly reflect the value created or lost, at least not when it's created or lost. Accrual accounting is quite different. It basically ignores when the cash actually goes in and out. Revenue is booked when its earned, and expenses are booked when the liability is incurred. Accrual accounting requires more entries than the cash method. The company that...
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...“ACCRUAL VS CASH BASIS ACCOUNTING” Enrolled Name: Winda Wijaya Tutorial time: Thursday 11.00 AM Tutor: Ian Beck Accounting is the most crucial part in the business operation as it provides reports which show how well the business operates. In order to maintain a well-develop business, there are lots of things that should be taken into consideration by the business and one of them is choosing the right method to do the accounting. In this essay, two methods of doing accounting will be described specifically, such as: cash-basis accounting and accrual accounting along with advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. Also, this will explain how profit manipulation could occur in a business. The first method is cash-basis accounting which usually used by small businesses as it records only cash receipts and cash payments, ignoring all receivables, payables, etc (Horngren et al. 2007:12). It treated cash receipts like revenue and cash payments like expenses. It records cash receipts whenever there is cash inflows and records cash payments whenever there is a use of assets and expenses. The second method is accrual accounting which is used by most of the big businesses. According to Horngren et al. (2007:102), effect of each transactions made by business are recorded as it occurs in accrual accounting. Recognition of revenue and matching principle are applied. Revenue will be recorded right after it is earned, expenses will...
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...Accounting for Business Combinations: A Test for Long-Term Market Memory By Pongprot Chatraphorn Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Business Administration with a Concentration in Accounting Dr. John A. Brozovsky, Chair Dr. Anthony J. Amoruso Dr. Robert M. Brown Dr. Frederick M. Richardson Dr. Keying Ye December 19, 2001 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Business Combinations, Mergers, Acquisitions, Pooling, Purchase Accounting Copyright 2001, Pongprot Chatraphorn Accounting for Business Combinations: A Test for Long-Term Market Memory Pongprot Chatraphorn ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to examine whether accounting methods for business combinations (purchase and pooling-of-interests accounting) have a different effect on firms’ market value of equity in the combination year and thereafter. In particular, after the accounting method is no longer disclosed in the financial statements, does it have an impact on market value of equity of the combined firms because the accounting figures are different? A five-year period subsequent to a particular business combination is used because public companies are not required to disclose the details of the combination for more than three years after the effective date of the combination. This research, thus, tests whether market participants still take into...
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...GULU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (BBA 314) COURSE WORK SEMESTER ONE: 2012/2013 Henry Egyeyu 07/U/456/BAK/PS Tel: +256774366667/+256714366667 Question: Accounting theory and practices have identified financial management, financial accounting and management accounting as distinct entities and granted them independent status. Unfortunately, cost accounting which also appears to many users of accounting data and information as fit to be an independent stream of knowledge, has been denied this opportunity. In many circles, this is considered a very unfair treatment and must be corrected if the accounting discipline has to meaningfully grow. As an upcoming professional in the field, develop a logical position on the cost accounting issue relating it to a practical scenario (case study) in Uganda. Your argument should be presented inform of a report addressed to: Director, cost concern international (Uganda chapter) P.o. Box 17 Kampala Important Response Information: i. The report must be 6-7 (six to seven) pages, well-edited. ii. Strictly use Times New Roman fontage, Font size 12, and 1.5 spacing iii. You must sign the report and provide your phone contact. iv. The report must be submitted within exactly 30 (thirty) days from the date of receipt. Henry & Egyeyu Consultancy P.o box 26031, Gulu 1st October, 2012 ...
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